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2nd Airbus-CIMPA/SKEMA Exchange Workshop
From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
Damien BOISBOUVIER
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Agenda
• Get some conceptual insights on :
• Knowledge Economy
• Theories on Knowledge
• Knowledge Management
• Discuss on this conceptual framework regarding the day to day
practices
• Position of KM@Airbus on these subjects
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Context & History
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Knowledge Workers
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Management in the Knowledge Economy
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Understanding Knowledge
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
A Typology of Knowledge : Explicit & Tacit
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Process of Knowledge Conversion
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Knowledge Management : A definition
"Knowledge Management is the (new) discipline
that enables individuals, teams, communities and
organizations,
more collectively and systematically,
to capture, store, share and apply their knowledge,
to achieve their (business) objectives."
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
KM : An attitude & behaviour change
• From “I know” to “We know”
• From “Knowledge is mine” to “Knowledge is ours”
• From “Knowledge is owned” to “Knowledge is shared”
• From “Knowledge is personal property” to “Knowledge is
collective/community property”
• From “Knowledge is personal advantage” to “Knowledge is company
advantage”
• From “Knowledge is personal” to “Knowledge is inter-personal”
• From “I defend what I know” to “I am open to better knowledge”
• From “not invented here (i.e. by me)” to “invented in my community”
• From “New knowledge competes with my personal knowledge” to “new
knowledge improves my personal knowledge”
• From "other people's knowledge is a threat to me" to "our shared knowledge
helps me"
• From “Admitting I don't know is weakness” to “Admitting I don't know is the
first step to learning”
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Obstacles & Barriers of KM : Structural & Cultural
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Issues & Challenges of Knowledge Management
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
Managers spend 2H/day
searching information
• 50% is of no value
• 36 % say there is too much to
find correctly
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
a
Organization
TeamIndividual
Inter-
Organization
Key
Knowledge
Assets
Strategy
Processes
Systems
Structure
Knowledge Assets Framework
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Building Blocks of Knowledge Management
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
Tools & Techniques of Knowledge
Management
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
© AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document.
For further information visit our website http://km
© AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. Tous droits réservés. Document confidentiel. Ce document et son contenu sont la propriété d’AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. Aucun droit de propriété intellectuelle n’est accordé par la
communication du présent document ou son contenu. Ce document ne doit pas être reproduit ou communiqué à un tiers sans l’autorisation expresse et écrite d’AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. Ce document et son contenu ne
doivent pas être utilisés à d’autres fins que celles qui sont autorisées. Les déclarations faites dans ce document ne constituent pas une offre commerciale. Elles sont basées sur les postulats indiqués et sont exprimées de
bonne foi. Si les motifs de ces déclarations n’étaient pas démontrés, AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. serait prêt à en expliquer les fondements.
AIRBUS, son logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380 et A400M sont des marques déposées.
June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management

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From knowledge economy to knowledge management

  • 1. 2nd Airbus-CIMPA/SKEMA Exchange Workshop From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management Damien BOISBOUVIER
  • 2. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Agenda • Get some conceptual insights on : • Knowledge Economy • Theories on Knowledge • Knowledge Management • Discuss on this conceptual framework regarding the day to day practices • Position of KM@Airbus on these subjects June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 3. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Context & History June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 4. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Knowledge Workers June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 5. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Management in the Knowledge Economy June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 6. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Understanding Knowledge June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 7. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km A Typology of Knowledge : Explicit & Tacit June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 8. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Process of Knowledge Conversion June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 9. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Knowledge Management : A definition "Knowledge Management is the (new) discipline that enables individuals, teams, communities and organizations, more collectively and systematically, to capture, store, share and apply their knowledge, to achieve their (business) objectives." June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 10. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km KM : An attitude & behaviour change • From “I know” to “We know” • From “Knowledge is mine” to “Knowledge is ours” • From “Knowledge is owned” to “Knowledge is shared” • From “Knowledge is personal property” to “Knowledge is collective/community property” • From “Knowledge is personal advantage” to “Knowledge is company advantage” • From “Knowledge is personal” to “Knowledge is inter-personal” • From “I defend what I know” to “I am open to better knowledge” • From “not invented here (i.e. by me)” to “invented in my community” • From “New knowledge competes with my personal knowledge” to “new knowledge improves my personal knowledge” • From "other people's knowledge is a threat to me" to "our shared knowledge helps me" • From “Admitting I don't know is weakness” to “Admitting I don't know is the first step to learning” June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 11. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Obstacles & Barriers of KM : Structural & Cultural June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 12. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Issues & Challenges of Knowledge Management June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management Managers spend 2H/day searching information • 50% is of no value • 36 % say there is too much to find correctly
  • 13. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km a Organization TeamIndividual Inter- Organization Key Knowledge Assets Strategy Processes Systems Structure Knowledge Assets Framework June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 14. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Building Blocks of Knowledge Management June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 15. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km Tools & Techniques of Knowledge Management June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management
  • 16. © AIRBUS Operations LTD. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. For further information visit our website http://km © AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. Tous droits réservés. Document confidentiel. Ce document et son contenu sont la propriété d’AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. Aucun droit de propriété intellectuelle n’est accordé par la communication du présent document ou son contenu. Ce document ne doit pas être reproduit ou communiqué à un tiers sans l’autorisation expresse et écrite d’AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. Ce document et son contenu ne doivent pas être utilisés à d’autres fins que celles qui sont autorisées. Les déclarations faites dans ce document ne constituent pas une offre commerciale. Elles sont basées sur les postulats indiqués et sont exprimées de bonne foi. Si les motifs de ces déclarations n’étaient pas démontrés, AIRBUS Operations S.A.S. serait prêt à en expliquer les fondements. AIRBUS, son logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321, A330, A340, A350, A380 et A400M sont des marques déposées. June 2011Airbus-CIMPA / SKEMA Exchange Workshop n°2 - From Knowledge Economy to Knowledge Management

Editor's Notes

  1. Context Distribution Reversal of the human value between the intangible (intellectual) assets and tangible (physical) assets. History 1700 : Income/capita gap between « rich » & « poor » countries = 0 99% of us in agriculture (oax, horses, human power) 50 % GDP World : China & India (50% of world population) 1800 : Income/capita gap between « rich » & « poor » countries = 20% (still small) Then comes the « steam engine » and the industrial revolution Rapidly subsituted agriculture (dominant human activity for 8000 years) To become rich -> Join the industrial revolution By order of $ : GB, Germany, USA 1900 : Second industrial revolution 1 « great idea » & 1 « great invention » Great idea : « Systematic investmnet in industrial research & development based on academic science » (Germany) Development of chemical industries Speeding up of technical changes Great invention : Electricity Many different definitions of it (Each countries claims to have invented it!) 1950 : 2nd industrial revolution over Income gap/capita between richest-poorest country : 140 to 1 Asia is the poorest region (missed both revolution) Today : The 3rd industrial revolution Based on interactions between 6 key technologies : Micro-electronics Computers Telecommunication Design & Materials Robotics Bio-technologies -> Knowledge Intensive Technologies Much more than Internet & Information Technology (IT) Enable rapid diffusion on knowledge & information on a global scale But Knowledge economy is not only a question of technologies
  2. Consequences : Evolution/Change in workforce throughout time Knowledge Workers : Work (use) primarily with information and develop new knowledge at their workplace Payed for « brain power » (not « muscle power ») Apply, develop, share their knowledge Via communication, collaboration, learning, sharing Knowledge workers (e.g. lawyer, consultant, designer, architect…) USA : 70% of working population Scandinavia : 80% UK : 50-60% Far East : 40% All predict increased knowledge working : Demand in analytics positions 2013 : 15% of business intelligence knowledge workers will add collaboration and social software into decision-making 2014 : 43% of U.S. workers will telecommute Broadband will become universal, allowing for greater mobility in the enterprise « Contribution of management in XXth century : 50 fold increase in the productivity of the manual worker in manufacturing. The most important contribution management needs to make in the 21st Century ? Similarly to increase the productivity of the knowledge worker » (Peter Drucker – Management Challenges of the XX1st Century)
  3. In the knowledge-based economy: – The highest value of organizations comes from their intangible (intellectual) assets (switch from tangible ones) – Knowledge is the most valuable asset – Organizations must have the ability to turn their collective knowledge into products & services => Knowledge is the key strategic asset to be managed (Core competency of Knowledge Economy)
  4. Data comes about through research, creation, gathering, and discovery. Information has context. Data is turned into information by organizing it so that we can easily draw conclusions. Data is also turned into information by "presenting" it, such as making it visual or auditory. Knowledge has the complexity of experience, which come about by seeing it from different perspectives. This is why training and education is difficult - one cannot count on one person's knowledge transferring to another. Knowledge is built from scratch by the learner through experience. Information is static, but knowledge is dynamic as it lives within us. Wisdom is the ultimate level of understanding. As with knowledge, wisdom operates within us. We can share our experiences that create the building blocks for wisdom, however, it need to be communicated with even more understanding of the personal contexts of our audience than with knowledge sharing. Often, the distinctions between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom continuum are not very discrete, thus the distinctions between each term often seem more like shades of gray, rather than black and white (Shedroff, 2001). Data and information deal with the past. They are based on the gathering of facts and adding context. Knowledge deals with the present. It becomes a part of us and enables to perform. However, when we gain wisdom, we start dealing with the future as we are now able to vision and design for what will be, rather than for what is or was.
  5. Explicit knowledge can be articulated into formal language, including grammatical statements (words and numbers), mathematical expressions, specifications, manuals, etc. Explicit knowledge can be readily transmitted others. Also, it can easily be processed by a computer, transmitted electronically, or stored in databases. Tacit knowledge is personal knowledge embedded in individual experience and involves intangible factors, such as personal beliefs, perspective, and the value system. Tacit knowledge is hard to articulate with formal language (hard, but not impossible). It contains subjective insights, intuitions, and hunches. Before tacit knowledge can be communicated, it must be converted into words, models, or numbers that can be understand. In addition, there are two dimensions to tacit knowledge: Technical Dimension (procedural): This encompasses the kind of informal and skills often captured in the term know-how. For example, a craftsperson develops a wealth of expertise after years of experience. But a craftsperson often has difficulty articulating the technical or scientific principles of his or her craft. Highly subjective and personal insights, intuitions, hunches and inspirations derived from bodily experience fall into this dimension. Cognitive Dimension: This consists of beliefs, perceptions, ideals, values, emotions and mental models so ingrained in us that we take them for granted. Though they cannot be articulated very easily, this dimension of tacit knowledge shapes the way we perceive the world around us.
  6. Socialization: from tacit to tacit — Sharing experiences to create tacit knowledge, such as shared mental models and technical skills. This also includes observation, imitation, and practice. However, “experience” is the key, which is why the mere “transfer of information” often makes little sense to the receiver. Internalization: from explicit to tacit — Embodying explicit knowledge into tacit knowledge. Closely related to “learning by doing.” Normally, knowledge is verbalized or diagrammed into documents or oral stories. Externalization: from tacit to explicit — The quintessential process of articulating tacit knowledge into explicit concepts through metaphors, analogies, concepts, hypothesis, or models. Note that when we conceptualize an image, we express its essence mostly in language. Combination: from explicit to explicit — A process of systemizing concepts into a knowledge system. Individuals exchange and combine knowledge through media, such as documents, meetings, and conversations. Information is reconfigured by such means as sorting, combining, and categorizing. Formal education and many training programs work this way.
  7. Only discipline to deliver continuous improvement performance Enablers People (Clear accountabilities & roles for corporate knowledge, in the functions & projects) Process (Simple, Quality controlled, Embedded in the work flow) Technology Two ways of sharing By connecting (dialogue) By collecting (exchange of written or recorded forms) The value of KM lies in the learning curve : The only thing you have at the bottom of the curve that you did not have at the top is Knowledge
  8. Cultural Barriers Knowledge is power. Too often people see knowledge hoarding as a way to personal power. However by the same argument, knowledge sharing is empowerment. People need to move from Building empires to building new relationships. The Individual work bias of the past ("I have to solve this all by myself") is shifting to a teamwork and a collaborative bias. Local focus is often a perceived barrier to knowledge management, which can be converted to a network focus by the establishment of communities of practice. "Not invented here" can be a real barrier to the import of knowledge, if the relationship of trust is missing. Trust will grow with face-to-face knowledge sharing, and few people resist a request for help. People are often afraid that Errors will be Penalized, and are therefore unwilling to share what they may see as failures. That is why techniques such as Retrospects accentuate learning from success People feel they are Not paid to share. Knowledge management is often seen as not part of normal business. Preserving the value of our knowledge assets is not seen as core business. People feel they have No time to share. This is a very real barrier; most people are 'maxed out' at the moment. So we need to make knowledge sharing as quick and efficient as we can, because really we have no time NOT to share.
  9. Do you know what you know? Avoid “reinvented the wheel” syndrome! Prevent the loss of corporate memory Locate your experts & expertises Break the silos: encourage collaboration Stay in the race: Encourage innovation! Focus on your skills and reflective learning: An approach to learning organization Identify and transfer your best practices Promote access to knowledge Organize information effectively in your organization
  10. 2 classical main approaches to knowledge management (KM) Process-centered approach which treats KM as an interpersonal communication process Product-centered approach which focuses on the artifacts for knowledge. Knowledge asset-centric approach which fuses the previous two approaches together Outer ring of the framework is referred to as the ‘knowledge networking levels’ : the interdependencies of which facilitate the natural emergence, leveraging, and flow of knowledge and knowledge assets. We recognised four levels of knowledge networking: individual level, team level, organizational level, and inter-organizational level. These knowledge networking levels surrounded the four inner ‘KM Infrastructure’ components: strategy, structure, processes and systems, which, in turn, surrounded the organizations key knowledge assets, as the primary focus. In most organizations : ‘organizational’ knowledge management initiatives. In many organizations : ‘team’ knowledge management initiatives. In some organizations : ‘personal’ knowledge management initiatives. In some organizations : ‘inter-organizational’ knowledge management initiatives.
  11. Knowledge Goals : Normative : Creation of a « knowledge sensitive » corporate culture Creation of the pre-conditions of effective knowledge management. Strategic : Definition of organizational core capabilities Description of the future knowledge needs of the company. Determination of competence portfolio for the future. Extension of the traditional company planning processes. Operational : Translation of normative and strategic knowledge goals into action Knowledge Identification : Creation of sufficient transparency for internal and external knowledge and expertise Employees supports in their knowledge-seeking activities Examples for Internal knowledge transparency Creation of knowledge maps which supports systematic access to partsof the organizational knowledge base. Inclusion of opportunities for personal contact to enable talks between knowledge suppliers and demanders Knowledge Acquisition : Difficulties for companies to build up all the know-how they need for success by themselves (explosive growth and fragmentation ofknowledge) Tendencies to use focused acquisition strategies (buy critical capabilities from many knowledge markets) 4 import channels: Knowledge held by other firms Stakeholders Knowledge Experts Knowledge products Importance to be clear whether the acquisition is an investment for future (potential knowledge) or present (directly usable knowledge) Knowledge Development : Management activities intended to produce internal & external knowledge Individual Level : Creativity (Chaotic component) Capability of problem solving (Systematic component) Collective Level : Learning dynamics of teams Complementary skills of members Realistic goals defined for each group Atmosphere of openness and trust for better collective learning results Internal think tank, learning arenas, internal centre of competencies Process of self-reflection Identification of critical « lessons learned » by teams at the conclusions Report the information to future team to make them learn from past experience Knowledge Distribution : Who would know that ? To what level of detail ? Not everybody needs to know everything Organizational support of knowledge distribution processes ? Technical knowledge distribution infrastructure Efficient knowledge echange within organizations Connection of formerly separated experts through networks (virtual) Generation of time and quality advantages and rise in customer satisfaction Knowledge Preservation : Selection of valuable knowledge for preservation Ensuiring its suitable storage Regular incorporation in the knowledge base Knowledge Use : Productive deployment of organizational knowledge in the production processes Purpose of knowledge management Adoption of the knowledge by the potential user if real advantage for him Knowledge Measurement : Must reflects the normative, strategic and operational dimensions of the organization Simple measurement of central indicators in knowledge management processes Examples : Knowledge-oriented cultural analysis, capabilities balance sheets …