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1. !
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Tracking Control System of the Two Axes
Passive Solar Tracker
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2. (95 7 )
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K W W S E O R J O L E Q F X H G X W Z S O R J

3. (high concentrated photovoltaic,
HCPV) HCPV
0.5°
Labview Labview
0.2°
0.1° (collimating
tube)
0.5°
HCPV
I

4. The purpose of this research is to develop a passive sun-tracking control system
for high concentrated photovoltaics (HCPV), which uses two axes tracking
mechanisms. HCPV uses III-V solar cell which has higher efficiency and can only
absorb the direct solar irradiation. In order to reducing the error of incident angle,
which causing degradation of insolation absorption of the solar cell, the precision of
tracker is set to be smaller than 0.5°.
The passive tracking adopted in this study is utilizing the horizontal coordinates
of astronomy, which depends on the latitude, longitude and time zone of the tracker’s
location to calculate the altitude and azimuth of the solar. The stepping motor, which
drive the tracking mechanisms, is chosen to provide adequate rotating torque for
mechanism and rpm for coping with rapid motion of the solar trajectories (particularly
in the noon).
This control system is programming with Labview software. When the solar
altitude and solar azimuth move at angle of 0.2°, the controller drives the stepping
motor to actuate the tracker. A collimating tube with an accuracy of 0.1° is used to
measure the error of tracking angle, and recorded the light spot in the collimating tube
with a digital camera to analyzing the error distribution. At the outdoor test,
experiment results show that the average angle error is less than 0.5° and which prove
the feasibility of the passive sun-tracking system can be used in HCPV.
Key word: HCPV, two axes passive solar tracker, sun-tracking control system
II

5. III

6. ....................................................................................................................I
.................................................................................................................. II
........................................................................................................................ III
........................................................................................................................ IV
..................................................................................................................... VI
..................................................................................................................... IX
.................................................................................................................. X
................................................................................................. 1
1-1 ..................................................................................................... 1
1-2 ........................................................................................ 3
1-3 .................................................................................................... 4
.............................................................................................. 5
2-1 ............................................................................................ 5
2-1-1 ..................................................................................... 5
2-1-2 ...................................................................................... 5
2-1-3 ..................................................................................... 6
2-1-4 .......................................................................... 6
2-2 ................................................................. 7
2-2-1 ..................................................................................... 7
2-2-2 ..................................................................................... 8
2-2-3 ......................................................................................... 8
2-2-4 .......................................................................... 9
2-3 ............................................................ 10
IV

7. 2-4 ....................................................................... 10
........................................................................................ 12
3-1 ...................................................................................... 12
3-2 .......................................................................................... 12
3-3 .................................................................................................. 14
3-4 .......................................................................................... 15
..................................................................... 17
4-1 .......................................................................................... 17
4-2 .......................................................................................... 18
4-2-1 ............................................................................... 18
4-2-2 ............................................................................... 19
4-2-3 ............................................................................ 20
4-2-4 ............................................................................... 21
4-3 .......................................................................................... 22
4-3-1 ....................................................................................... 23
4-3-2 ....................................................................................... 23
........................................................................................................... 25
5-1 .......................................................................................................... 25
5-2 .......................................................................................... 25
................................................................................................................. 27
A ................................................................................ 30
B .................................................................................... 38
V

8. 1-1 ...................................................................... 41
1-2 Fresnel lens ..................................................................... 41
1-3 Fresnel CPV 550 ................................. 42
1-4 (a) [3] (b) 42
1-5 MicroDish HCPV .................... 43
1-6 PV-fibre HCPV (a) (b) ................. 43
1-7 (a) Tetra-Track (b)
Zomeworks (thermal-liquid) (c) Lorentz
..................................................................................................... 44
1-8 .............................................................. 44
1-9 ................................................... 45
1-10 40°
.......................................................................... 46
1-11 32°
...................................................................................... 46
1-12 .................................................................... 47
2-1 ................................................................................................. 48
2-2 ................................................................................................. 48
2-3 .................................................................................. 49
2-4 (a) (b) ..................... 49
2-5 ...................................................................... 50
2-6 (a) (b) .............................................. 51
2-7 (a) (b)
VI

9. ......................................................................................................... 52
3-1 .................................................................................. 53
3-2 ...................................................................................... 53
3-3 (a) PM (b)VR (c) ...................... 54
3-4 ...................................................................................... 54
3-5 0.2° (a) (b) ....................................... 55
3-6 0.2° (a) (b) ....................................... 56
3-7 ......................................................................................... 57
3-8 (a) RK564AA-T30 (b) RK564AA-T10 ....... 57
3-9 ....................................................... 58
3-10 .................................................................... 58
4-1 ................................................................................................. 59
4-2 ...................................................................................... 60
4-3 .................................................................................. 60
4-4 MathScript ................................................................ 61
4-5 (a) 0.2° (b) 0.2°........................ 61
4-6 ...................................................................................... 62
4-7 .......................................................................... 62
4-8 Sequence ............................................................................. 63
4-9 Sequence ............................................................................. 63
4-10 Sequence ........................................................................... 64
4-11 (a) (b) ........................................ 65
4-12 Sequence ........................................................................... 65
4-13 Sequence ....................................................................... 66
4-14 Sequence ....................................................................... 66
4-15 (a) (b) ..................... 67
VII

10. 4-16 Sequence ....................................................................... 67
4-17 (a) (b) ................................................ 68
4-18 ................................................................................ 68
4-19 ........................................................................................... 69
4-20 ................................................. 69
4-21 0.6°
0.4°........................................................................... 70
4-22 2008 6 10 (a) (b) ............. 71
4-23 (a) (b) (c) ..... 72
VIII

11. 1.1 .................................................................... 40
3.1 ......................................... 40
4.1 .......................................................................... 40
IX

12. a (altitude)
ET (equation of time)
H
Gs
Gw
lst
llocal
LST
n
tsolar
α (right ascension)
β (latitude)
γ (azimuth)
φ
obliquity of the ecliptic, ε = 23°26’20.512”
ε
λ (longitude)
δ (declination)
θz
X

13. 1-1
CO2
(solar cell)
(photovoltaic, PV)
1-1
15% ~ 20% III-V
(multi-junction, MJ) Spectrolab 2007
40.7%
(solar concentrator)
(concentrated photovoltaic, CPV)
CPV
CPV Fresnel
lens (Fresnel lens)
1-2 [1] (concentration ratio, C)
(apearature area) (cell area) 1-3
1

14. Araki [2] (dome-shaped) CPV
550 CPV 1970
CPV CPV
300 1000 HCPV (high
concentrated photovoltaic)
(parabolic dish)[3] (parabolic trough)[4]
1-4 (a) 1-4 (b)
HCPV Kusek [5]
1-5
Anton [6]
1-6 (a)
(Cassegrain) 1-6 (b)
1-7
[7-9]
1-100 mm2
Cowle [10]
HCPV 1-8 1°
90% 0.5°
0.5°
2

15. 1-2
(open-loop)
(closed-loop)
20-30% [11, 12] Huang Sun [13]
[14, 15] Bako [16]
1-9 40°
46 % 1-10 [17]
Abdallah
Nijmeh [18] PLC
(pyranometer) 32°
41% 1-11
[19]
1-12
3

16. 1-1 [20]
44%
(N-S)
15%
34% 37%
1-3
HCPV
4

17. 2-1
(ecliptic coordinates) (equatorial coordinates)
(horizon coordinates)
2-1-1
(ecliptic)
( 2-1)
(vernal equinox) (autumnal equinox)
(obliquity of the ecliptic, ε) (ε
= 23°26’20.512”)
(latitude, β)
(longitude, λ)
(0° ~ 90°) (0° ~ -90°) 0°
(0 °~ 360°)
2-1-2
5

18. (declination, δ) (right
ascension, α) ( 2-1)
±23.45°
(hour angle) 24
15°(360°/24 = 15°)
2-1-3
(altitude, a)
(elevation) 0° ~
(azimuth, γ)
90°
(-180°) ±180° 2-2
[21]
2-1-4
(±0.064°)
(2-3)
6

19. 2-2
Cucuno [22]
Goswami
[23]
2-2-1
mean solar time
360 56’ 24
7

20. (true solar time) (equation
of time, ET)
15 2-3
365.2422
365
[24]
LST = tsolar − ET − (−lst + llocal ) ⋅ 4min/ deg (2-1)
LST lst llocal
ET
(2-2)
B = 360( n − 81) / 364 deg
ET = 9.87 sin 2 B − 7.53cos B − 1.5sin B
2-2-2
2-1-2 2-1
23.45 ±23.45° 2-4 (a)
[24] 2-5
δ ±23.45 o [23, 24]
δ = 23.45o sin[360(284 + n) / 365]o (2-3)
n 1 1 n=1 1 1
2-2-3
24 15
0 H [23]
8

21. H = 15o [t solar − 12] (2-4)
tsolar = 12 H×4 min/deg tsolar 24
(Hsr) (Hss)
H ss or H sr = ± cos −1[ − tan ϕ ⋅ tan δ ] (2-5)
φ
2-2-4
2-4 (b)
P (S ) (P )
θz [23]
θ z = cos −1[sin ϕ sin δ + cos ϕ cos δ cos H ] (2-6)
a
a = sin −1[sin ϕ sin δ + cos ϕ cos δ cos H ] (2-7)
γ
[22, 23]
cos γ = (sin a sin ϕ − sin δ ) / cos a cos ϕ (2-8)
sin γ = cos δ sin H / cos a (2-9)
±180°
0° ~ 180° Cucuno [22] (2-8)
(2-8) (2-9) cosγ sinγ
9

22. 2-3
6 22
90°
12 22
40°
121.15° 24.49°
2-6 (a)
±62° 0°~43°
2-6 (b)
±120°
89°
2-4
(precession)
25868
10

23. (nutation)
(ephemeris)
[25] A 2000
6000
2005 2008 2011 2-7
0.2° (
0.5°)
11

24. 3-1
[27]
60×60 cm2
1.5 m
HCPV 180 kg
3-1 [27]
1:6.25 1:60
0°~90° ±120° HCPV
30 kg 3-2 [27]
3-2
[28] (permanent magnet, PM)
(variable reluctance, VR) (hybrid)
PM 3-3(a) PM
12

25. PM
PM
(alnico) 45 90 (ferrite)
7.5° 15°
3-3(b) VR PM
VR
15°
3-3 (c)
1.8°~3.6°
3-4 (pulses per
second, pps)
(start-stop region)
10 pps
(slew region)
13

26. B
3-3
3-5 (a) 3-6 (a)
B [29]
2 3-6
RK564AA-T30 1:30 0.024°
4 N•m 3-8 (a)
3-5 (b) 3-6 (b)
B 2
3-7 RK564AA-T10 1:10
0.072° 3 N•m
1:60
1:6.25 3-8 (b)
3-1 B
14

27. 3-4
pulse
generator
3-9
Adventech ADAM-3952 DIN 50-
SCSI
(CW/CCW)
3-10
Adventech
PCI-1240U
15

28. 16

29. 4-1
National Instrument
Labview 8 Labview
Labview
I/O
Labview
4-1
[27]
0.2°
0.5° 0.2°
0.3°
0.2°
1-9 1-10
17

30. 4-2
(sub
VI)
4-2-1
Labview
Labview
Labview
4-2
Get Date/Time String
Format Date/Time String %H %M %S
Decimal String To Number
Get Date/Time In Seconds
Seconds To Date/Time
18

31. UnBundle day of year
4-3
4-2-2
Labview M file MathScript
MATLAB
MathScript
4-4
(shift register)
3-4 3-5
0.2°
0.067°
0.2° Case
true false Case
true false 0.2° true 4-5 (a)
0.2° false 4-5 (b)
millisecond multiple (ms)
0.2°
19

32. 4-6
4-2-3
Labview
PCI-1240U
4-7
End position
Az Alt
Driving speed (pps)
6000 pps Movement mode
(relative) (absolute)
1000 200
800 1200 error
out
P1240DevOpen P1240Mot
Reset Labview
ID 0
Sequence
Sequence 4-8
X Y
268435455 ~
20

33. -268435455 2147483648 ~ -2147483647
Sequence 4-9
P1240MotWrReg
For
P1240MotSavePara
Sequence 4-10
P1240MotPtp
Case true false
4-11 (a) false 4-11 (b)
P1240MotStop
true
Sequence 4-12
P1240MotDevClose
4-2-4
4-2-2
Sequence
Sequence 4-13
0.2°
4-14
0.2°
Case Sequence
0.2° 0.2° Case true
21

34. 4-15 (a) 0.2°
Case 4-15 (b)
4-2-1
Sequence
4-16 Case
true
4-17 (a) false
4-17 (b)
4-18
Labview Run
6000 pps 8000 pps
4-3
0.5° (collimating tube)
(light spot)
4-19
4 mm
0.02° 0.1° 0.2° 0.3° 0.4° 0.6° 0.8°
4-1
22

35. 4-3-1
4-20
4-21
4-3-2
2008 6 10
4-22
(a) 12:30 12:50
0.5° (b)
11:35 11:45
0.6°
23

36. 4-23 (a)
0.2° (b)
0.4° (c)
(c) 0.31°
0.5°
24

37. 5-1
HCPV
Labview
0.31°
[27]
HCPV
5-2
1.
25

38. 2.
3. (position
sensitive device, PSD) [31] PSD
26

39. 1. C. Sierra, A. J. Va´ Zquez, “high solar energy concentration with a fresnel lens,”
J. Mterials Science 40, pp. 1339-1343, 2005.
2. K. Araki, H. Uozumi, T. Egami, M. Hiramatsu, Y. Miyazaki, Y. Kemmoku, A.
Akisawa, N. J. Ekins-Daukes, H. S. Lee, M. Yamaguchi “Development of
concentrator modules with dome-shaped Fresnel lenses and triple-junction
concentrator cells,” Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 13, pp. 513-527, 2005.
3. SES http://stirlingenergy.com/
4. NREL http://www.nrel.org
5. S. Kusek, J. Karni, M. Caraway, M. Lynn, “Description and performance of the
microdish concentrating photovoltaic system,” 4th International Conference on
Solar Concentrators for the Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen, pp.229-232,
2007.
6. I. Anton, D. Silva, G. Sala, A.W. Bett, G. Siefer, I. Luque-Heredia, T. Trebst,
“The PV-FIBRE concentrator: a system for indoor operation of 1000X MJ solar
cells,” Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 15, pp. 431-447, 2006.
7. Tetra-Track http://www.dobontech.com
8. Zomeworks http://www.zomeworks.com
9. Lorentz http://www.lorentz.de
10. S. Cowley, S. Horne, S. Jensen, R. MacDonald, “Acceptance angle requirements
for point focus CPV systems,” 4th Inter. Conf. on Solar Concentrators for the
Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen, 2007
11. .E. Lorenzo, M. P’ erez, A. Ezpeleta, J. Acedo, “Design of tracking photovoltaic
systems with a single vertical axis,” Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 10, pp.553-543,
27

40. 2002.
12. V. Poulek, M. Libra, “New solar tracker,” Solar Energy energy Materials
materials and Solar Cell 51, pp.113-120, 1998.
13. B. J. Huang, F. S. Sun, “Feasibility study of one axis three positions tracking
solar PV with low concentration ratio reflector,” Energy Conversion and
Management 48, pp. 1273-1280, 2007.
14.
2003 .
15. F. M. Al-naima, N. A. Yaghobian, “Design and construction of a solar tracking
system,” Solar Wind Technology 7, pp. 611-617, 1990.
16. G. Bakos, “Design and construction of a two-axis sun tracking system for
parabolic trough collector (PTC) efficiency improvement,” Renewable Energy
31, pp. 2411-2421, 2006.
17. P. Roth, A. Georgiev, H. Boudinov, “Design and construction of a system for
sun-tracking,” Renewable energy 29, pp. 393–402, 2004.
18. S. Abdallah, S. Nijmeh, “Two axes sun tracking system with PLC control,”
Energy Conversion and Management 45, pp. 1931–1939, 2004.
19. F.R. Rubio, M.G. Ortega, F. Gordillo, M. Lo’ pez-Martı’ nez, “Application of new
control strategy for sun tracking,” Energy Conversion and Management 48, pp.
2174–2184, 2007.
20. S. Abdallah, “The effect of using sun tracking systems on the voltage–current
characteristics and power generation of flat plate photovoltaics,” Energy
Conversion and Management 45, pp. 1671-1679, 2004.
21.
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5variant
=zh-tw
28

41. 22. M. Cucuno, D. Kaliakatsos, V. Marinelli, “General calculation methods for sorlar
trajectories,” Renewable Energy 11, pp. 223-234, 1997.
23. D. Yogi Goswami, F. Kreith, Jan F. Kreider, Principle of Solar Engineering,
Taylor Francis, 2nd Ed., 1999.
24. “
” 25 , pp. 2148-2153, 2004.
25. I. Reda, A. Andreas, “Solar position algorithm for solar radiation applications,”
NREL/TP-560-34302, January 2008.
26. http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/deltatpoly.html
27.
2008
28. 1994
29. http://www.orientalmotor.com.tw/
30. http://www.advantech.tw/
31. A. Luque and V. Andreev, Concentrator Photovoltaics, Chapter 11,
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.
29

42. A
A-1
Reda Andreas [25]
0.0003°
2000 6000
A-2
(Julian day)
JD 4713 1 1 12
( )
JD=365.25× Y + 4716) + 30.6001×(M + 1) + D + B 1524.5 (A1)
Y 2000 2003 M 1
M3 M Y Y=Y 1 M=M +12
D decimal time 2 12 30
30 (UT) D=2.521180556
B JD2299160 (Julian
calendar) B=0 JD2299160
(Gregorian calendar) B=2 A + A/4 A = Y/100
30

43. (Julian Ephemeris Day, JDE)
∆T
JDE = JD + (A2)
86400
(Julian century, JC) (Julian Ephemeris Century, JCE)
JD − 2451545
(A3)
JC =
36525
JDE − 2451545
(A4)
JCE =
36525
(Julian Ephemeris Millennium, JME)
JCE
(A5)
JME =
10
∆T (Terrestrial Time, TT)
NASA [26]
∆T ∆T
1986 2005
∆T = c0 + c1t c2t2 + c3t3 + c4t4 + c5t5 (A6)
c0=64.86, c1=0.3345, c2=0.060374, c3=0.0017275,
c4=0.000651814, c5=0.00002373599 t = y – 2000 y = +( – 0.5)/12
2005 2050
∆T = c0 + c1t + c2t2 (A7)
c0=62.92, c1=0.32217, c2=0.005589 t y (A6)
∆T
NASA [26] 1999 3000
A-3
[25]
(Earth periodic terms) L0
31

44. L0i = Ai × cos( Bi + Ci × JME ) (A8)
L0 = ∑ L0 i
n
(A9)
i =0
Ai Bi Ci A-1 L0 i n L0
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 (A7) (A8)
L( )
L0 + L1 × JME + L2 × JME 2 + L3 × JME 3 + L4 × JME 4 + L5 × JME 5
L=
108
(A10)
L(in radians) × 180
L(in degree) =
π (A11)
L 0°~360° B R
(A8) ~ (A11)
A-4
A-3 L B
β Θ:
Θ = L + 180 (A12)
0° ~ 360°
β = −B (A13)
A-5
(A14) ~ (A18)
(elongation)
32

45. JCE 3
X 0 = 297.85036 + 445267.11148 × JCE − 0.0019142 × JCE 2 +
189474 (A14)
(anomaly)
JCE 3
X 1 = 357.52772 + 35999.05034 × JCE − 0.0001603 × JCE − 2
300000 (A15)
JCE 3
X 2 = 134.96298 + 477198.867398 × JCE + 0.0086972 × JCE 2 +
56250 (A16)
(argument of latitude)
JCE 3
X 3 = 93.27191 + 483202.017538 × JCE − 0.0036825 × JCE 2 +
327270 (A17)
(longitude of the ascending node)
JCE 3
X 4 = 125.04452 − 1934.136261× JCE + 0.0020708 × JCE 2 +
450000 (A18)
∆ψi ∆εi
A-2 (A19) (A20)
∆ψ i = (ai + bi × JCE ) × sin(∑ X j × Yi , j )
4
(A19)
j=0
∆ε i = (ci + di × JCE ) × cos(∑ X j × Yi , j )
4
(A20)
j =0
a i, bi, ci, di a, b, c, d i Xj (A14) ~ (A18)
X0 ~ X4 Yi,j Y0 ~ Y4 i [25]
∆ψ ∆ε
∑ ∆ψ
n
i
∆ψ = i =0
36000000 (A21)
∑ ∆ε
n
i
∆ε = i =0
36000000 (A22)
33

46. A-6
(A13)
0°
A-5
A-2
λ ( )
λ = Θ + ∆ψ + ∆τ (A23)
20.4898
∆τ = −
∆ψ
3600R
A-7
(ε = 23°26’ 20.512” )
∆ε)
( (mean obliptic
of the ecliptic, ε0)
ε0
ε 0 = 84381.448 − 4680.93U − 1.55U 2 + 1999.25U 3 − 51.38U 4 − 249.67U 5
(A24)
− 39.05U 6 + 7.12U 7 + 27.87U 8 + 5.79U 9 + 2.45U 10
U=JME/10
ε
ε0
ε= + ∆ε
3600 (A25)
A-8
34

47. (mean sidereal time in Greenwich, ν0)
ν 0 = 280.46061837 + 360.98564736629 × ( JD − 2451545) +
JC 3
0.000387933 × JC 2 −
38710000 (A26)
α δ
A-9
α δ (observer local angle,
H)
sin λ cos ε − tan β sin ε
tan α =
cos λ (A27)
sin δ = sin β cos ε + cos β sin ε sin λ (A28)
α 0° ~ 360°
H = ν + llocal − α (A29)
ν llocal
A-10
(A27)~(A29)
(parallax)
8.794
ξ=
3600 × R (A30)
u
tan u = 0.99664719 × tan ϕ (A31)
35

48. φ
x
E
x = cos u + × cos ϕ
6378140 (A32)
E
y
E
y = 0.99664719 × sin u + × sin ϕ
6378140 (A33)
A-11
∆α
− x sin ξ sin H
tan( ∆ α ) =
cos δ − x sin ξ cos H (A34)
δ’
(sin δ − y sin ξ ) cos(∆α )
tan δ '=
cos δ − x sin ξ cos H (A35)
H’
H ' H − ∆α
= (A36)
ξ, x, y A-10
A-12
(A35) (A36) (2-7)
a0
P 283 1.02
∆a = × ×
1010 273 + T 60 tan( a + 10.3 )
a0 + 5.11
0
(A37)
P T
(2-7) (A37) a'
a ' a0 + ∆a
= (A38)
36

49. (A35) ~ (A38)
(2-8) (2-9)
γ’
37

50. B
B-1
3-4 3-5 0.2°
3-2
0.00033°/s 0.06°/s
rpm
0.00033°/s×π/180°[rads]×60/2π[rpm] = 0.00055 rpm (B1)
0.06°/s×π/180°[rads]×60/2π[rpm] = 0.01 rpm (B2)
(B1) (B2)
(Gs) (Gw)
0.00055 rpm×6.25 Gs ×60 Gw 0.21 rpm (B3)
0.01 rpm×6.25 Gs ×60 Gw 3.75 rpm (B3)
38

51. B-2
100 kg 50%
80%
5.72°
100 kg × sin(5.72°) = 9.965 kg (B4)
0.35 m
T
T = 9.965 kg × 0.35 m × 9.81 m/s2 = 34.22 N.m (B5)
2 T0
T0 = 34.22 N.m / (60×6.25×0.8×0.5)×2 = 0.43 N.m (B6)
0.2 m
T1
T1 = (100 kg×0.2 m×9.81 m/s2) / (60×6.25×0.8×0.5)×2 = 1.31 N.m (B7)
39

52. 1-1
3-1
(rpm)
(N•m) (rpm)
0.00055 : RK564AA-T30 1.31 0.21
( 1:30
1:60
: )
1:6.25
0.01 : RK564AA-T10 0.43 3.75
( 1:10
1:60
: )
1:6.25
4-1
H
2 2 0 400 0 0 0
2.69812 2 0.69812 400 0.0017453 0.10004894 0.1
3.39556 2 1.39556 400 0.0034889 0.19999983 0.2
4.09335 2 2.09335 400 0.00523338 0.29999965 0.3
4.79116 2 2.79116 400 0.0069779 0.40000051 0.4
6.18682 2 4.18682 400 0.01046705 0.60000006 0.6
7.5825 2 5.5825 400 0.01395625 0.79998787 0.8
8.97894 2 6.97894 400 0.01744735 1.00006509 1
40

53. 1-1 [3]
1-2 Fresnel lens [1]
41

54. 1-3 Fresnel CPV 550 [2]
(a) (b)
1-4 (a) [3] (b) [4]
42

55. 1-5 MicroDish HCPV [5]
(a)
(b)
1-6 PV-fibre HCPV (a) (b) [6]
43

56. (a) (b) (c)
1-7 (a) Tetra-Track [7] (b)
Zomeworks (thermal-liquid) [8] (c) Lorentz
1-8 500 [10]
44

57. 1-9 [16]
45

58. 1-10 40°
[16]
1-11 32°
[18]
46

59. 1-12 [19]
47

60. 2-1 [21]
2-2 ( ) ( ) (
) [21]
48

61. 2-3
(a) (b)
2-4 (a) (b) [23]
49

62. 2-5
50

63. (a)
(b)
2-6 (a) (b)
51

64. (a)
(b)
2-7 (a) (b)
52

65. 3-1 [27]
3-2
53

66. (a) (b) (c)
3-3 [28] (a) PM (b)VR (c)
3-4 [28]
54

67. (a)
(b)
3-5 0.2° (a) (b)
55

68. (a)
(b)
3-6 0.2° (a) (b)
56

69. 3-7 [29]
(a) (b)
3-8 (a) RK564AA-T30 (b) RK564AA-T10 [29]
57

70. 3-9
3-10
58

71. 4-1
59

72. 4-2
4-3
60

73. 4-4 MathScript
(a) (b)
4-5 (a) 0.2° (b) 0.2°
61

74. 4-6
4-7
62

75. 4-8 Sequence
4-9 Sequence
63

76. 4-10 Sequence
64

77. (a) (b)
4-11 (a) (b)
4-12 Sequence
65

78. 4-13 Sequence
4-14 Sequence
66

79. (a) (b)
4-15 (a) (b)
4-16 Sequence
67

80. (a) (b)
4-17 (a) (b)
4-18
68

81. 4-19
4-20
69

82. 4-21 0.6°
0.4°
70

83. (a)
(b)
4-22 2008 6 10 (a) (b)
71

84. (a)
(b)
(c)
4-23 (a) (b) (c)
72