This document discusses key concepts related to financial statement analysis for financial institutions. It distinguishes between investment banking and commercial banking. It defines important terms like net interest income, non-interest income, net interest margin, non-performing assets, loan concentrations, allowance for credit losses, and aging schedules. It also covers equity-related terms, types of dividends, rating systems for financial institutions, key ratios, risk-related terminology, and Basel III capital adequacy norms.
The document discusses factors influencing investment vehicle (SPV) decisions for structuring project funding. An SPV is a legal entity set up to manage risk, cost of capital, and control structure for a project. Investors in securitized instruments seek credit enhancements to reduce risk. Credit enhancements include internal mechanisms like credit tranching (senior/subordinate structures) and over-collateralization, as well as external guarantees or letters of credit. The document outlines various types of internal credit enhancements used in SPVs like credit tranching, over-collateralization, cash collateral accounts, spread accounts, and triggered amortization.
1. The document provides information for a student's MBA course on Financial Management, including their name, registration number, course, subject, semester, and subject number.
2. It includes short notes questions on financial management, financial planning, capital structure, cost of capital, and trading on equity.
3. The document concludes with the student's responses to the short notes questions, providing definitions and explanations of the key concepts.
Ratio analysis involves evaluating a company's performance and financial health by comparing financial data over time and against industry benchmarks. There are several types of ratios that provide different insights. Liquidity ratios like the current ratio measure a company's ability to pay short-term debts, with a higher ratio indicating better coverage of current liabilities. Profitability ratios like return on assets indicate how efficiently a company generates profits relative to its assets, with a higher ratio generally being preferable. Ratio analysis is a key tool for fundamental analysis of a company's financial strength and operating efficiency.
A mutual fund is a vehicle that pools money from investors to invest in a portfolio of securities like stocks and bonds. It is managed by a professional investment management company. The portfolio is overseen by trustees representing the interests of investors. Mutual funds offer investors a low-cost way to invest in a diversified basket of securities. The main parties involved are investors, trustees, asset management companies, distributors, registrars and custodians. Mutual funds are classified by asset class, structure, investment goals and risk levels. The Indian mutual fund industry has grown significantly in size over the past decade.
This document discusses investment fundamentals, securities analysis, and portfolio management. It covers topics such as understanding investment, risk and return, securities analysis concepts, fundamental analysis framework, intrinsic and relative valuation, portfolio theory, and portfolio performance measurement. The key points are:
- It defines investment, risk, sources of risk, and different types of securities. It discusses the risk-return tradeoff between different securities.
- It covers the concepts of securities analysis, fundamental analysis framework using top-down and bottom-up approaches, and intrinsic valuation using discounted dividend models.
- It provides an overview of portfolio theory including modern portfolio theory, capital market theory, portfolio construction, and performance measurement.
Financial Planning in Business Ethics & Social ResponsibilityMarleneAngelesMates
This document discusses financial planning, management, and instruments. It defines financial planning as estimating capital needs and determining investment policies. Financial management deals with raising, allocating, and distributing funds efficiently. The importance of financial planning is to ensure adequate funds, balance cash flows, attract investment, support growth, and reduce uncertainties. Financial instruments are contracts to exchange money or assets in the future. Types include cash instruments like securities and loans, as well as derivative and foreign exchange instruments.
Equity in Accounting: Meaning, Types, & Practical Examples | Academy Tax4wealth Academy Tax4wealth
The value of equity can be determined through the current share price or a valuation established by professionals or investors. Enroll now, and make your career.
For more information, visit us at:-
https://academy.tax4wealth.com/blog/what-is-equity-in-accounting
Corporate finance deals with how corporations fund operations and make decisions to increase shareholder value. There are three main financial decisions: capital budgeting for long-term investments, determining optimal capital structure of debt and equity, and managing working capital like inventory and supplier payments. Financial management goals include profit and value maximization, managing risk, and increasing shareholder wealth.
The document discusses factors influencing investment vehicle (SPV) decisions for structuring project funding. An SPV is a legal entity set up to manage risk, cost of capital, and control structure for a project. Investors in securitized instruments seek credit enhancements to reduce risk. Credit enhancements include internal mechanisms like credit tranching (senior/subordinate structures) and over-collateralization, as well as external guarantees or letters of credit. The document outlines various types of internal credit enhancements used in SPVs like credit tranching, over-collateralization, cash collateral accounts, spread accounts, and triggered amortization.
1. The document provides information for a student's MBA course on Financial Management, including their name, registration number, course, subject, semester, and subject number.
2. It includes short notes questions on financial management, financial planning, capital structure, cost of capital, and trading on equity.
3. The document concludes with the student's responses to the short notes questions, providing definitions and explanations of the key concepts.
Ratio analysis involves evaluating a company's performance and financial health by comparing financial data over time and against industry benchmarks. There are several types of ratios that provide different insights. Liquidity ratios like the current ratio measure a company's ability to pay short-term debts, with a higher ratio indicating better coverage of current liabilities. Profitability ratios like return on assets indicate how efficiently a company generates profits relative to its assets, with a higher ratio generally being preferable. Ratio analysis is a key tool for fundamental analysis of a company's financial strength and operating efficiency.
A mutual fund is a vehicle that pools money from investors to invest in a portfolio of securities like stocks and bonds. It is managed by a professional investment management company. The portfolio is overseen by trustees representing the interests of investors. Mutual funds offer investors a low-cost way to invest in a diversified basket of securities. The main parties involved are investors, trustees, asset management companies, distributors, registrars and custodians. Mutual funds are classified by asset class, structure, investment goals and risk levels. The Indian mutual fund industry has grown significantly in size over the past decade.
This document discusses investment fundamentals, securities analysis, and portfolio management. It covers topics such as understanding investment, risk and return, securities analysis concepts, fundamental analysis framework, intrinsic and relative valuation, portfolio theory, and portfolio performance measurement. The key points are:
- It defines investment, risk, sources of risk, and different types of securities. It discusses the risk-return tradeoff between different securities.
- It covers the concepts of securities analysis, fundamental analysis framework using top-down and bottom-up approaches, and intrinsic valuation using discounted dividend models.
- It provides an overview of portfolio theory including modern portfolio theory, capital market theory, portfolio construction, and performance measurement.
Financial Planning in Business Ethics & Social ResponsibilityMarleneAngelesMates
This document discusses financial planning, management, and instruments. It defines financial planning as estimating capital needs and determining investment policies. Financial management deals with raising, allocating, and distributing funds efficiently. The importance of financial planning is to ensure adequate funds, balance cash flows, attract investment, support growth, and reduce uncertainties. Financial instruments are contracts to exchange money or assets in the future. Types include cash instruments like securities and loans, as well as derivative and foreign exchange instruments.
Equity in Accounting: Meaning, Types, & Practical Examples | Academy Tax4wealth Academy Tax4wealth
The value of equity can be determined through the current share price or a valuation established by professionals or investors. Enroll now, and make your career.
For more information, visit us at:-
https://academy.tax4wealth.com/blog/what-is-equity-in-accounting
Corporate finance deals with how corporations fund operations and make decisions to increase shareholder value. There are three main financial decisions: capital budgeting for long-term investments, determining optimal capital structure of debt and equity, and managing working capital like inventory and supplier payments. Financial management goals include profit and value maximization, managing risk, and increasing shareholder wealth.
IDFC Overnight Fund_Key information memorandumIDFCJUBI
The document provides a key information memorandum for the IDFC Overnight Fund, an open-ended debt scheme investing in overnight securities. The fund seeks to generate short term optimal returns in line with overnight rates and high liquidity by predominantly investing in money market and debt instruments with a maturity of 1 day. It aims to offer an investment avenue for short term savings. The fund carries risks associated with investing in debt markets like market risk, liquidity risk and credit risk which it manages through strategies like increasing allocation to money market securities in rising interest rate scenarios.
IDFC Overnight Fund_Key information memorandumJubiIDFCDebt
The document provides key information about the IDFC Overnight Fund, an open-ended debt scheme investing in overnight securities. It summarizes the investment objective as generating short term optimal returns in line with overnight rates and high liquidity. The asset allocation includes debt and money market securities with residual maturity of 1 business day between 0-100%. It also outlines the plans and options available, minimum investment amounts, risk factors and expenses associated with the scheme.
1. The document is a glossary of investment terms, providing definitions for terms like accrued interest, active management, alpha, ask price, asset allocation, bonds, bond funds, capital gains tax, dividends, equity, floating rate notes, interest rate risk, margin, and yield.
2. It defines common financial terms related to bonds, funds, assets, taxes, returns, interest rates, and other concepts important for investors.
3. The glossary spans multiple pages and provides concise one-sentence explanations for over 50 investment-related terms to help investors and readers understand the language of finance.
Financial risk management ppt @ mba financeBabasab Patil
This document provides an overview of financial risk management. It discusses key concepts such as risk, risk stratification, risk management approaches, interest rate risk, and term structure theories. The key points are:
1. Financial risk management involves monitoring risks and managing their impact on a firm. It uses modern finance theories to balance risk taken with expected reward.
2. Risk can be stratified into known probabilities, known parameters but uncertain quantification, unknown causation/interactions, and undiscovered or unmanifested risks.
3. A risk management approach involves identifying, measuring, and adjusting risks through behavior changes, insurance, hedging, and other means. Managing core business risks internally and hedging economic risks
The first chapter introduces us to Corporate finance is essential .docxoreo10
The first chapter introduces us to Corporate finance is essential to all managers as it provides all the skills managers need to; Identify corporate strategies and individual projects that add value to the organization and come up with plans for acquiring the funds. The types of business forms are; sole proprietorship, corporation and partnerships. A sole proprietorship form of business possesses different advantages and disadvantages. A partnership maintains roughly similar pros and cons of a sole proprietorship. A corporation is a legal entity that is separate from its owners and managers. Advantages include a smooth transfer of ownership, limited liability, ease of raising capital. The disadvantages include; double taxation, and a high cost of set-up and report filing. The chapter then deals with Objective of the firm, which is to maximize wealth. The final topic is an in-depth look at Financial Securities, which are markets and institutions.
In the second chapter, we are introduced to financial statements, Cash flow and taxes. Financial statements include; the Income statement and the Balance sheet. An income statement is a financial statement that shows a company’s financial performance regarding revenues and expenses, over a particular period, mostly one year. A balance sheet, on the other hand, is a financial statement that states a company’s assets, liabilities and capital at a particular point in time. Under the cash flow, the chapter covers on the Statement of cash flows, indicates how various changes in balance sheet and income statement accounts affect cash and analyses financing, investing and operating activities. A free cash flow shows the cash that an organization is capable of generating after investment to either maintain or expand its database. Under taxes, Corporate and personal taxes are well explained and the scenarios under which they apply.
Chapter Three analyzes Financial Statements. This analysis is broken down into; Ratio Analysis, DuPont equation. The effects of improving ratios, the limitations of ratio analysis and the Qualitative factors. Ratios help in comparison of; one company over time and one company versus other companies. Ratios are used by; Stockholders to estimate future cash flows and risks, lenders to determine their creditworthiness and managers to identify areas of weaknesses and strengths. Liquidity ratios show whether a company can meet its short-term commitments using the resources it has at that particular time. Asset management ratios exemplify how well an organization utilize its assets. Debt management ratios, leverage ratios as well as profitability ratios are explained.
The DuPont equation focuses on several issues. These are; Debt Utilization, Asset utilization and the Expense Control. Consequently, Ratio analysis has various problems and limitations. These include; Distortion of ratios from seasonal factors, various operating and accounting practices can distort comparisons and also it i ...
Beta is a measure of the volatility of a fund compared to its benchmark. A beta close to 1 means the fund's performance closely matches the benchmark. A beta greater than 1 indicates greater volatility than the benchmark, while a beta less than 1 indicates lower volatility.
Sources of capital on the basis of ownership & Cost Of Borrowed Capital & Lev...RahulBisen13
Operating leverage measures how fixed costs affect operating income with changes in sales. It is calculated as contribution/EBIT and relates to assets. Financial leverage measures how fixed financial charges affect earnings, calculated as OP/PBT and relates to liabilities. Combined leverage considers both operating and financial leverage and their compounding effects on earnings. Leverage allows profits to rise with sales but also increases risk if sales decline.
This document provides a comparison of debt and equity financing. It discusses the key differences, including that debt represents funds owed that must be repaid with interest, while equity represents ownership in the company. It outlines advantages and disadvantages of both debt, such as tax benefits but also repayment requirements, and equity, such as no repayment but giving up some control. The document also summarizes several key areas of financial management like determining financial needs, sources of funds, financial analysis, capital budgeting, working capital management, and profit planning and control.
This document provides guidance on assessing a company's performance using financial statement analysis techniques. It discusses various types of ratios that can be used, including profitability, liquidity, management efficiency, solvency, and investment ratios. It also covers cash flow analysis. Key points include:
- Ratios and cash flows should be analyzed over time and compared to peers to evaluate a company's performance.
- Non-financial factors like the business environment must be considered when assessing performance.
- Multiple ratios across different categories should be examined together rather than in isolation to get a full picture of a company's financial health.
This document discusses key concepts in business finance and financial management. It defines business finance as money and credit used in business operations. There are two types of capital: fixed capital for long-term assets, and working capital for day-to-day operations. Financial management involves optimal procurement and use of funds. Its objectives include ensuring adequate funding, minimizing costs and risks, and maximizing returns. Financial decisions encompass investment, financing, and dividends. Factors like costs, risks, and cash flows influence these decisions. Financial planning and maintaining an appropriate capital structure are also discussed.
Ranjit Singh presented information on various investment options such as real estate, commodities, fixed income, equity and mutual funds. He then discussed the risks associated with these investments including inflation risk. He explained how mutual funds can help diversify investments and protect purchasing power by aiming to earn returns higher than inflation. The presentation included information on different types of mutual funds classified by structure, management style, investment universe and more. It also provided data on the size and growth of the Indian mutual fund industry.
IDFC Regular Savings Fund_Key information memorandumJubiIdfcHybrid
- The IDFC Regular Savings Fund is an open-ended hybrid scheme that invests predominantly in debt instruments.
- The primary objective is to generate regular returns through investment predominantly in debt instruments. The secondary objective is to generate long-term capital appreciation by investing a portion in equity securities.
- It aims to provide regular income and capital appreciation over medium to long term through investment predominantly in debt and money market instruments with balance exposure to equity.
IDFC Regular Savings Fund_Key information memorandumIDFCJUBI
- The IDFC Regular Savings Fund is an open-ended hybrid scheme that invests predominantly in debt instruments.
- The primary objective is to generate regular returns through investment predominantly in debt instruments. The secondary objective is to generate long-term capital appreciation by investing a portion in equity securities.
- It aims to provide regular income and capital appreciation over medium to long term through investment predominantly in debt and money market instruments with balance exposure to equity.
The document discusses the cost of capital and defines it as the minimum return required by investors to invest in a company. It discusses the different components of cost of capital including cost of equity, cost of debt, and cost of preference shares. It also discusses weighted average cost of capital and capital structure. The importance of understanding cost of capital for financial management and capital budgeting is highlighted. Key terms discussed include debt financing, capital budgeting techniques like payback period and return on new invested capital. Risk is also introduced as a key consideration.
The document provides definitions for various terms related to mutual funds. Some key terms defined include net asset value (NAV), load funds, no-load funds, open-ended funds, closed-ended funds, equity funds, and debt funds. It also defines related financial terms like assets, liabilities, capital gains, dividends, and expense ratio among others.
This document discusses various capital market instruments. It begins by defining the capital market and its primary roles in raising long-term funds for governments, banks and corporations. It then describes the different types of capital market instruments including equity instruments like common stock and preferred shares, debt instruments like bonds and debentures, insurance instruments, and hybrid instruments. Specific types of each instrument are also outlined such as convertible bonds and preferred shares. Derivatives used in the capital market like futures, forwards, options and swaps are also briefly mentioned.
Are you preparing for PE fund Accounting interview_.pdfrajendra168342
The document provides an overview of the basic operating model of private equity (PE) firms. It explains that PE firms manage money from limited partner (LP) investors like pension funds to invest in portfolio companies. The PE firm aims to generate value in these companies and eventually sell them at a profit, returning money and profits to LPs. It charges management fees and takes a cut of profits in the form of carried interest.
IDFC Dynamic Bond Fund_Key information memorandumIDFCJUBI
1. The IDFC Dynamic Bond Fund is an open ended dynamic debt scheme that invests across duration in money market and debt instruments including government securities. The objective is to generate optimal returns through active portfolio management.
2. The asset allocation includes investment in debt securities, money market instruments, units of REITs and InvITs between 0-100%. Up to 50% can be invested in foreign securities, securitized debt and derivatives.
3. The scheme aims to allocate assets across maturity based on interest rate views and optimize returns. It may create segregated portfolios in case of credit events or defaults to deal with liquidity risks.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
IDFC Overnight Fund_Key information memorandumIDFCJUBI
The document provides a key information memorandum for the IDFC Overnight Fund, an open-ended debt scheme investing in overnight securities. The fund seeks to generate short term optimal returns in line with overnight rates and high liquidity by predominantly investing in money market and debt instruments with a maturity of 1 day. It aims to offer an investment avenue for short term savings. The fund carries risks associated with investing in debt markets like market risk, liquidity risk and credit risk which it manages through strategies like increasing allocation to money market securities in rising interest rate scenarios.
IDFC Overnight Fund_Key information memorandumJubiIDFCDebt
The document provides key information about the IDFC Overnight Fund, an open-ended debt scheme investing in overnight securities. It summarizes the investment objective as generating short term optimal returns in line with overnight rates and high liquidity. The asset allocation includes debt and money market securities with residual maturity of 1 business day between 0-100%. It also outlines the plans and options available, minimum investment amounts, risk factors and expenses associated with the scheme.
1. The document is a glossary of investment terms, providing definitions for terms like accrued interest, active management, alpha, ask price, asset allocation, bonds, bond funds, capital gains tax, dividends, equity, floating rate notes, interest rate risk, margin, and yield.
2. It defines common financial terms related to bonds, funds, assets, taxes, returns, interest rates, and other concepts important for investors.
3. The glossary spans multiple pages and provides concise one-sentence explanations for over 50 investment-related terms to help investors and readers understand the language of finance.
Financial risk management ppt @ mba financeBabasab Patil
This document provides an overview of financial risk management. It discusses key concepts such as risk, risk stratification, risk management approaches, interest rate risk, and term structure theories. The key points are:
1. Financial risk management involves monitoring risks and managing their impact on a firm. It uses modern finance theories to balance risk taken with expected reward.
2. Risk can be stratified into known probabilities, known parameters but uncertain quantification, unknown causation/interactions, and undiscovered or unmanifested risks.
3. A risk management approach involves identifying, measuring, and adjusting risks through behavior changes, insurance, hedging, and other means. Managing core business risks internally and hedging economic risks
The first chapter introduces us to Corporate finance is essential .docxoreo10
The first chapter introduces us to Corporate finance is essential to all managers as it provides all the skills managers need to; Identify corporate strategies and individual projects that add value to the organization and come up with plans for acquiring the funds. The types of business forms are; sole proprietorship, corporation and partnerships. A sole proprietorship form of business possesses different advantages and disadvantages. A partnership maintains roughly similar pros and cons of a sole proprietorship. A corporation is a legal entity that is separate from its owners and managers. Advantages include a smooth transfer of ownership, limited liability, ease of raising capital. The disadvantages include; double taxation, and a high cost of set-up and report filing. The chapter then deals with Objective of the firm, which is to maximize wealth. The final topic is an in-depth look at Financial Securities, which are markets and institutions.
In the second chapter, we are introduced to financial statements, Cash flow and taxes. Financial statements include; the Income statement and the Balance sheet. An income statement is a financial statement that shows a company’s financial performance regarding revenues and expenses, over a particular period, mostly one year. A balance sheet, on the other hand, is a financial statement that states a company’s assets, liabilities and capital at a particular point in time. Under the cash flow, the chapter covers on the Statement of cash flows, indicates how various changes in balance sheet and income statement accounts affect cash and analyses financing, investing and operating activities. A free cash flow shows the cash that an organization is capable of generating after investment to either maintain or expand its database. Under taxes, Corporate and personal taxes are well explained and the scenarios under which they apply.
Chapter Three analyzes Financial Statements. This analysis is broken down into; Ratio Analysis, DuPont equation. The effects of improving ratios, the limitations of ratio analysis and the Qualitative factors. Ratios help in comparison of; one company over time and one company versus other companies. Ratios are used by; Stockholders to estimate future cash flows and risks, lenders to determine their creditworthiness and managers to identify areas of weaknesses and strengths. Liquidity ratios show whether a company can meet its short-term commitments using the resources it has at that particular time. Asset management ratios exemplify how well an organization utilize its assets. Debt management ratios, leverage ratios as well as profitability ratios are explained.
The DuPont equation focuses on several issues. These are; Debt Utilization, Asset utilization and the Expense Control. Consequently, Ratio analysis has various problems and limitations. These include; Distortion of ratios from seasonal factors, various operating and accounting practices can distort comparisons and also it i ...
Beta is a measure of the volatility of a fund compared to its benchmark. A beta close to 1 means the fund's performance closely matches the benchmark. A beta greater than 1 indicates greater volatility than the benchmark, while a beta less than 1 indicates lower volatility.
Sources of capital on the basis of ownership & Cost Of Borrowed Capital & Lev...RahulBisen13
Operating leverage measures how fixed costs affect operating income with changes in sales. It is calculated as contribution/EBIT and relates to assets. Financial leverage measures how fixed financial charges affect earnings, calculated as OP/PBT and relates to liabilities. Combined leverage considers both operating and financial leverage and their compounding effects on earnings. Leverage allows profits to rise with sales but also increases risk if sales decline.
This document provides a comparison of debt and equity financing. It discusses the key differences, including that debt represents funds owed that must be repaid with interest, while equity represents ownership in the company. It outlines advantages and disadvantages of both debt, such as tax benefits but also repayment requirements, and equity, such as no repayment but giving up some control. The document also summarizes several key areas of financial management like determining financial needs, sources of funds, financial analysis, capital budgeting, working capital management, and profit planning and control.
This document provides guidance on assessing a company's performance using financial statement analysis techniques. It discusses various types of ratios that can be used, including profitability, liquidity, management efficiency, solvency, and investment ratios. It also covers cash flow analysis. Key points include:
- Ratios and cash flows should be analyzed over time and compared to peers to evaluate a company's performance.
- Non-financial factors like the business environment must be considered when assessing performance.
- Multiple ratios across different categories should be examined together rather than in isolation to get a full picture of a company's financial health.
This document discusses key concepts in business finance and financial management. It defines business finance as money and credit used in business operations. There are two types of capital: fixed capital for long-term assets, and working capital for day-to-day operations. Financial management involves optimal procurement and use of funds. Its objectives include ensuring adequate funding, minimizing costs and risks, and maximizing returns. Financial decisions encompass investment, financing, and dividends. Factors like costs, risks, and cash flows influence these decisions. Financial planning and maintaining an appropriate capital structure are also discussed.
Ranjit Singh presented information on various investment options such as real estate, commodities, fixed income, equity and mutual funds. He then discussed the risks associated with these investments including inflation risk. He explained how mutual funds can help diversify investments and protect purchasing power by aiming to earn returns higher than inflation. The presentation included information on different types of mutual funds classified by structure, management style, investment universe and more. It also provided data on the size and growth of the Indian mutual fund industry.
IDFC Regular Savings Fund_Key information memorandumJubiIdfcHybrid
- The IDFC Regular Savings Fund is an open-ended hybrid scheme that invests predominantly in debt instruments.
- The primary objective is to generate regular returns through investment predominantly in debt instruments. The secondary objective is to generate long-term capital appreciation by investing a portion in equity securities.
- It aims to provide regular income and capital appreciation over medium to long term through investment predominantly in debt and money market instruments with balance exposure to equity.
IDFC Regular Savings Fund_Key information memorandumIDFCJUBI
- The IDFC Regular Savings Fund is an open-ended hybrid scheme that invests predominantly in debt instruments.
- The primary objective is to generate regular returns through investment predominantly in debt instruments. The secondary objective is to generate long-term capital appreciation by investing a portion in equity securities.
- It aims to provide regular income and capital appreciation over medium to long term through investment predominantly in debt and money market instruments with balance exposure to equity.
The document discusses the cost of capital and defines it as the minimum return required by investors to invest in a company. It discusses the different components of cost of capital including cost of equity, cost of debt, and cost of preference shares. It also discusses weighted average cost of capital and capital structure. The importance of understanding cost of capital for financial management and capital budgeting is highlighted. Key terms discussed include debt financing, capital budgeting techniques like payback period and return on new invested capital. Risk is also introduced as a key consideration.
The document provides definitions for various terms related to mutual funds. Some key terms defined include net asset value (NAV), load funds, no-load funds, open-ended funds, closed-ended funds, equity funds, and debt funds. It also defines related financial terms like assets, liabilities, capital gains, dividends, and expense ratio among others.
This document discusses various capital market instruments. It begins by defining the capital market and its primary roles in raising long-term funds for governments, banks and corporations. It then describes the different types of capital market instruments including equity instruments like common stock and preferred shares, debt instruments like bonds and debentures, insurance instruments, and hybrid instruments. Specific types of each instrument are also outlined such as convertible bonds and preferred shares. Derivatives used in the capital market like futures, forwards, options and swaps are also briefly mentioned.
Are you preparing for PE fund Accounting interview_.pdfrajendra168342
The document provides an overview of the basic operating model of private equity (PE) firms. It explains that PE firms manage money from limited partner (LP) investors like pension funds to invest in portfolio companies. The PE firm aims to generate value in these companies and eventually sell them at a profit, returning money and profits to LPs. It charges management fees and takes a cut of profits in the form of carried interest.
IDFC Dynamic Bond Fund_Key information memorandumIDFCJUBI
1. The IDFC Dynamic Bond Fund is an open ended dynamic debt scheme that invests across duration in money market and debt instruments including government securities. The objective is to generate optimal returns through active portfolio management.
2. The asset allocation includes investment in debt securities, money market instruments, units of REITs and InvITs between 0-100%. Up to 50% can be invested in foreign securities, securitized debt and derivatives.
3. The scheme aims to allocate assets across maturity based on interest rate views and optimize returns. It may create segregated portfolios in case of credit events or defaults to deal with liquidity risks.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
5. • Distinguish Investment Banking and Commercial Banking.
• Investment banking is to help large, publicly traded entities make sound investments, issue
company stock, and assist with mergers and acquisitions WHILE Commercial banking supports
small and middle-market business clients, usually privately owned, with day-to-day banking and
credit needs, including working capital and growth-related CAPEX financing.
6.
7.
8. Net interest income
Net interest income is the interest earned on debt securities,
related loan fees) and other interest earning assets minus the
deposits, short-term borrowings and long-term debt.
Non-interest income
The non-interest income is the revenue earned through
fees other than interest income on loans. Eg. origination
fees on mortgages, investment advisory fees, commission
and brokerage service fees, bank-issued cards, monthly
maintenance fees on accounts.
Net Interest Margin? The average yield on earning
assets minus the average interest rate paid for deposits
and other sources of funding.
Net Interest Spread : Net interest spread is the nominal
average between borrowing and lending rates.
9. Non-performing assets
An asset, including a leased asset, becomes non-
performing when it ceases to generate income for
the bank.
A ‘non-performing asset’ (NPA) was defined as a
credit facility in respect of which the interest and/ or
instalment of principal has remained ‘past due’ for a
specified period of time.
LOAN CONCENTRATIONS:
Loan concentrations may exist when there are amounts
loaned to borrowers engaged in similar activities or
similar types of loans extended to a diverse group of
borrowers that would cause them to be similarly
impacted by economic or other conditions.
10. Allowance for credit losses (ACL) is a reserve for the estimated
amount of loans that a lender will not collect from its borrowers. The lender
is required to set up an allowance for credit losses that contains its best
estimate of how much this bad debt may be. Without this allowance, it is
likely that a lender will overstate the amount of its loans receivable that will
actually be collected.
An Aging schedule is a table that shows all overdue invoices, the amount dues,
and more particularly, the number of days overdue. The accounts receivable
aging schedule provides a breakdown of accounts receivables
into categories of days outstanding.
11.
12.
13. Fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a
liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date
(an exit price)
14. Discounted cash flow – Discounted cash flow valuation techniques generally consist
of developing an estimate of future cash flows that are expected to occur over the
life of an instrument and then discounting those cash flows at a rate of return that
results in the fair value amount
Market comparable pricing – Market comparable pricing valuation techniques are
used to determine the fair value of certain instruments by incorporating known
inputs, such as recent transaction prices, pending transactions, financial metrics of
comparable companies, or prices of other similar investments that require
significant adjustment to reflect differences in instrument characteristics
Option model – Option model valuation techniques are generally used for instruments in
which the holder has a contingent right or obligation based on the occurrence of a future
event. Option models estimate the likelihood of the specified event occurring by incorporating
assumptions such as volatility estimates, price of the underlying instrument and expected rate
of return.
15.
16. EQUITY
Comprehensive income includes both net income and other revenue and expense items
that are excluded from the net income calculation. Comprehensive income is the sum of
net income and other items that must bypass the income statement because they have
not been realized, including items like an unrealized holding gain or loss from
available-for-sale securities and foreign currency translation gains or losses.
Common Stock: this is the amount of capital that was contributed to the entity by its
owners.
Preferred shares: these shares have rights concerning the receipt of dividends or assets upon
liquidation of a business entity, which takes precedence over the rights of common shareholders;
Treasury shares: these shares are also referred to as treasury stock. They are shares in a
business entity that it has repurchased.
Retained earnings: this refers to the aggregate amount of earnings that are recognized
in the income statements of a business entity and have not been paid out as dividends;
Noncontrolling interest (or minority interest): this represents minority shareholders’ interests
in subsidiaries that have been consolidated by the parent company but are not wholly owned by it.
18. TYPESOF DIVIDENDS
1) Cash dividend (A most common type of dividend)
The cash dividend refers to the distribution of the cash to the shareholders
as a return on their investment.
2) Stock dividend
The stock dividend is when a company issues additional stock to the
shareholders instead of cash.
3) Property Dividend
The property dividend refers to the distribution of the property to the
shareholders as a return on their investment.
4) Liquidating dividend
The liquidating dividend is when the company is winded up,
and the company’s assets are distributed among shareholders by
paying in the form of a dividend.
19.
20.
21. RATING SYSTEM: FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Capital adequacy: The proportion of the bank’s assets that is funded with capital, indicates that a
bank has enough capital to absorb potential losses without severely damaging its financial position.
Asset quality: to assess the quality of the bank’s assets—credit quality and diversification—and the
concept of overall sound risk management.
Management capabilities refers to the bank management’s ability to identify and exploit
appropriate business opportunities and to simultaneously manage associated risks.
Earnings refers to the bank’s return on capital relative to cost of capital and also includes the concept
of earnings quality.
Liquidity refers to the amount of liquid assets held by the bank relative to its near-term expected
cash flows. Under Basel III, liquidity also refers to the stability of the bank’s funding sources.
Sensitivity to market risk pertains to how adverse changes in markets (including interest rate,
exchange rate, equity, and commodity markets) could affect the bank’s earnings and capital position.
22. RATIOS SPECIFIC TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
• Return on Tangible Common Equity :
• Tangible common equity is a non-GAAP financial measure and
represents total equity less preferred equity, noncontrolling interests,
goodwill, certain identifiable intangible assets
• Efficiency Ratio:
The efficiency ratio is noninterest expense divided by total revenue (net
interest income and noninterest income).
Pre-tax pre-provision profit (PTPP) is total revenue less noninterest
expense. It is financial measure to assess Company’s ability to generate
capital to cover credit losses through a credit cycle.
23. Terminology specific to Financial Institutions
• Average Earning Assets
A company’s earning assets are investments that produce income
effort on its owner’s part. Some popular earning assets are
deposits, notes, etc.
24. RISK RELATEDTERMINOLOGY
SYSTEMATIC RISK: Systematic risk (also called non-diversifiable risk or market risk)
is the risk that affects the whole system. It is a risk that cannot be avoided by
diversification because it is inherent in all assets.
UNSYSTEMATIC RISK: Unsystematic risk is the risk that is limited to a particular asset
or industry. These include risk factors that are local to a company and need not affect
other companies.
INTEREST RATE RISK: Interest rate risk is the probability of a decline in the value of
an asset resulting from unexpected fluctuations in interest rates.
FINANCIAL RISK: Financial risks are those that arise from activity in the financial
markets. Financial risks consist of market risk, credit risk, and liquidity risk.
MARKET RISK: Market risk arises from movements in stock prices, interest rates,
exchange rates, and commodity prices.
25. CREDIT RISK : Credit risk is the risk of loss resulting from a borrower’s failure to
make full and timely payments of interest and/or principal.
Liquidity risk: is the risk that, as a result of degradation in market
conditions or the lack of market participants, one will be unable to sell
an asset without lowering the price to less than the fundamental value.
Operational risk: is the risk that arises either from within the operations of
an organization or from external events that are beyond the control of the
organization but affect its operations. Operational risk can be caused
by employees, the weather and natural disasters, vulnerabilities of IT systems, or terrorism.
Solvency risk: is the risk that the organization does not survive or succeed
because it runs out of cash to meet its financial obligations.
26. How do we measure Risk?
Common measures of risk include standard deviation or volatility; asset-specific
measures, such as beta or duration; measures such as value at risk, and expected
loss given default.
How to Mitigate Interest Rate Risk?
1. Diversification : “Don’t keep all the eggs in a single basket” .
2. Hedging : purchase of different types of derivatives. The most common
examples include interest rate swaps, options, futures, and forward rate
28. Tier 1: Capital is a bank’s core capital used at times of financial emergency to absorb losses without
impacting daily operations. It includes audited revenue reserves, ordinary share capital, less
intangible assets, and deferred taxes
Tier 2: Capital is a bank’s additional capital used to absorb losses when winding up an asset. It includes
revaluation reserves, perpetual cumulative preference shares, retained earnings, subordinated debt,
and general provisions for bad debt.
Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) is a component of Tier 1 Capital, and it encompasses ordinary shares
and retained earnings.
The Capital Adequacy Ratio set standards for banks by looking at a bank’sability to pay
liabilities, and respond to credit risks and operational risks.
Minimum risk-based capital requirements
(1) Common Equity Tier 1 must be at least 4.5% of risk-weighted assets (RWA).
(2) Tier 1 capital must be at least 6% of RWA.
(3) Total capital must be at least 8.0% of RWA
(4) Capital conservation buffer of 2.5%
(5) Countercyclical capital buffer should be in the range of 0 to 2.5%.
(6) Capital Leverage Ratio of minimum of 3%.
29. LIBOR : The London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) is a
widely referenced benchmark rate, which is published in
five currencies and a range of tenors, and seeks to
estimate the cost at which banks can borrow on an
unsecured basis from other banks.
Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) and Sterling
Overnight Interbank Average Rate (SONIA) are the tw
popular alternatives, but are nowhere near as popula
internationally as Libor, which is being phased out by
year’s end.
Securitizations are transactions in which
financial assets are sold to a Special Purpose
Entity (SPE), which then issues beneficial
interests in the form of senior and subordinated
interests collateralized by the transferred
financial assets
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Fair value is defined as
the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to
transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market
participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based
on an exit price notion that maximizes the use of observable
inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs