The document summarizes key developments in Europe between 500-1270 CE that led to the rise of towns and trade. Increased food production through agricultural innovations like the heavy plow and use of horses freed up resources and increased population. This supported growth in trade and the emergence of towns along trade routes, rivers, castles and monasteries. Towns were self-governing communities centered around trade. Guilds organized artisans and merchants who helped regulate towns. Fairs further boosted trade of goods across regions. The use of money became more common with the rise of money changers and early banking practices.