Functional programming in JavaScript focuses on treating computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoiding changing state and mutable data. Some key aspects of functional programming include first class functions, reducing side effects, pure functions, and concepts from functional languages like lambda calculus, monads, functors, and higher order functions. While JavaScript is not a purely functional language, many functional programming principles and patterns like immutable data, first class functions, and avoiding shared state can be applied to write more predictable and testable code.