Functional English

Punctuation
2nd half of chapter

Asalam o Alikum
I am Noor Hassan
I am here because I love to start presentations.
I will introduce my group members and main ponits of
presentation
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Group members
Noor Hassan
 F21601053

Umar Farooq
F2101051
 Quotes
3
Saad Saddique
F21601023
Hyphens
Muhammad Mughira Saad
F21601001
Paranthesis
Malik Muhammad Danish Faraz
F21601019
Dashes

Punctuation
Let’s start with the first set of slides
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Quotations
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What are inverted commas?
How, when and where to use
For direct speech
For indirect speech
For titles of movies, book, stories etc.
To bring focus to a word or phrase
Important points to note
Practice exercise

INVERTED COMMAS
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Quotation marks/Speech marks
Are punctuation marks.
Can be single ‘quote’ (in british English)
Can be double “quotes” (in american English)

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How, when and
where to use
inverted commas?

Direct Speech
To enclose the exact words of speaker
Speech can be at the end or at the beginning.
Aslam said, “I am going with my brother.”
“I am going with your brother,” said Aslam.
“What are you doing tomorrow?” asked Ali.
“What a lovely teddy!” she exclaimed.
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Direct speech
Speech can be in splitted form.
“it’s cloudy,” said mother, "so you should take
umbrella with you.”
“You’re right, "she said. “It looks weird.”
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Indirect Speech
When you quote that someone else has quoted
someone or something
“My father said, 'hurry up!” said Nick.
Richer said, “My father has a habit of repeating
word, ‘so what’ so often that everyone knows
him by this name only.”
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Enclosing titles of movies, book, stories etc.
Have you read “Train to Pakistan” by Khushwant Singh?
I was watching “Big Boss” when my mother came.
Have you read “The Road Not Taken”
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To bring focus to a word or phrase
What do you mean by “electrical resistance”?
He couldn’t understand the meaning of “in a bit”.
She was explaining “biodegradable” to her
sister.
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Important points to note
Place (.)(!)(?) inside the closing inverted commas if it applies
to the speech or quote.
He said, “I’m not feeling well.”
Ritu asked, “What are you writing?”
Place (.)(!)(?) outside the closing inverted commas if it
applies to whole sentence.
He said, “I’m not feeling well.”
Can you explain the meaning of phrase, “live and let live”?
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Practice exercise
Put inverted commas wherever needed
1) No, the driver said we can’t reach in time.
2) Now I understand the meaning of diffusion.
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Practice exercise (Answers)
Put inverted commas wherever needed
1) No, the driver said we can’t reach in time.
“No,” the driver said “We can’t reach in time.”
2) Now I understand the meaning of diffusion.
Now I understand the meaning of “diffusion”.
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Dashes
 A little horizontal line that floats in the middle
of a line of text.
 It emphasis the sentence.
 It makes sentence stronger and interesting
then conjunction.
 Commonly used to indicate a range or pause.
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Forms
 Em dashes ( ̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶ )
 En dashes ( ̵ )
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Em Dashes ( ̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶ )
 Separates extra information or mark a break in a sentence.
 Introduce a clause that explains or expand upon something
that proceeds it.
 Function like a coma, a colon or parenthesis.
 It is approximately the length of letter “m”
For example:
He is afraid of two thing: spider and senior prom.
He is afraid of two things ̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶ spider and senior prom.
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En Dashes ( ̵ )
 Slightly wider then hyphen(-) but narrower than Em Dashe ( ̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶̶ ).
 It is approximately the length of letter n.
 Often used to indicate span of time or ranges of numbers.
For example:
The teacher assigned pages 101 ̵ 181 for tonight’s reading materials
The scheduled window for cable installation is 01:00 ̵ 03:00pm.
The 2015 ̵ 2016 fiscal year as the most profitable year for the new
business
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Rules
Rule #1: Use a dash to link two parts of a
sentence.
Okay
 “Come to class on time because it’s the rule.”
Better
 “Come to class on time - it’s the rule.”
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Rules
Rule #2 – Use dashes to emphasize by the way,
parenthetical expressions.
We have been learning grammar–my favorite
subject–for the past week.
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Rules
Rule #3: Use a dash to sum up a list or idea.
Red, white, and blue – those are the
American colors.
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Rules
Rule #4: Use a dash in dialogue to show hesitation
or a break in the flow of a sentence.
Last Wednesday – no, it was the one before – you
were free to do as you pleased.
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Hyphen (-)
 It is a sign (-) that is used in
punctuation of a English Sentence.
 It is used to join words to indicate that
they have a combined meaning or that
they are linked in grammar of a
sentence.
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Examples
 He is self-confident.
 She is our quasi-official leader.
 He is the ex-president.
 His helmet is shell-like.
 He ate two-third of the pie.
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Rules
1) Use a hyphen to divide a word at the end a line. Only
divide words at a syllable.
For example
she told me that interest rate on our new loan will com-
pound on a monthly basis.
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Rules
2) Use a hyphen to write out numbers.
For example.
I have twenty-three dollars to spend at the
book fair.
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Rules
3) Use a hyphen to write out fractions used as
adjectives.
For example.
We watched three-fourth of the ballgame.
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Rules
4) Hyphenate two or more words that comes
before a noun and modify as a single idea.
This is called hyphenate adjective.
For example.
The generous-hearted people volunteered to
help.
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Rules
5) Use a hyphen with the prefixes all-, ex-, self-,
prefixes with all proper noun or proper
adjective and with the suffix, -elect.
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Prifix examples:
All-knowing
Ex-governer
Self-server
Suffix examples
President-elect
Sugar-free
Great-aunt

What is Parentheses?
Parentheses ( ) are punctuation marks
that are always used in pairs and contain
material that is secondary to the meaning
of a sentence.
It can be a word, phrase or clause
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It is used for?
Additional Information,
Extra information,
Afterthought,
Numbers inside the sentence,
In writing speech, adding emotions etc.
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It is used for
Additional or extra information
Which is not essential for the main point.
For Example:
Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) works for
Pakistan.
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It is used for
separating the numbers in
the given line or list.
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For Example
Please submit the following four items
with your application: (1) a cover letter
(2) a Resume (3) a college transcript (4)
Professional references.
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Another way
Please submit the following four items
with your application:
1) a cover letter
2) a Resume
3) a college transcript
4) Professional references.
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It is used….
When typing some ones speech and we
found necessary his/her emotions, body
language, and other necessary actions, he
made during speech.
For instance: Laughing, coughing,
pointing to etc.
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Examples
“Furthermore, (Coughing) I must firmly
state that…..”
You (pointing to audience) are my real
heroes and I respect…..”
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Few Rules
Rule # 1
Things inside the parenthesis are
grammatically not the part of sentence.
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For Example
The president (and his assistant) were
expected to arrive by 10:00 am. ..(Wrong
Sentence)
The president (and his assistant) was
expected to arrive by 10:00 am. ..(Correct
Sentence)
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Rule # 2
Things inside the parentheses should be
written in lower case.
For example:
The president (and his assistant) was
expected to arrive by 10:00 am.
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Rule # 3
It should only be written in upper case
when it is pronoun ‘I’ or ‘proper noun’
For Example:
The chief editor (Dawn news) don’t allow
to write against government.
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Rule # 4
A sentence should make sense if you delete any
text within parentheses.
For Example:
The town is ten miles (16 kilometres) away
Still makes sense as:
The town is ten miles away.
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Plus Point
It makes your writing interesting
Or
More informative
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52
Superman (wearing his trademark red suit)
called his friends to join him in the fight
against evil.

That’s all
Thank You
Very Much
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Functional English

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