The document outlines the presentation by Group Thirteen for an urban planning workshop on promoting socio-economic development and environmental sustainability. It identifies problems in various sectors such as environment, housing, education, transportation, water, sanitation, health, and the local economy for the study community of Kwamo. It then provides a POTENTIALS, OPPORTUNITIES, CONSTRAINTS, AND CHALLENGES (PPOCC) analysis for each sector, identifying existing resources that can be leveraged as well as obstacles that need to be addressed. The analysis includes recommendations for how stakeholders like traditional authorities, government agencies, and non-profits can work together to resolve issues facing the community.

1. SP 351: URBAN PLANNING WORKSHOP
THEME: PROMOTING SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND PPOCC ANALYSES.
GROUP THIRTEEN (13)

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE
•INTRODUCTION
•OBJECTIVES
•PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
•DEFINITION OF PPOCC TERMS
•PPOCC ANALYSES
•CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
• Planning as a discipline that seeks to solve both spatial and aspatial
problems, society cannot achieve its goals without identifying problems
of concern to the study area and generating potentials, opportunities,
constraints and challenges (POCC) analysis of the community.
• This presentation gives an idea about the identified problems within the
study community (Kwamo) which covers areas such as environmental
and land use problems, housing, water, sanitation, health, education,
energy, transportation and local economy problems.

4. OBJECTIVES
• Derived developmental problems from the results of geophysical,
environmental, economic and socio-economic or cultural analysis of their
study community.
• Identify existing potentials and opportunities for resolving developmental
problems
• Identifying existing constrains and challenges that hinder the resolution of
de4velopmetal problems
• Making relevant and realistic suggestions to address the developmental
problems based on the POCC analysis.

5. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
SECTOR PROBLEMS CAUSES EFFECTS
ENVIRONMENT AND
LAND USE
 Erosion  Inadequate drains
 Natural factors such as rainfall
 Negligence on the part of leaders
 It exposes building foundation
 It causes accidents.
 It causes increase in crime rate.
HOUSING
 Poor and inadequate
maintenance of housing
infrastructure.
 Low income of households to finance
maintenance.
 Gradual deterioration of housing unit.
EDUCATION
 Inadequate teaching and
learning materials.
 Inadequate support from government
and private entities
 Poor performance of students due to
inadequate teaching and learning
materials.
 Increase in school dropouts.
TRANSPORTATION
 Poor access roads
 Pedestrian and vehicular
conflicts.
 Un engineered roads
 Lack of footbridge over the N6 highway
at Kwamo.
 Difficulty in accessibility to housing
units and facilities.
 Increase accidents involving
pedestrians.

6. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION CONT’D
WATER
 Inadequate drinking water
sources.
 Over dependence on sachet drinking
water.
 Increase in the generation of
waste(plastic)
SANITATION
 Improper disposal of solid
waste.
 Improper disposal of liquid
waste.
 Inadequate community collection point
 Lack of drains in some part of the
community
 Outbreak of diseases such as malaria,
cholera, etc
 Air pollution.
LOCAL ECONOMY
 Low agricultural produce  Urbanization
 Lack of support to farmers in the
community.
 Incidence of pest and diseases.
 Increase in price of farm produce
HEALTH
 High cost of care  Lack of public owned health facilities.
 Inadequate health facilites.
 Medical attention is less effective.
 Increased mortality rate

7. Problem tree
Low income level
Low standard of
living
Poverty High adult illiteracy
Insatiable latrine facilities
Outbreak of diseases
Bad attitudinal culture
Inability to provide
individual latrine facility
Open air defecation Pressure on existing facility
High cost of treatment
Break down of facility
High cost repairs and
renovation
Death
Loss of labor force
Core problem
Causes
Effects

8. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Potential is an endowment or internal resource that one can tap in a community
to improve their state or qualities that may be developed. Also, it refers to the
favorable factors that exist in the community and could be harnessed in the
problem-solving process.
• Opportunities on the other hand are external factors that help improve the state
of a community. They are favorable chance or opening offered by circumstances.
This opportunity may be from the government or private organizations in a form
of aids to help a community
• Constraints are internal things that will hinder the development of a community
or serve as restrictions to development. These are the performance inhibiting
factors that can affect the exploitation of the enabling environment
• Challenge is also a hindrance to the development of a community but these
factors restricting the development is external, that is outside the community.

9. SECTORS PROBLEM
POTENTIA
L
OPPORTUN
ITY
CONSTRAI
NTS
CHALLENGES
ENVIRONMENT AND
LAND USE
 Erosion • available
land for
construction
of drains
• ability to
create a
buffer zone
• available
land for
construction
of drains
• ability to
create a
buffer zone
• Presence of
EPA
• Environment
al byelaws
Low financial
support from the
community
members and the
traditional
authorities.
Unplanned
layouts
Poor performance of
environmental protection
agencies.
Flooding during rainy
seasons
POCC ANALYSIS ON ENVIRONMENT AND LAND USE

10. DEVELOPMENT
ISSUE
POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITES CONSTRAINTS CHALLENGES
Migration
 Availability of large land
 Presence of industrial
activities
 Assemblyman and
Traditional authority
 Municipal Assembly
 Presence of Ministry of Youth and
Employment
 Presence of GES
• Inadequacy social
facilities
• Inadequate jobs
• Inadequate
government support
• No support from
NGOs
CONCLUSION: the Traditional authority through the Assemblyman could lobby the Ministry of Youth and Employment and Municipal assembly to
provide more social facilities and jobs. All these will discourage the youth from migrating
POCC ANALYSIS ON DEMOGRAPHY

11. DEVELOPME
NT ISSUE
POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITY CONSTRAINTS CHALLENGES
 Lack of
dormitory
block
 Availability of land
for expansion
 Presence of PTA
 Ghana Education
Trust fund
(GETFUND)
 Lack of support
from government
agencies NGOS.
 Low communal
support.
 Delay in release of
capitation grants
 Inadequate financial
support by the
government.
Conclusion: The issue of the lack of dormitory blocks for the senior high school can be addressed through utilization of
the availability of land and taking advantage of the Vibrant PTA to bring in government efforts to construct a classroom
block for the school.
POCC ANALYSIS ON EDUCATION

12. DEVELOPMENT
ISSUE
POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITES CONSTRAINTS CHALLENGES
 Insatiable Toilet
facility in the
community
 Bad state of the
Refuse Dump
 Presence of
vibrant youth in the
community
 Existence of
traditional leaders
in bye law
formulation
 District assembly’s
common fund (DACF)
 Activities of “Zoomlion”
Ghana Limited
•Low literacy level
among the people to see
the importance of a
Waste and Sanitation
facility.
•Low income levels to
patronize house to house
collection
 Pressure on District
Assembly Common
fund
 No support from
NGO,
Conclusion: The presence of a vast land, coupled with the high communal spirit by the youth as a potential can be used for the construction
of more toilet facilities and a sanitary area or dump site. Also the Community through its traditional leaders and vibrant youth could seek
support from the District Assembly to for assistance in carrying out these projects to promote a high level of sanitation in the community.
POCC ANALYSIS ON SANITATION

13. DEVELOPMENT ISSUE POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITES CONSTRAINTS CHALLENGES
 Difficulty in
accessing to
water ( a section of
the community
• High water table
 Presence of
Traditional Authority
system and
regulations in the
community
 High communal labor
force
 Activities of
Community water
and Sanitation
Agency (CWSA)
 Sanitary
Inspectors from
the Municipal
Capital
 Improper siting of the
pipe borne water at
the community.
 Practice of free range
system of Animal
farming
 Insufficient
community funds
 Inadequate support from
Municipal Assembly
 Activities of Herdsmen
from outside the
community
 High pressure on the
Community Water and
Sanitation Agency (CWSA)
Comment: The Traditional authority could take advantage of the high communal labor and the high water table to dialogue with the
CWSA to construct a borehole at the section of the community far from the boreholes.
POCC ANALYSIS ON WATER

14. DEVELOPM
ENT ISSUE
POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITY CONSTRAINT CHALLENGES
 Poor and
inadequate
maintenance
of housing
infrastructur
e.
•Availability of labor
•Availability of
building materials
•Presence of
Assemblyman and
traditional authority
in
 Availability of building
materials
•Financial
constraints
•High illiteracy/
ignorance
• High
illiteracy
 Ignorance of
the need for
physical
planning
Comment: the Traditional Authority with the Assemblyman as potentials can consult the Town and
Country Planning Office for the appropriate bye laws to be enacted as well as developing a
framework for the community.
POCC ANALYSIS FOR HOUSING

15. DEVELOPME
NT ISSUE
POTENTIAL OPPORTUNITES CONSTRAINTS CHALLENGES
 Low
Agricultural
productivity
 Availability of
marshy area for
rice or sugarcane
farming.
 Availability of
high labor force
 Supports from Adventist
Relief Agency (ADRA).
 Assistance from Ministry
Of Food And
Agriculture(MOFA)
 Emigration
 Bad farming practices
 Inadequate knowledge of
modern technology
 Reliance on rudimentary
tools
 Pests and diseases.
 Inadequacy of credit
facilities.
 Ineffectiveness of
agricultural extension
services.
Conclusion: The presence of a larger agricultural labor force could be effectively united to form a co-operative
society to support farmers with credit facilities and lobby MOFA to ensure effective extension services to tackle
the problem of bad farming practices. Again the large labor force could dialogue with ADRA for the construction of
a well to irrigate farms during the dry season.
POCC ANALYSIS ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

16. CONCLUSION