This document summarizes a study that examined how urban development affects residents' environmental values and connection to nature in the Wet Tropics region of Far North Queensland, Australia. The study surveyed over 350 residents from various towns to understand how their proximity to protected natural areas impacted their views. The results found that residents living closer to urban centers valued the protected natural areas more than those living closer to the areas. Those closer to the natural areas visited them more frequently and felt a stronger connection to nature. The study aims to help reduce the gap between people and nature by understanding how urbanization influences environmental perspectives.
Resilience and Change in the Aftermath of Floods: The case of Somerset KateWS
1) The document discusses resilience and change in Somerset, England after major floods in 2013/2014. It analyzes problem framings around the floods from institutional, public, and social perspectives.
2) Public problem framings cited neglect of drainage maintenance and land use changes as contributing factors, while institutions largely framed it as an extreme rainfall event.
3) Social divisions existed between environmentalists, landowners, and draining communities over land management. The floods sparked social and political action demanding drainage system dredging.
4) Governance processes for flood recovery involved partnership between local agencies and communities, but risked perpetuating structural inequalities if not implemented with nuanced civic engagement.
Exploring the dynamics o change in the aftermath of crisis: The case of the 2...KateWS
Presentation by Dr Catherine Butler entitled ‘Exploring the dynamics o change in the aftermath of crisis: The case of the 2013/14 winter floods’. Given at the Royal Geographical Society’s annual conference (with IBG), Exeter, 2015.
Confluence is the bi-annual newsletter of the Westcountry Rivers Trust. Confluence is packed with all of the latest news on the work of the Trust and what is happening in river restoration and conservation across the Westcountry.
The Autumn 2012 edition was a special edition about the Trust's River Improvement Projects funded by the Environment Agency's Catchment Restoration Fund earlier in the year.
Financing Nature: Closing the global biodiversity financing gapSarah Bergs
2. Deutz, A., Heal, G.M., Niu, R., Swanson, E., Townshend, T., Zhu, L., Delmar, A., et al. (2020), Financing Nature: Closing the global biodiversity financing gap, The Paulson Institute, The Nature Conservancy, and Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability.
Private response, public response and climate futuresKateWS
Presentation by Prof. Neil Adger, from the University of Exeter, whilst visiting the University of Sydney. The talk was co-hosted by the Sydney Environmental Institute and the Australian Centre for Climate and Environmental Law.
Community resilience, well-being and emotional supportKateWS
Presentation by Dr Kate Walker-Springett, Dr Catherine Butler and Prof. Neil Adger entitled ‘Community Resilience, well-being and emotional support’. Given at the Flood and Coast Conference, Telford, 2016
Resilience and Change in the Aftermath of Floods: The case of Somerset KateWS
1) The document discusses resilience and change in Somerset, England after major floods in 2013/2014. It analyzes problem framings around the floods from institutional, public, and social perspectives.
2) Public problem framings cited neglect of drainage maintenance and land use changes as contributing factors, while institutions largely framed it as an extreme rainfall event.
3) Social divisions existed between environmentalists, landowners, and draining communities over land management. The floods sparked social and political action demanding drainage system dredging.
4) Governance processes for flood recovery involved partnership between local agencies and communities, but risked perpetuating structural inequalities if not implemented with nuanced civic engagement.
Exploring the dynamics o change in the aftermath of crisis: The case of the 2...KateWS
Presentation by Dr Catherine Butler entitled ‘Exploring the dynamics o change in the aftermath of crisis: The case of the 2013/14 winter floods’. Given at the Royal Geographical Society’s annual conference (with IBG), Exeter, 2015.
Confluence is the bi-annual newsletter of the Westcountry Rivers Trust. Confluence is packed with all of the latest news on the work of the Trust and what is happening in river restoration and conservation across the Westcountry.
The Autumn 2012 edition was a special edition about the Trust's River Improvement Projects funded by the Environment Agency's Catchment Restoration Fund earlier in the year.
Financing Nature: Closing the global biodiversity financing gapSarah Bergs
2. Deutz, A., Heal, G.M., Niu, R., Swanson, E., Townshend, T., Zhu, L., Delmar, A., et al. (2020), Financing Nature: Closing the global biodiversity financing gap, The Paulson Institute, The Nature Conservancy, and Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability.
Private response, public response and climate futuresKateWS
Presentation by Prof. Neil Adger, from the University of Exeter, whilst visiting the University of Sydney. The talk was co-hosted by the Sydney Environmental Institute and the Australian Centre for Climate and Environmental Law.
Community resilience, well-being and emotional supportKateWS
Presentation by Dr Kate Walker-Springett, Dr Catherine Butler and Prof. Neil Adger entitled ‘Community Resilience, well-being and emotional support’. Given at the Flood and Coast Conference, Telford, 2016
Nearby nature provides significant mental and physical health benefits to urban residents. Interacting with nature reduces stress, improves cognitive functioning, and promotes positive youth development. Even small amounts of nature, like street trees or small parks, can inspire more physical activity, better health outcomes, and stress reduction. Ensuring access to nature in cities is an important public health strategy.
Confluence is the bi-annual newsletter of the Westcountry Rivers Trust. Confluence is packed with all of the latest news on the work of the Trust and what is happening in river restoration and conservation across the Westcountry.
The Autumn 2011 edition contained special features on the Trust's approach to fisheries management and ecosystem services - as well as the usual news updates about all of our work on fisheries, fishing and catchment management.
Floods in a changing climate: Understanding the role of crisis in policy changeKateWS
Presentation given by Dr Catherine Butler entitled ‘Floods in a changing climate: Understanding the role of crisis in policy change’. Given at the European Sociological Association Conference, Prague, 2015.
People and Politics in the aftermath of FloodsKateWS
Webinar given by Dr Catherine Butler to the Flooding and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Network, based on the 2013/14 Winter Floods Project at Exeter University - http://geography.exeter.ac.uk/winterfloods/
NRRI will partner with the Minnesota DNR on a new study of bat habitat in Minnesota forests. The goal is to understand bat roosting behavior and preferences to help balance bat conservation with sustainable forestry practices, as the threatened Northern Long-Eared Bat may affect forest management. NRRI biologists will track bats to identify what tree species they use for maternity colonies and how long they use them, providing important data for forest managers dealing with the impending threat of White Nose Syndrome to Minnesota's bat populations.
Mission: Magazine, Issue #6 - The Magazine that Addresses Critical Water IssuesXylem Inc.
Mission: Water is a complimentary magazine featuring the world's most current water issues and how people, like you, are tackling these ever-important challenges. Our mission is to share inspirational stories of determination, curiosity and discovery – and how great advancements are being made to better understand and protect our vital water resources.
This issue includes flood protection, harmful algal blooms, and red tide monitoring.
https://www.ysi.com/mission-water
This report analyzes how tidal flooding is expected to increase along the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts over the next 15-30 years due to rising sea levels. The analysis finds that over half of the 52 communities studied will experience over 25 flood days per year by 2030, up from only a few per year currently. Many communities will see flood frequencies triple or more. By 2045, tidal flooding could become almost daily in some locations. The increased flooding will disrupt communities by limiting access and damaging homes and businesses. Coastal communities need to start implementing adaptation measures and policies to build resilience against future flooding impacts.
Media frames and Memory: Social constructions of climate change following the...Erin Bohensky
This document analyzes media coverage and social memory surrounding the 2011 Brisbane floods in relation to climate change. It finds that media narratives either linked the floods to climate change (40%), denied any link (40%), said the relationship was unclear (14%), or that the floods proved climate change (6%). One year later, there was little media discussion. The analysis suggests media frames and short-term focus can hamper understanding of climate change and adaptation, as the issues require analysis over longer time periods. Building better "disaster memory" through research may support more effective climate adaptation.
The Nisqually River Council, with support from the WA Department of Ecology, wrote this plan. The NRC was guided by the Model Forest Policy Program's Climate Solutions University. The Plan was published December 2014.
This document outlines a unit plan for teaching second and third grade students about stormwater runoff and bioswales. The unit begins by introducing students to the concepts of pervious and impervious surfaces, runoff, and pollution through outdoor observations and readings. Students then learn about how bioswales work and how their school's bioswale helps manage stormwater runoff. They will partner with local organizations and develop a project to educate their community about protecting local waterways from runoff. The goal is for students to gain an understanding of watersheds and how their actions impact the environment so they can become agents of positive change.
Geen vrede zonder water - Pieter vd Zaag 130328kingserv
1. The document discusses six major water challenges for the 21st century: providing water and sanitation for all, feeding a growing population, powering economies sustainably, protecting people from water-related disasters, maintaining ecological integrity, and transforming potential water conflicts into cooperation.
2. Water scarcity could lead to tensions between different users and sectors as well as between social and political entities, but creating interdependencies between parties through data sharing, infrastructure development, and other means can encourage cooperation over immediate benefits.
3. While water may cause conflicts, it also provides opportunities for cooperation, and experts can promote awareness of water's cooperation potential through education and other means.
Green Spaces Alliance response to proposed Brackenridge Park Master PlanNOWCastSA
This document is a letter from Green Spaces Alliance of South Texas to the City of San Antonio Parks & Recreation Department regarding the proposed Brackenridge Park Master Plan. Green Spaces Alliance supports the plan's focus on improving water quality, habitat restoration, and transportation management. However, the plan must balance environmental restoration with maintaining public access and uses. It should also address traffic issues and control of the feral cat population more proactively to protect wildlife.
The document discusses water issues in Oregon, specifically stormwater runoff. It notes that Oregon receives significant rainfall, especially in the Willamette Valley which averages 40 inches annually. However, cement and pavement prevent rainfall from being absorbed, causing stormwater to flow into rivers while picking up pollutants and sediment along the way. This stormwater runoff is a problem that local governments, organizations, and schools are working to address through various management strategies like bioswales. The document poses questions for students to investigate how their bioswale helps address stormwater issues in their community.
Community Capacity for Managing Trees in the Residential LandscapeSara Fechtelkotter
This document provides an assessment of community preparedness for emerald ash borer (EAB) in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Three methods were used: a questionnaire of residents, interviews with neighborhood leaders, and case studies. The assessment found a range of EAB awareness among residents and a preference to replace ash trees with similar species. Recommendations include increasing accessible EAB information, utilizing neighborhood leaders, promoting tree diversity, and securing funding to support EAB preparedness plans. Addressing EAB as a united community will help St. Louis Park align with its vision of environmental stewardship and community safety.
Confluence is the bi-annual newsletter of the Westcountry Rivers Trust. Confluence is packed with all of the latest news on the work of the Trust and what is happening in river restoration and conservation across the Westcountry.
The Spring 2011 edition focused on all of the major projects that the Trust had underway at that time.
This document summarizes an academic design studio that investigated development opportunities along the Toronto waterfront utilizing the city's connection to the Great Lakes freshwater basin. The studio involved a collective urban design proposal and individual building designs by 11 students. Their projects explored various ways to apply and connect to freshwater resources through functions like recreation, energy, and more. The studio aimed to advance sustainable use and conservation of this important global freshwater asset.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of sustainable neighborhoods. It discusses that neighborhoods are the building blocks of society but many current neighborhoods face social, economic, and environmental challenges that threaten quality of life. The document defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It outlines four root causes of unsustainability: depleting natural resources, producing substances that accumulate in nature, damaging natural systems, and societies where people cannot meet basic needs. The document suggests that sustainable neighborhoods address all quality of life factors while also designing within planetary boundaries to ensure long-term viability.
Climate and Flood Resilient Housing - TeestaHI-AWARE
BCAS and C4RE Services are conducting a pilot project to build climate and flood resilient housing in two villages in Kaunia Upazila, Bangladesh. They are retrofitting 12 houses across four clusters with elevated platforms, sanitation facilities, drinking water access, and space for livelihood activities. The project aims to provide flood protection and access to basic amenities during floods. Participatory monitoring and evaluations will assess how well the houses perform during floods and their acceptance in the communities. Findings will help develop evidence on effective adaptation practices.
En todos los rincones del mundo las personas se enfrentan a las oportunidades y la tragedias relacionada con el agua. A veces, el exceso de agua, a veces la escasez. Hoy, cada vez más, la presencia o ausencia de agua es caótica, con los patrones menos predecibles que producen desastres locales de todo tipo.
El agua es el lazo que une a todas las cosas, tanto animadas como inanimadas. No es una exageración señalar que el agua refleja el río de la vida y la memoria de cada país o área. El agua es mística, religiosa, de gran alcance.........
This document summarizes experiences from 10 community projects supported by the GEF Small Grants Programme that have scaled up community actions for international waters management. The projects showcase how communities in countries like Belize, Cape Verde, Cuba, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mauritius and Turkey have tackled issues like sustainable fisheries, mangrove conservation, reducing marine pollution and establishing marine protected areas. By empowering local communities and demonstrating effective solutions, the projects have led to wider advocacy efforts and mobilized additional partnerships and resources to address transboundary water challenges. The lessons learned provide guidance on supporting community innovations and scaling them up through multiple partnerships and links to larger projects.
2. proceso y_fases_de_investigaci_n_cualitativa_2Zehima Uriro
El documento describe los procesos y fases de la investigación cualitativa. Explica que la investigación cualitativa involucra fases preparatorias, de diseño de proyecto, trabajo de campo, recolección y análisis de datos, y elaboración de informes. El investigador debe clarificar el tema de estudio, seleccionar un enfoque paradigmático, y diseñar un proyecto que incluya preguntas de investigación y métodos antes de acceder al campo y recolectar datos a través de técnicas flexibles. Luego, los datos son redu
Nearby nature provides significant mental and physical health benefits to urban residents. Interacting with nature reduces stress, improves cognitive functioning, and promotes positive youth development. Even small amounts of nature, like street trees or small parks, can inspire more physical activity, better health outcomes, and stress reduction. Ensuring access to nature in cities is an important public health strategy.
Confluence is the bi-annual newsletter of the Westcountry Rivers Trust. Confluence is packed with all of the latest news on the work of the Trust and what is happening in river restoration and conservation across the Westcountry.
The Autumn 2011 edition contained special features on the Trust's approach to fisheries management and ecosystem services - as well as the usual news updates about all of our work on fisheries, fishing and catchment management.
Floods in a changing climate: Understanding the role of crisis in policy changeKateWS
Presentation given by Dr Catherine Butler entitled ‘Floods in a changing climate: Understanding the role of crisis in policy change’. Given at the European Sociological Association Conference, Prague, 2015.
People and Politics in the aftermath of FloodsKateWS
Webinar given by Dr Catherine Butler to the Flooding and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Network, based on the 2013/14 Winter Floods Project at Exeter University - http://geography.exeter.ac.uk/winterfloods/
NRRI will partner with the Minnesota DNR on a new study of bat habitat in Minnesota forests. The goal is to understand bat roosting behavior and preferences to help balance bat conservation with sustainable forestry practices, as the threatened Northern Long-Eared Bat may affect forest management. NRRI biologists will track bats to identify what tree species they use for maternity colonies and how long they use them, providing important data for forest managers dealing with the impending threat of White Nose Syndrome to Minnesota's bat populations.
Mission: Magazine, Issue #6 - The Magazine that Addresses Critical Water IssuesXylem Inc.
Mission: Water is a complimentary magazine featuring the world's most current water issues and how people, like you, are tackling these ever-important challenges. Our mission is to share inspirational stories of determination, curiosity and discovery – and how great advancements are being made to better understand and protect our vital water resources.
This issue includes flood protection, harmful algal blooms, and red tide monitoring.
https://www.ysi.com/mission-water
This report analyzes how tidal flooding is expected to increase along the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts over the next 15-30 years due to rising sea levels. The analysis finds that over half of the 52 communities studied will experience over 25 flood days per year by 2030, up from only a few per year currently. Many communities will see flood frequencies triple or more. By 2045, tidal flooding could become almost daily in some locations. The increased flooding will disrupt communities by limiting access and damaging homes and businesses. Coastal communities need to start implementing adaptation measures and policies to build resilience against future flooding impacts.
Media frames and Memory: Social constructions of climate change following the...Erin Bohensky
This document analyzes media coverage and social memory surrounding the 2011 Brisbane floods in relation to climate change. It finds that media narratives either linked the floods to climate change (40%), denied any link (40%), said the relationship was unclear (14%), or that the floods proved climate change (6%). One year later, there was little media discussion. The analysis suggests media frames and short-term focus can hamper understanding of climate change and adaptation, as the issues require analysis over longer time periods. Building better "disaster memory" through research may support more effective climate adaptation.
The Nisqually River Council, with support from the WA Department of Ecology, wrote this plan. The NRC was guided by the Model Forest Policy Program's Climate Solutions University. The Plan was published December 2014.
This document outlines a unit plan for teaching second and third grade students about stormwater runoff and bioswales. The unit begins by introducing students to the concepts of pervious and impervious surfaces, runoff, and pollution through outdoor observations and readings. Students then learn about how bioswales work and how their school's bioswale helps manage stormwater runoff. They will partner with local organizations and develop a project to educate their community about protecting local waterways from runoff. The goal is for students to gain an understanding of watersheds and how their actions impact the environment so they can become agents of positive change.
Geen vrede zonder water - Pieter vd Zaag 130328kingserv
1. The document discusses six major water challenges for the 21st century: providing water and sanitation for all, feeding a growing population, powering economies sustainably, protecting people from water-related disasters, maintaining ecological integrity, and transforming potential water conflicts into cooperation.
2. Water scarcity could lead to tensions between different users and sectors as well as between social and political entities, but creating interdependencies between parties through data sharing, infrastructure development, and other means can encourage cooperation over immediate benefits.
3. While water may cause conflicts, it also provides opportunities for cooperation, and experts can promote awareness of water's cooperation potential through education and other means.
Green Spaces Alliance response to proposed Brackenridge Park Master PlanNOWCastSA
This document is a letter from Green Spaces Alliance of South Texas to the City of San Antonio Parks & Recreation Department regarding the proposed Brackenridge Park Master Plan. Green Spaces Alliance supports the plan's focus on improving water quality, habitat restoration, and transportation management. However, the plan must balance environmental restoration with maintaining public access and uses. It should also address traffic issues and control of the feral cat population more proactively to protect wildlife.
The document discusses water issues in Oregon, specifically stormwater runoff. It notes that Oregon receives significant rainfall, especially in the Willamette Valley which averages 40 inches annually. However, cement and pavement prevent rainfall from being absorbed, causing stormwater to flow into rivers while picking up pollutants and sediment along the way. This stormwater runoff is a problem that local governments, organizations, and schools are working to address through various management strategies like bioswales. The document poses questions for students to investigate how their bioswale helps address stormwater issues in their community.
Community Capacity for Managing Trees in the Residential LandscapeSara Fechtelkotter
This document provides an assessment of community preparedness for emerald ash borer (EAB) in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Three methods were used: a questionnaire of residents, interviews with neighborhood leaders, and case studies. The assessment found a range of EAB awareness among residents and a preference to replace ash trees with similar species. Recommendations include increasing accessible EAB information, utilizing neighborhood leaders, promoting tree diversity, and securing funding to support EAB preparedness plans. Addressing EAB as a united community will help St. Louis Park align with its vision of environmental stewardship and community safety.
Confluence is the bi-annual newsletter of the Westcountry Rivers Trust. Confluence is packed with all of the latest news on the work of the Trust and what is happening in river restoration and conservation across the Westcountry.
The Spring 2011 edition focused on all of the major projects that the Trust had underway at that time.
This document summarizes an academic design studio that investigated development opportunities along the Toronto waterfront utilizing the city's connection to the Great Lakes freshwater basin. The studio involved a collective urban design proposal and individual building designs by 11 students. Their projects explored various ways to apply and connect to freshwater resources through functions like recreation, energy, and more. The studio aimed to advance sustainable use and conservation of this important global freshwater asset.
This document provides an introduction to the concept of sustainable neighborhoods. It discusses that neighborhoods are the building blocks of society but many current neighborhoods face social, economic, and environmental challenges that threaten quality of life. The document defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It outlines four root causes of unsustainability: depleting natural resources, producing substances that accumulate in nature, damaging natural systems, and societies where people cannot meet basic needs. The document suggests that sustainable neighborhoods address all quality of life factors while also designing within planetary boundaries to ensure long-term viability.
Climate and Flood Resilient Housing - TeestaHI-AWARE
BCAS and C4RE Services are conducting a pilot project to build climate and flood resilient housing in two villages in Kaunia Upazila, Bangladesh. They are retrofitting 12 houses across four clusters with elevated platforms, sanitation facilities, drinking water access, and space for livelihood activities. The project aims to provide flood protection and access to basic amenities during floods. Participatory monitoring and evaluations will assess how well the houses perform during floods and their acceptance in the communities. Findings will help develop evidence on effective adaptation practices.
En todos los rincones del mundo las personas se enfrentan a las oportunidades y la tragedias relacionada con el agua. A veces, el exceso de agua, a veces la escasez. Hoy, cada vez más, la presencia o ausencia de agua es caótica, con los patrones menos predecibles que producen desastres locales de todo tipo.
El agua es el lazo que une a todas las cosas, tanto animadas como inanimadas. No es una exageración señalar que el agua refleja el río de la vida y la memoria de cada país o área. El agua es mística, religiosa, de gran alcance.........
This document summarizes experiences from 10 community projects supported by the GEF Small Grants Programme that have scaled up community actions for international waters management. The projects showcase how communities in countries like Belize, Cape Verde, Cuba, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mauritius and Turkey have tackled issues like sustainable fisheries, mangrove conservation, reducing marine pollution and establishing marine protected areas. By empowering local communities and demonstrating effective solutions, the projects have led to wider advocacy efforts and mobilized additional partnerships and resources to address transboundary water challenges. The lessons learned provide guidance on supporting community innovations and scaling them up through multiple partnerships and links to larger projects.
2. proceso y_fases_de_investigaci_n_cualitativa_2Zehima Uriro
El documento describe los procesos y fases de la investigación cualitativa. Explica que la investigación cualitativa involucra fases preparatorias, de diseño de proyecto, trabajo de campo, recolección y análisis de datos, y elaboración de informes. El investigador debe clarificar el tema de estudio, seleccionar un enfoque paradigmático, y diseñar un proyecto que incluya preguntas de investigación y métodos antes de acceder al campo y recolectar datos a través de técnicas flexibles. Luego, los datos son redu
Foodie is an app that allows users to order food online from over 5000 restaurants across major cities, providing detailed info on dishes as well as exclusive deals. It has grown rapidly since launch, reaching 5000 registered users in its first year and over 200,000 users by its second year, with continued expansion of listed restaurants.
El documento presenta un asistente de navegador web recientemente creado. Proporciona acceso más fácil y rápido a páginas web y búsquedas a través de un sistema operativo sencillo de usar. El diseño es simple debido a que es la primera aplicación creada y la página de inicio predeterminada es Google. Las desventajas incluyen limitaciones en el sistema operativo básico y la capacidad de abrir una sola página a la vez en dispositivos móviles, mientras que las ventajas son la
New Technique for Measuring and Controlling the Permeability of Polymeric Mem...Editor IJCATR
Membranes have wide uses in industry and medicine applications. Polymer membranes are important materials
because of their high chemical resistance, but they are of weak mechanical resistance against high pressures. Therefore, it was
essential to modify a permeability measuring technique free from high pressure application. The current work represented a
modification for the permeability measuring technique of membranes, where ionic salt was added with known concentration
to water as common solvent and the electrolyte current was measured behind the membrane. The electrolysis current was
correlated to the flow rate of water across a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membrane. Some other problems were raised such that
polarization on electrodes and changes in electrolyte contents during the long time of the slow process. Pulsed potential on
electrodes resolved these problems and other associated problems like rush in current and the double layer capacitance effect.
An empirical equation was suggested to evaluate the permeability of polymer membranes by this modified method. Easy and
accurate measurement of permeability helped authors to change the permeability of PVA membranes by adding copper nano
particles in membrane to reduce its permeability, and adding silicone dioxide micro particles to the PVA membranes to
increase its permeability. Authors suggested a mechanism for these permeability changes. Scanning electron microscope
images for the filled PVA membranes supported the suggested mechanism
Este documento presenta un proyecto de estudiantes para crear una aplicación de navegador web llamada AXPLORE. Explica el problema que intenta resolver al ofrecer un navegador más ligero, rápido y seguro que otros navegadores disponibles. Describe el marco teórico y metodológico del proyecto así como el cronograma y conclusiones. El objetivo es crear un asistente de navegación con un emulador de Google para mejorar la experiencia de búsqueda en dispositivos móviles.
This wildlife management plan targets four species on private land in Grafton, NY: porcupine, red fox, chipmunk, and barred owl. The plan aims to provide habitat for late successional plant species and the four target species. An inventory found sugar maple, white birch, and American beech as predominant tree species. Management options will work towards the goals of a healthy plant and wildlife environment through strategies like maintaining certain tree species and introducing others that provide food/cover.
Belen Lopez has over 15 years of experience in customer complaint management, quality assurance, and administration. She holds a Master's Degree in Business Administration and a Bachelor's Degree in Business Management. Currently, she works as a Customer Advocacy Analyst for CareFusion in El Paso, Texas, where she interacts with customers to assess their experience and ensures compliance with FDA regulations. Previously, she held several roles with increasing responsibility at CareFusion and other medical device companies.
The document discusses different genres of video games. It lists common genres such as adventure games, simulation games, platform games, and shooter games. For each genre, it provides examples of games from 2012 that fit within that genre and notes similarities and differences between genres. Some games fit into multiple genres by incorporating elements of more than one type of gameplay. The document also profiles the adventure game Journey for PlayStation 3 as a unique game that focuses on the emotional experience of the player.
Developing Sales Information System Application using Prototyping ModelEditor IJCATR
This research aimed to develop the system that be able to manage the sales transaction, so the transaction services will be
more quickly and efficiently. The system has developed using prototyping model, which have steps including: 1) communication and
initial data collection, 2) quick design, 3) formation of prototyping, 4) evaluation of prototyping, 5) repairing prototyping, and 6) the
final step is producing devices properly so it can used by user. The prototyping model intended to adjust the system in accordance with
its use later, made in stages so that the problems that arise will be immediately addressed. The results of this research is a software
which have consumer transaction services including the purchasing services, sale, inventory management, and report for management
needed purpose. Based on questionnaires given to 18 respondents obtained information on the evaluation system built, among others:
1) 88% strongly agree and 11% agree, the application can increase effectiveness and efficiently the organizations/enterprises; 2) 33%
strongly agree, 62 agree, and 5% not agree, the application can meet the needs of organization/enterprise
Programa formativo en comunicación efectiva y gestión de equipos (en abiert...Laura Pereiro
Este documento describe un método para mejorar la comunicación y la eficiencia de los equipos de trabajo mediante la identificación de los estilos de comportamiento de los miembros del equipo y el desarrollo de la flexibilidad y el autoconocimiento. El método utiliza role plays, gamificación y el método de los colores para que cada persona identifique su propio estilo y el de los demás y aprenda a comunicarse mejor. El objetivo es lograr equipos complementarios donde cada miembro aporte sus fortalezas.
Pyme Innova. Sistemas de Gestión de Almacenes. Fuenlabrada 17_06_10Imadeinnova
El documento describe el sistema de gestión de almacenes. Explica que un almacén tiene como objetivo proporcionar el nivel de servicio deseado a un coste aceptable. Detalla las principales operaciones de un almacén como la recepción, almacenaje, preparación de pedidos y expedición. Además, cubre temas como la ubicación de productos utilizando métodos como el análisis ABC para clasificarlos.
Jonathan Kalkwarf has over 25 years of experience in non-profit finance and operations management. He has held positions such as Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Executive Director for various organizations. He possesses expertise in areas such as strategic planning, financial management, operations, governance, and government affairs. Kalkwarf holds an MBA and is a Certified Association Executive who has consistently delivered results through data-driven leadership.
Want to tell better marketing and brand stories? Want to develop a better emotional connection with your audience? In this presentation, with Erin Blaskie, we uncover what it means to connect with your target market and tell the story that matters most to them.
Este taller enseña sobre negociación profesional a través de 4 sesiones. La sesión 1 cubre objetivos, productividad y marcos psicológicos. La sesión 2 trata sobre calificación de prospectos, manejo de objeciones y principios básicos de negociación. La sesión 3 cubre sistemas de referidos y 16 técnicas de cierre. La sesión 4 presenta el Plan de Calabaza para triplicar ingresos de clientes existentes.
This document introduces a report about the benefits of integrating nature into cities. It discusses how nearby nature supports human health and well-being through benefits like reducing stress, improving mental performance and learning outcomes for children. Nature in cities also helps create cohesive communities by improving neighborhood safety and environmental equity. Additionally, investments in natural infrastructure can boost local economies by enhancing commercial activity and attracting businesses. As urban populations grow, incorporating nature into cities in a sustainable way can help build climate resilience.
Mary-Ellen Dennerley has received the Hassell Robin Edmond Award for 2015. With the award money, she plans to travel to Cuba to study urban resilience and self-sufficiency. Specifically, she will examine urban farming in Havana and Santiago de Cuba, and analyze how principles of self-sufficiency can be applied in capitalist cities. Dennerley believes this research will benefit the field of landscape architecture by providing evidence that supports green infrastructure and self-sufficiency in urban areas.
The document discusses several topics related to engineering and the environment:
- It summarizes a seminar held in Chile about innovation in civil engineering that was attended by the president of the Civil Specialty guild.
- It provides information about the LA Film School, an institution focused on the entertainment industry that offers degrees in areas like recording engineering and animation.
- It includes a section about the importance of English in civil engineering work given that many tools and machines are documented in English and it is beneficial for working abroad.
- It discusses how engineering's approach to nature has changed with the rise of environmentalism and awareness of environmental problems. Engineering must now consider the impacts of human interventions and establish measures to prevent
- The President of the Civil Specialty in Chile participated in the Second Seminar on Innovation in Civil Engineering where he presented on "Future Challenges of Engineering" to over 200 people.
- The seminar generated positive responses and discussions among participants. The head of the student center organizing the event emphasized their commitment to future professionals.
- The LA Film School is an institution focused on the entertainment industry that offers degrees in areas like recording engineering, computer animation, game production, and film. It provides students access to facilities like restaurants, libraries, and sports fields near Hollywood.
This study examined how proximity to protected natural areas in the Wet Tropics region of Australia relates to residents' environmental values and connection to nature. Surveys were conducted with 376 residents across 10 towns, measuring how distance from the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area affected importance of natural areas, visit frequency, and sense of connection to nature. The study found that importance of natural areas increased with distance but visit frequency decreased, while connection to nature decreased with greater distance from protected areas. The implications are that programs are needed to increase interaction between urban residents and nature to address environmental disconnect.
Tourism Planning And Development Of Sustainable...Sheri Elliott
The document discusses several key concepts regarding sustainable development and sustainable tourism planning. It focuses on how sustainable development issues must be addressed to minimize negative tourism impacts and maximize benefits for tourism planning and future development. Rural and small island communities are particularly impacted as they have small populations and lack of businesses, which can increase unemployment. International organizations play an important role in tourism development by helping to plan, develop, and preserve destinations in a sustainable manner.
This document provides guidance on applying Low Impact Urban Design and Development (LIUDD) principles to urban greening and enhancing biodiversity in neighbourhoods. It discusses surveying existing vegetation and landforms to protect them, identifying green connections like streams and roads to link habitat, clustering houses to save space for nature, and planting techniques like green roofs and rain gardens for stormwater management. The overall aim is to make cities more sustainable while conserving biodiversity through thoughtful urban planning and design.
Environmental Protection Agency Essay
The Protection Of The Environment
The Problem Of Environmental Protection Essay
Environmental Science Essay
Environmental Law Essays
EPA: The Five Most Important Environmental Issues
The Importance Of Environmental Protection
Case Study for Environmental Protection
Importance Of Protecting The Environment Essay
Environmental conservation Essay example
- The Murray-Darling Basin is located across Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland in Australia. It covers over 1 million square kilometers and is one of Australia's most important river systems.
- The Mitta Mitta River is one of the sub-catchments in the Murray-Darling Basin, located in Victoria. Though it only makes up 0.9% of the basin's catchment area, it contributes around 10% of total water flow to the Murray-Darling Basin.
- Governance and management of water resources in the Murray-Darling Basin involves cooperation between local, state, and federal governments and agencies. Plans and programs aim to ensure sustainable water extraction and environmental flows.
Interior Plants for Sustainable Facility Ecology and Workplace ProductivityElisaMendelsohn
1) The document discusses how indoor plants can help create sustainable urban communities by improving indoor environmental quality. It outlines studies showing that potted indoor plants remove various air pollutants like volatile organic compounds, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide from the air.
2) The studies involved placing various plant species in test chambers with doses of air pollutants and measuring their removal rates. All plant species tested were able to reliably eliminate pollutants within 24 hours once their removal rates increased after initial exposure.
3) A related office study found that rooms with more potted plants had lower total volatile organic compound levels than rooms with fewer plants. This suggests indoor plants can effectively improve real-world indoor air quality.
Interior Plants for Sustainable Facility Ecology and Workplace Productivity
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
A Brief Note On Marine Pollution And Its EffectsLindsey Rivera
This document discusses the concept of biodiversity, which refers to the diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems within a given area. Biodiversity provides essential goods and services that support human well-being, such as food, water, and regulation of natural disasters. However, human activities are causing mass extinction of species at an alarming rate. Over 17,000 plant and animal species currently face extinction, and biodiversity loss continues to accelerate despite recognition of the problem decades ago. The impacts of human society were once small, but have grown enormously and threaten biodiversity on which humans depend.
1.
Urban Development and its Effects on the Environmental
Values of Residents of the Wet Tropics
Frank J. Sicignano
Siena College
Loudonville, New York
United States
The School for Field Studies
Centre for Rainforest Studies,
Yungaburra, Queensland
Australia
Wet Semester 2015
Research Advisor: Dr. Justus Kithiia
Research Assistant: Carina Easley-Appleyard
K e y W o r d s : W o r l d H e r i t a g e A r e a , W e t T r o p i c s , U r b a n
D e v e l o p m e n t , C o n n e c t i o n w i t h N a t u r e , P r o t e c t e d N a t u r a l
A r e a s
!
2. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2
Sicignano
Table of Contents
Title.....................................................................................................................................1
Keywords.............................................................................................................................1
List of Figures and Appendices...........................................................................................3
List of Abbreviations...........................................................................................................3
Declaration...........................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................4
Abstract................................................................................................................................4
Introduction..........................................................................................................................5
Methodology........................................................................................................................7
Study Design................................................................................................................7
Participants...................................................................................................................9
Analytical Techniques...............................................................................................10
Ethical Considerations...............................................................................................10
Results................................................................................................................................10
Discussion..........................................................................................................................15
Lack of Infrastructure...............................................................................................16
Connection with Nature............................................................................................18
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................20
Limitations................................................................................................................20
Future Applications..................................................................................................21
Appendix............................................................................................................................22
3. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
3
References..........................................................................................................................26
Figures and Appendices
Figure 1: Interview Sites......................................................................................................9
Figure 2: Values Associated with Protected Natural Areas in Wet Tropics......................11
Figure 3: Importance of Having a Sense of Connection with Nature................................12
Figure 4: Frequencies of Visits to Natural Protected Areas..............................................13
Figure 5: Positive Values Associated with Natural Protected areas between towns.........14
Figure 6: Importance of having a sense of connection with nature plotted with distance.14
Figure 7: Frequency of Visits to Natural Protected Areas plotted with average distance.15
Appendix A: Survey Regarding Peoples Values of the Rainforest...................................22
Appendix B: Personal Consent Forms...............................................................................24
Appendix C: Towns Average Distance from Wet Tropics World Heritage Area.............25
Appendix D: Population of Towns Visited........................................................................25
Abbreviations:
WTWHA: Wet Tropics World Heritage Area
WTMA: Wet Tropics Management Authority
FNQ: Far North Queensland
Declaration
The research embodied in this report is my own work. Where the ideas of other people
have been used, the sources have been duly acknowledged. No portion of the research
reported has been submitted for assessment/grading at the School for Field Studies or my
home institution, Siena College.
X
4. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
4
Sicignano
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr. Justus Kithiia for his help with planning and setting up
the interviews for this project. I would also like to thank our Socio-Econ Intern Carina
Easley-Appleyard for ensuring that we had proper accommodation in all of the towns as
well as her help with many other aspects of this project. A special thanks to my fellow
researchers: Alex Cohen, Olivia Coleman, Leena Glinski and Ryan O’Keefe for their
help in creating the survey, and making note of any interesting comments that might help
with this project. Finally, a special thanks to all of the participants of the surveys and
interviews for their time and cooperation.
Abstract
The Wet Tropics World Heritage Area (WTWHA), located in Far North
Queensland is a unique area where large centers of biodiversity and urban settlements
meet. It has been previously thought that people in urban areas did not have as great a
sense of connection with nature as those people living closer to protected wilderness
areas. However with the presence of both urban centers and protected natural areas in a
small geographic area residents of the region should feel more connected with nature
since they have greater access to these protected areas. Information regarding people’s
values of the rainforest was collected using a cross-sectional survey to interview over 350
residents from various towns and municipalities in the region. The study found that
residents who lived closer to these natural protected areas did not value them as much as
5. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
5
residents who lived further away from the WTWHA and closer to Urban Centers.
Residents who lived closer to the WHA visited these protected areas more and had a
greater sense of connection with nature. By determining the impact urban development
has on people’s environmental values and their sense of connection with nature, we can
find new ways to reduce the gap between people and nature. By getting people more
involved and educated we can hope to solve many of the environmental issues we face
today.
Introduction
Urbanization is the process of people moving from rural to urban areas, and the
change in lifestyle that results from leaving the rural countryside (Brunn, Hays-Mitchell,
& Zeigler, 2008). An area and a population do not become urban until its workforce and
economy are no longer strictly tied to agricultural practices (Brunn, Hays-Mitchell, &
Zeigler, 2008). As area and population become increasingly more urban the values people
place on various aspects of life also begin to change. In many large urban centers people
often fell a disconnect with nature or feel that having a sense of connection with nature is
not that important since many view the urban environment and the natural environment
as two completely separate entities (Benton-Short & Short, 2008). But is this case true in
areas where the urban environment and natural areas are within close proximity to each
other?
In Australia more than 90 percent of the population lives along the coast in large
urbanized areas (Benton-Short & Short, 2008). The reason for this is due to the
geographic landscape of the continent. Most of the inner continent is composed of large
6. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
6
Sicignano
deserts where both people and animals struggle to survive. As a result most of Australia’s
population and wildlife can be found within the coastal areas of the continent (Burnley,
1980). With such high, levels of biodiversity and population density concentrated around
the coast people might begin to feel more attached to their surrounding landscapes. Ones
proximity to nature might also increase how much one feels that they have a sense of
place within nature. If people are within close proximity to natural protected areas then it
would make sense that they would value those areas more because they would have
greater access to these areas (Kahn, 2007).
In Far North Queensland the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area (WTWHA)
protects the Rainforests of the wet tropics, one of the largest biodiversity centers in all of
Australia (Wet Tropics Management Authority, 2012). The area is also home to many
touristy cities such as Cairns, Port Douglas as well as many residential areas such as the
Atherton Tablelands. Therefore, this setting includes various levels of urban development
from large cities to very remote backwater villages such as Cape Tribulation, and the
Daintree, all of which are surrounded by large tracts of protected natural areas. Many
people see these protected areas as both a blessing and a curse. Some feel that these
protected areas will draw in more tourists to the region and help bolster the economy.
Others feel that these areas are more detrimental to the environment as well as limit the
amount of development allowed in the region, which only hurts both local residents and
the economy as a whole (Baur, Tynon, Ries, & Rosenberger, 2014).
Many environmentalists feel that the key to solving the world’s environmental
problems is to eliminate the disconnect between people and nature (Davison, 2008). As
the world’s population becomes increasingly urban, and as a result becoming even more
7. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
7
disconnected with nature, we must begin to find new ways to reduce this gap (Benton-
Short & Short, 2008). However we must first determine the effects that urban
development has on people’s environmental values. The aim of this study is to examine
residents’ proximity to protected natural areas and urban centers in relation to their
environmental values and sense of place. It was predicted that as residents’ proximity to
the WTWHA increases and distance to urban centers decreases, their connection to
nature decreases. By determining the present effects that urban development has on how
people connect with nature we can begin to develop new ways to mitigate this gap and
influence greater action for environmental issues.
Methodology
Study Design
This study focused on the effects that increased urbanization levels might have on
people’s sense of place within nature and their connection to nature within the Wet
Tropics region. In order to gain a better understanding of peoples overall perceptions of
the rainforest and the values that they attribute to it a short cross sectional survey was
used for in-person interviews. This survey asked people to rate the importance of various
ecological, economic and social factors within the Wet Tropics. The survey was
composed of several closed and open-ended questions, in order to acquire both
quantitative and qualitative responses, which will be used to generalize the general
populations value of the rainforest (Appendix A). This survey also measured the public’s
opinions on various uses of the rainforest and how those uses affect various aspects of
life within the region. Finally the survey measured peoples experience and knowledge
8. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
8
Sicignano
with environmental and conservation issues. The survey allowed us to collect information
on the same characteristics or variables about each respondent or case and then compare
the respondents based on their answers to certain questions. We can then generalize the
results to gain a general overview of these variables for entire populations (Miller &
Brewer, 2003).
We chose to conduct personal interviews with residents of several towns within
the WTWHA for multiple reasons. First personal interviews have the effect of physically
increasing overall rate of participation and reduce the number of individual questions that
are left unanswered. The presence of interviewer can also allow for the inclusion of more
complex questions to be included in the questionnaire design (Miller & Brewer, 2003).
Personal Interviews allow for greater flexibility in questioning process and also gives the
interviewer greater control over the respondent. This ensures that the respondent will
answer questions in the appropriate sequence. Finally by using personal interviews to
conduct the survey we can collect supplementary information about the respondent either
through additional comments they make throughout the interview or through spontaneous
reactions that the respondent might have when asked a particular question. These
spontaneous reactions can also prove to be useful in the data analysis state (Frankfort-
Nachmias & Nachmias, 2007).
The data was then collected and compiled and broken down to become stratified
purposeful data. Stratified purposeful data breaks up the study population into strata that
have some theoretical importance to the study objectives. These strata are typically based
on illustrative characteristics of particular subgroups of interest. This stratified data is
9. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
9
often used to facilitate comparisons between the different subgroups and to find any
significant trends between the subgroups (Guest, Mitchell, & Namey, 2013).
Participants
The participants of this study were composed of 376 residents from ten towns
across the Wet Tropics region. Interview sites included Atherton, Cape Tribulation,
Daintree Village, Innisfail, Kuranda, Malanda, Mission Beach, Mossman, Port Douglas
and Yungaburra (Figure 1).
Figure
1
Interview
Sites
Analytical Techniques
The collected data was then compiled into spreadsheets using Microsoft Excel.
Several graphs were produced to show how the residents of different towns value
different aspects of the rainforest. These values were then studied to see how they change
as distance to the WTWHA increase. In order to determine the distances to the WTWHA
10. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
10
Sicignano
maps of the interviews were created using Google Earth software. In order to measure
proximity 4 transects out from each town point on the map. Each transect will follow the
four cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west) and extended to the closest
boundary. The four measurements from each town were then averaged out to determine
the average distance to the WTWHA.
Ethical Considerations
All surveys were conducted under the strictest confidentiality. No names or
personal information besides the basic demographic questions of age, occupation and,
town where they hold residency were attached or recorded to any of the surveys. All
participants in this study were informed about the purpose of this survey prior to their
participation and personal consent forms were made available to those who wanted them
(Appendix B).
Results
Out of a sample size of 376 respondents 88.83 percent of people responded that
they greatly valued natural protected areas while the remaining 11.17 percent either
didn’t value these natural protected areas or had no strong feelings on the subject. Most
of the respondents who greatly valued natural protected areas came from the towns of
Port Douglas, Mission Beach, and Kuranda (Figure 2).
11. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
11
Figure 2 Values associated with natural protected areas in the Wet Tropics
Out of a sample size of 261 respondents 80.74 percent of people surveyed felt that
it was important to have a sense of connection with nature while 17.04 percent of people
felt that having a sense of connection with nature was not that important or were neutral
on the issue. The towns of Yungaburra, Malanda, and Cape Tribulation were the three
towns that felt that it was very important to have a sense of connection with nature
(Figure 3).
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
Percent
of
People
Interviewed
Survey
Locations
Not
Important
Neutral
Important
12. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
12
Sicignano
Figure 3 Importance of having a sense of connection with nature
When determining the frequency of visitation to protected natural areas we found
that the residents of Yungaburra, Atherton, and Cape Tribulation visited these sites the
most (Figure 4). The towns that had the highest percentage of residents who either rarely
visited natural protected areas or didn’t visit these areas at all were the towns of Innisfail
and Mossman.
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
Percent
of
People
Interviewed
Survey
Locations
Not
Important
Neutral
Important
13. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
13
Figure 4 Frequencies of Visits to Protected Natural Areas
Finally several trends emerged when analyzing the town’s proximity to the
WTWHA in comparison to resident’s values of these protected natural areas. It was
found that as distance from the WTWHA increased the more resident’s valued natural
protected areas (Figure 5). There was a negative correlation between both the frequency
of visits to natural protected areas (Figure 7) and how important having a sense of
connection with nature was to residents (Figure 6) when compared to each town’s
distance to the WTWHA.
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
Percent
of
People
Interviewed
Survey
Locations
Never
Rarely
Frequently
14. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
14
Sicignano
Figure 5 Positive values associated with natural Protected areas between towns
Figure 6 Importance of having a sense of connection with nature compared to average distance to WTWHA
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Percent
of
Residents
Surveyed
Average
Distance
from
WHA
(km)
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Percent
of
Residents
Surveyed
Average
Distance
from
WHA
(km)
15. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
15
Figure 7 Frequency of visits to natural protected areas compared to the average distance to WTWHA
Discussion
These results have partially proved our original hypothesis that those residents
who lived within a closer proximity to the rain forest would feel that it was more
important to have a sense of connection with nature and would also visit protected natural
areas more frequently. One surprising result was the respondent’s answers about the
importance of protected natural areas to their proximity to the WTWHA. Residents who
lived closer to the world heritage area did not value protected natural areas as much as
those who lived further away from the WTWHA. Plus out of all the towns surveyed the
three with the highest percentage of residents who greatly valued protected natural areas
were Port Douglas, Mission Beach and Kuranda. The WTWHA brings in over 750
million dollars annually for the Australian tourism industry (Wet Tropics Management
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Percent
of
Residents
Surveyed
Average
Distance
from
WHA
(km)
Rarely
Frequently
Linear
(Rarely)
Linear
(Frequently)
16. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
16
Sicignano
Authority, 2000) and provides hundreds if not thousands of residents with employment
either directly through the management of the WTWHA or indirectly through tour
outfitters that bring visitors into the rainforests and other industries that cater to visitors
of the region. It would then make sense that these three towns would value natural
protected areas because after the city of Cairns these three towns are the biggest tourist
centers for the region and rely heavily on the tourism industry to sustain their
economies1
. This trend would correspond with other areas that have experienced a trend
known as “tourism urbanization” which is a scenario of tourism based urban growth
where urban development is primarily based on tourist consumption of goods and
services for pleasure, and urban form is shaped by the city’s function as a leisure space
(Brunn, Hays-Mitchell, & Zeigler, 2008). Examples of areas that have gone through this
experience include the Gold Coast, and Cairns in Australia’s Queensland Coast and the
city of Honolulu in the state of Hawaii (Brunn, Hays-Mitchell, & Zeigler, 2008).
Lack of Infrastructure
Residents who lived closer to the world heritage area did not value protected
natural areas as much as those who lived further away from the WTWHA (Figure 5). One
of the most mentioned comments in the surveys that can help explain this trend was that
there was a lack of infrastructure present because of all the restrictions put into place by
the World Heritage Area. There are very few amenities between the Daintree River and
Cooktown and once the World Heritage Area was established the state and federal
governments stopped issuing new permits to develop future businesses within the region2
.
1
Personal
Communication
with
Resident
of
Mission
Beach
2
Personal
Communication
with
Crocodylus
Staff.
17. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
17
One resident stated, “ There is not enough human resources for tourists. The
Infrastructure in place is severely lacking or downgraded because we are in WTWHA.
Makes it very hard to maintain sustainable income when working locally.”3
There aren’t
that many amenities for tourists either. Compared to other National parks in Australia the
numbers of facilities within the Daintree National Park are severely lacking. Within the
Daintree there are only 4 to 5 boardwalk walking tracks that allow visitors greater access
into the rainforest4
. Also besides the Daintree Discovery Centre there are no other
educational amenities that teach visitors more about the environment in which they are.
Finally, there is only one road that provides access between the Daintree River and
Cooktown. If there were any disruption of any kind to the road then the residents of the
region would be effectively cut off from any amenities (e.g. health care, supermarkets,
etc.) that they might be only able to find in larger towns such as Mossman or Port
Douglas.
This lack of infrastructure present in an area due to protection status for the land
has also been seen in the United States. In the Blue Mountains when Shenandoah
National Park was established in 1935 (National Park Service, 2015) many of the
residents were evicted from their homes due to the government claiming eminent domain
over the land. Those who were able to remain faced increased accessing amenities in
neighboring towns since limits were placed on the number and sizes of roads to be built
within the park (Lindsay, 2002). No new private business ventures could be established
within the parks new defined boundaries, which meant residents who lived within the
park or within very close proximity to the park had to travel further distances just to have
3
Personal
Communication
with
Resident
of
Daintree
4
Personal
Communication
with
Resident
of
Cape
Tribulation
18. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
18
Sicignano
access to the most basic of amenities5
. Due to all the hardships they now had to endure
just to maintain their previous quality of life residents of the Shenandoah Valley began to
view the new National Park not as a source of revenue, but instead as a source of
hardship. Therefore they did not value this protected natural area as much as those
residents whose lives weren’t as adversely affected by the establishment of the park6
. The
residents of Cape Tribulation, and the Daintree are going through a similar experience
having to deal with increased hardships because of the increased restrictions put in place
by the Wet Tropics Management Authority (WTMA). Those who could not adapt often
left the region towards larger urban areas and began to lose their connection with nature.
Connection with Nature
Another trend, which emerged was that as towns got further away from the World
Heritage Area and closer to larger urban centers it became less important to residents to
have a sense of connection with nature (Figure 6). The frequency in visits to natural
protected areas also decreased, as we got further away from the WHA and closer to urban
centers. However when we look at Figure 7 to see how often residents visited natural
areas, a possible explanation for why residents don’t have a sense of connection with
nature becomes quite clear. As distance from protected natural areas increased the
number of residents who visited these areas frequently (more than once a month)
decreased (Figure 7). This means that residents of towns further away from the WTWHA
aren’t getting as many opportunities to access these areas as those residents who live
closer to the WTWHA. By not being able to visit these areas as often as other residents it
means that residents of more urban areas aren’t developing as deep of a connection with
5
Informational
Literature
from
Shenandoah
National
Park
6
Informational
Display
from
Shenandoah
National
Park
19. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
19
nature as those residents who live closer to these wilderness areas. This could cause
issues for passing future environmental legislation. Many environmentalists have shared
the claim that human detachment from and domination over nature—in the form of
scientific hubris or technological alienation or consumerist greed or anthropocentric
arrogance or sheer weight of numbers—is the prime cause of contemporary
environmental problems (Davison, 2008). Unless people feel a sense of attachment with
the land then it will be more unlikely to convince them the importance of solving the
environmental problems we are facing today. With most of the worlds population now
living within urban areas the disconnect with nature is only growing larger (Brunn, Hays-
Mitchell, & Zeigler, 2008).
In the early twentieth century, Australians strove to create a rural civilization
through state legislation to encourage rural closer settlement. The fantasy that Australia
might one day support a rural population of perhaps hundreds of millions endured despite
the overwhelmingly urbanized character of the nation and the harsh realities of its
environment (Murphy, 2009). In order to help residents of larger urban centers feel more
in touch with the natural environment numerous programs have been set up to help bring
aspects of rural life into the urban environment (Talen, 1999) (Frankfort-Nachmias &
Nachmias, 2007). However the original garden city idea was also less appealing in
Australian conditions due to the palpable presence of ‘empty’ rural space to be filled on
the continent. In contrast to England, back-to-the-land sentiment in Australia was based
largely in an exhilarating sense of the seemingly limitless space available for expansion.
The presence of these vast unpeopled tracts of land was also a source of considerable
unease connected with the racial project of White Australia and the threat of invasion
20. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
20
Sicignano
(Murphy, 2009). To many Australians the single most dominant understanding of nature
is the concept of “natural space”. However, most of the influence of the collateral concept
of natural space took the form of references to either ‘wilderness’ or ‘the bush’ (Davison,
2008).
Conclusion
We found that residents of towns that were within close proximity to the Wet
Tropics World Heritage Area did not value protected natural areas as much as residents
of towns that were further away from the WTWHA, but they felt that having a sense of
connection with nature was very important. The main complaints from residents of these
towns included lack of infrastructure and accessibility into the rainforests for tourists as
well as amenities. With most of the world’s population now living in urban areas it is
important now more than ever that we find ways to bring these natural experiences to the
residents of these urban areas whether it be through increased environmental education
programs or community events in natural areas. By doing so we can increase the
appreciation of these natural areas that residents of urban areas will have. This in turn
will increase the amount of environmental education that these people would have
received and therefore make it easier in the future to promote conservation either through
legislation or direct action.
Limitations
When compiling all of the previous years data some of the previous surveys used
1 to 5 scales for quantitatively measuring people’s values of the rainforest. In order to get
those responses to correspond with the data we were collecting using our current survey
as well as other responses from previous surveys we needed to convert those responses
21. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
21
into a 1 to three scale. Finally there was a discrepancy in terms of recording qualitative
responses. Since we had 5 different people preforming these surveys and with each
person having different interviewing styles some of the qualitative responses were
lacking in the depth of knowledge that could have been used.
Future Applications
This study was only focused on the Wet Tropics region of Far North Queensland
(FNQ) therefore; this study can be expanded in the future to look at how these values
change across the entire nation. It would be interesting to see how people’s values for
natural protected areas changes as you get closer to even larger urban centers such as
Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. These results could be compared with other studies
performed internationally to see how residents of urban areas in other countries value
protected areas and how well they have a sense of connection with nature. The definition
of an urban area changes from nation to nation so areas, which may be considered urban
in some countries, would actually be considered rural in others (Brunn, Hays-Mitchell, &
Zeigler, 2008). With these differing dynamics it would be interesting to see how these
values change especially in more urbanized countries.
In closing people do yearn for a better connection with nature; however it is
becoming harder to maintain that connection once we move into more urbanized areas. In
order to further conservation efforts in the future we have to find a way to further educate
people and find ways to bring even more rural country experiences into larger urban
centers.
25. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
25
Appendix C: Towns Average Distance to Wet Tropics World Heritage Area (Km)
Town Average Distance to World Heritage Area (km)
Cape
Tribulation
1.30
Kuranda 1.90
Daintree 1.98
Mission
Beach
4.42
Yungaburra 4.99
Mossman 6.03
Malanda 9.22
Port
Douglas
9.46
Atherton 10.89
Appendix D: Population of Towns Visited
Town Population
Atherton 7,287
Cape
Tribulation
330
Daintree 146
Innisfail 7,176
Kuranda 2,966
Malanda 2,052
Mission
Beach
765
Mossman 1,732
Port
Douglas
3,205
Yungaburra 1,116
26. 2015
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
26
Sicignano
References
Baur,
J.
W.,
Tynon,
J.
F.,
Ries,
P.,
&
Rosenberger,
R.
S.
(2014).
Urban
Parks
and
Attitudes
about
Ecosystem
Services:
Does
Park
Use
Matter?
Journal
of
Park
and
Recreation
Administration
,
32
(4),
19-‐34.
Benton-‐Short,
L.,
&
Short,
J.
R.
(2008).
Cities
and
Nature.
New
York,
New
York,
United
States
of
America:
Routledge.
Brunn,
S.
D.,
Hays-‐Mitchell,
M.,
&
Zeigler,
D.
J.
(2008).
Cities
of
the
World:
World
Regional
Urban
Development
(4th
Edition
ed.).
Lanham,
Maryland,
United
States
of
America:
Rowman
&
Littlefield
Publishers.
Burnley,
I.
H.
(1980).
The
Australian
Urban
System:
Growth,
change,
and
differentiation.
Melbourne,
Australia:
Longman
Cheshire
.
Davison,
A.
(2008).
The
trouble
with
nature:
Ambivalence
in
the
lives
of
Urban
Environmentalists.
Geofourm
,
39,
1284-‐1295.
Frankfort-‐Nachmias,
C.,
&
Nachmias,
D.
(2007).
Research
Methods
in
the
Social
Sciences.
New
York,
New
York,
United
States
of
America:
Worth
Publishers.
Guest,
G.,
Mitchell,
M.,
&
Namey,
E.
E.
(2013).
Collecting
Qualittative
Data:
A
Field
Manual
for
Applied
Research.
London,
United
Kingdom:
SAGE
Publications.
Kahn,
M.
E.
(2007).
Patial
Growth:
The
Environmental
Cost
of
Sprawl
in
the
United
States.
In
M.
E.
Kahn,
Green
Cities:
Urban
Growth
and
the
Environment
(pp.
110-‐
129).
Lindsay,
H.
E.
(2002).
Management
of
Natioanl
Parks
and
Public
Lands.
Miller,
R.
L.,
&
Brewer,
J.
D.
(2003).
The
A-‐Z
of
Social
Research.
London,
United
Kingdom:
SAGE
Publications.
27. URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
2015
Sicignano
27
Murphy,
K.
(2009).
'The
modern
idea
is
to
bring
the
country
into
the
city':
Australian
Urban
Reformers
and
the
Ideal
of
Rurality,
1900-‐1918*.
Rural
History
,
20
(1),
119-‐136.
National
Park
Service.
(2015,
April
29).
History
and
Culture.
Retrieved
April
30,
2015,
from
Shenendoah
National
Park:
http://www.nps.gov/shen/learn/historyculture/index.htm
Talen,
E.
(1999).
Sense
of
Community
and
Neighbourhood
Form:
An
Assessment
of
the
Social
Doctrine
of
New
Urbanism.
Urban
Studies
,
36
(8),
1361-‐1379.
Wet
Tropics
Management
Authority.
(2012,
August).
About
Us.
Retrieved
April
30,
2015,
from
Wet
Tropics
World
Heritage
Area:
http://www.wettropics.gov.au/about-‐us
Wet
Tropics
Management
Authority.
(2000).
Wet
Tropics
Nature
Based
Strategy.
Cairns:
Wet
Tropics
Management
Authority.