This document discusses water storage through reservoirs for sustainable development and poverty eradication. It notes that reservoirs have long been used to manage floods and droughts, but some groups now oppose reservoirs. However, reservoirs provide important benefits like water supply, irrigation, flood control and hydropower. They also note that South America, including Brazil, has ideal conditions for hydropower due to high rainfall but has underdeveloped water storage infrastructure compared to other regions. The author argues that sustainable development requires infrastructure investment, including reservoirs, to ensure access to water and electricity for all.
This document discusses the importance of water storage for hydropower, sustainable development, and poverty eradication. It argues that reservoirs provide essential services like water regulation, supply, and flood control. While some groups oppose dams and reservoirs due to environmental concerns, reservoirs offer similar ecological benefits to natural lakes and allow for renewable hydropower. The document asserts that without infrastructure investments in water storage, goals like universal access to water and electricity cannot be achieved.
This document provides background on the growing problem of managing concentrate streams from membrane-based desalination systems (MBDS). Fresh water scarcity is increasing global population growth and economic development. MBDS using reverse osmosis now dominate over thermal distillation due to lower energy requirements. However, RO produces a concentrate stream with high total dissolved solids that is difficult to dispose of inland. Drivers moving desalination inland include water reuse, contaminated water sources, and the water-energy nexus in oil/gas extraction and power production. Sustainable management of MBDS concentrate is challenging but important as desalination increases to support water and energy demands.
Community based water resource managementIshan Gupta
This document presents a summary of a presentation on community-based water resource management. It defines key terms like CBWRM and IWRM. It discusses the benefits of CBWRM, including building consensus, creating local plans, and enhancing local ownership. It also outlines some challenges of CBWRM like conflict of interest, lack of participation, and lack of support. The document then presents a case study of CBWRM efforts in India's Thar Desert region to address climate change impacts through capacity building and reviving local water management systems. It concludes with a call for suggestions to effectively implement community-based water resource management.
This document summarizes an academic design studio that investigated development opportunities along the Toronto waterfront utilizing the city's connection to the Great Lakes freshwater basin. The studio involved a collective urban design proposal and individual building designs by 11 students. Their projects explored various ways to apply and connect to freshwater resources through functions like recreation, energy, and more. The studio aimed to advance sustainable use and conservation of this important global freshwater asset.
Sakshi Saraf wrote a document about water recycling and utilization. The document provided details about the multi-step water recycling process, including primary treatment using physical processes to remove contaminants, secondary treatment using biological processes, and advanced treatment/disinfection using chemicals. It described how recycled water can be utilized for landscape irrigation, groundwater recharge, and streamflow augmentation. The document also discussed how hard water forms mineral deposits due to reactions between calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions, and methods to remove these ions through lime-soda processing or household ion exchange systems.
The document discusses the World Water Week event held in Stockholm and outcomes related to climate change. It also announces the 5th World Water Forum to be held in Istanbul in 2009.
The summary is:
1) The World Water Week was held in Stockholm, with over 2000 participants discussing issues like the impact of increased biofuel production on water supplies and the need to improve progress on sanitation.
2) A key outcome was that human behavior and consumption patterns will ultimately determine progress on water-related goals, not policies or technologies alone.
3) The First Announcement for the 5th World Water Forum to be held in Istanbul in 2009 was released, emphasizing the political dimension of water issues.
Green Strategies for Controlling Stormwater and Sewer OverflowSotirakou964
This document discusses the growing problem of urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and promotes green infrastructure as an effective solution. It contains the following key points:
1. Impervious surfaces in urban areas have increased runoff and pollution, threatening water quality. Green infrastructure like trees and permeable pavement intercepts rainfall and reduces runoff at its source.
2. Case studies show green infrastructure can cost-effectively control stormwater and CSOs while providing additional benefits like improved air and water quality. Cities have established programs using techniques like green roofs, rain gardens, swales, and downspout disconnection.
3. Wider adoption of green infrastructure faces obstacles
Assessing human activities and their effects on water quality the case of bul...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the impacts of human activities on water quality, using Bulpeila Dam in Ghana as a case study. It notes that while water is essential for life, pollution from activities like agriculture, settlements, and industry have reached crisis levels in many areas and threaten water quality. The document aims to examine current land uses in Bulpeila Dam's catchment area and monitor selected water quality parameters to understand how human activities may be influencing water quality. Agriculture is identified as a major cause of water pollution through erosion, runoff and discharge of pollutants into surface and groundwater. Improper sanitation and waste disposal from human settlements can also contaminate water sources and spread disease. Understanding these impacts is important for sustainably managing
This document discusses the importance of water storage for hydropower, sustainable development, and poverty eradication. It argues that reservoirs provide essential services like water regulation, supply, and flood control. While some groups oppose dams and reservoirs due to environmental concerns, reservoirs offer similar ecological benefits to natural lakes and allow for renewable hydropower. The document asserts that without infrastructure investments in water storage, goals like universal access to water and electricity cannot be achieved.
This document provides background on the growing problem of managing concentrate streams from membrane-based desalination systems (MBDS). Fresh water scarcity is increasing global population growth and economic development. MBDS using reverse osmosis now dominate over thermal distillation due to lower energy requirements. However, RO produces a concentrate stream with high total dissolved solids that is difficult to dispose of inland. Drivers moving desalination inland include water reuse, contaminated water sources, and the water-energy nexus in oil/gas extraction and power production. Sustainable management of MBDS concentrate is challenging but important as desalination increases to support water and energy demands.
Community based water resource managementIshan Gupta
This document presents a summary of a presentation on community-based water resource management. It defines key terms like CBWRM and IWRM. It discusses the benefits of CBWRM, including building consensus, creating local plans, and enhancing local ownership. It also outlines some challenges of CBWRM like conflict of interest, lack of participation, and lack of support. The document then presents a case study of CBWRM efforts in India's Thar Desert region to address climate change impacts through capacity building and reviving local water management systems. It concludes with a call for suggestions to effectively implement community-based water resource management.
This document summarizes an academic design studio that investigated development opportunities along the Toronto waterfront utilizing the city's connection to the Great Lakes freshwater basin. The studio involved a collective urban design proposal and individual building designs by 11 students. Their projects explored various ways to apply and connect to freshwater resources through functions like recreation, energy, and more. The studio aimed to advance sustainable use and conservation of this important global freshwater asset.
Sakshi Saraf wrote a document about water recycling and utilization. The document provided details about the multi-step water recycling process, including primary treatment using physical processes to remove contaminants, secondary treatment using biological processes, and advanced treatment/disinfection using chemicals. It described how recycled water can be utilized for landscape irrigation, groundwater recharge, and streamflow augmentation. The document also discussed how hard water forms mineral deposits due to reactions between calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions, and methods to remove these ions through lime-soda processing or household ion exchange systems.
The document discusses the World Water Week event held in Stockholm and outcomes related to climate change. It also announces the 5th World Water Forum to be held in Istanbul in 2009.
The summary is:
1) The World Water Week was held in Stockholm, with over 2000 participants discussing issues like the impact of increased biofuel production on water supplies and the need to improve progress on sanitation.
2) A key outcome was that human behavior and consumption patterns will ultimately determine progress on water-related goals, not policies or technologies alone.
3) The First Announcement for the 5th World Water Forum to be held in Istanbul in 2009 was released, emphasizing the political dimension of water issues.
Green Strategies for Controlling Stormwater and Sewer OverflowSotirakou964
This document discusses the growing problem of urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and promotes green infrastructure as an effective solution. It contains the following key points:
1. Impervious surfaces in urban areas have increased runoff and pollution, threatening water quality. Green infrastructure like trees and permeable pavement intercepts rainfall and reduces runoff at its source.
2. Case studies show green infrastructure can cost-effectively control stormwater and CSOs while providing additional benefits like improved air and water quality. Cities have established programs using techniques like green roofs, rain gardens, swales, and downspout disconnection.
3. Wider adoption of green infrastructure faces obstacles
Assessing human activities and their effects on water quality the case of bul...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the impacts of human activities on water quality, using Bulpeila Dam in Ghana as a case study. It notes that while water is essential for life, pollution from activities like agriculture, settlements, and industry have reached crisis levels in many areas and threaten water quality. The document aims to examine current land uses in Bulpeila Dam's catchment area and monitor selected water quality parameters to understand how human activities may be influencing water quality. Agriculture is identified as a major cause of water pollution through erosion, runoff and discharge of pollutants into surface and groundwater. Improper sanitation and waste disposal from human settlements can also contaminate water sources and spread disease. Understanding these impacts is important for sustainably managing
The document discusses green infrastructure as both a planning approach and stormwater management approach. As a planning approach, green infrastructure creates an interconnected network of natural areas that provides ecosystem services and benefits. As a stormwater management approach, it refers to systems that mimic natural processes to infiltrate, evapotranspirate, or reuse stormwater on-site. The document then provides examples of specific green infrastructure technologies and their stormwater management benefits, such as rain gardens capturing 30-80% of rainfall and reducing pollutants. Overall, the green infrastructure approach treats stormwater at its source, unlike traditional approaches that focus on rapid removal.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Flood Control Management by using EmbankmentIRJET Journal
1) Embankments are constructed to retain water for irrigation and supply, and to protect people, land, and property from flooding. Embankment failures can endanger those nearby and disrupt services.
2) The paper reviews issues with existing embankment failure models and data used for calibration. It proposes options for multi-purpose embankments in Miraj based on field visits and data collection.
3) Maintaining embankments and accurately predicting their performance under various conditions is important for ensuring reliable water and flood management. More research is needed to improve understanding and use of best practices.
The document discusses the global challenge of water scarcity. It notes that while the Earth is mostly water, only 3% is freshwater and availability is decreasing as consumption increases. By 2025, demand is expected to exceed supply by over 50% and many regions will face water stress. Solutions are needed to manage both direct and indirect water usage through trade and dietary changes. Sanitation is also a key issue that requires sustainable water supply solutions, especially in developing areas.
ANDREWS S 2015 Water Risk publ RISI Dec 2015 SAStuart Andrews
1. Water is an essential resource for the pulp and paper industry, but global demand for freshwater is increasing while supplies are dwindling, posing risks for the industry.
2. The concept of water stewardship aims to ensure sustainable water management that balances the needs of ecosystems, communities, and future generations.
3. Assessing water usage through methods like water footprint accounting and improving water efficiency will be important for the pulp and paper industry to responsibly manage their water use and impacts on local water supplies.
[Challenge:Future] Fresh water going down the drainChallenge:Future
The document discusses the growing threat of a global fresh water shortage. It proposes solutions to reduce fresh water usage such as dual water supply systems, storm water filtration, drip irrigation in agriculture, and dual-flush toilets. The goals are to significantly decrease the percentage of total accessible fresh water used by humanity and prevent worsening water scarcity. Regions already experiencing shortages could receive more water. The solutions aim to make cities more self-sustainable and conserve fresh water for future generations.
Biodiversity loss and the global water crisis - A fact book on the links betw...Wetlands International
Biodiversity loss and the global water crisis are closely interlinked. As human demand for water grows to produce food, fuel, and power, less water is available for ecosystems, resulting in biodiversity loss. Freshwater ecosystems support disproportionately high biodiversity but have suffered major losses, with wetlands reduced by over 50% in some places. Growing populations and food needs increase pressure on water resources, with agriculture already using 70% of freshwater, mostly for irrigation. This threatens both ecosystem health and human water security.
Desalination is an important process that provides fresh water for human consumption and irrigation by removing salt and minerals from saline water. It accounts for less than 1% of total global water usage currently. Desalination is expensive but becoming more viable as water scarcity increases, especially in dry regions like the Middle East, Australia, and California. While desalination helps address water needs, it also has negative economic and environmental impacts that must be considered and mitigated.
Transboundary water sharing often causes conflicts but has generally not led to war. Developing integrated river basin management requires institutional frameworks, equitable allocation agreements, and decision support systems using shared data. The Netherlands aims to establish a global center for water law and governance to help resolve international water issues.
This document discusses issues, challenges, and opportunities for cooperation in transboundary waters between China and Africa. It notes that as developing countries facing water challenges, China and African countries share common interests in sustainably managing their transboundary rivers. Key points discussed include:
- China and Africa face common challenges like balancing development and conservation, and adapting to climate change.
- Transboundary water management experiences could be shared, such as China's expertise in irrigation, hydropower, and integrated river basin management.
- Cooperative research on topics like the impacts of climate change and dams on river ecosystems could help address regional issues.
- Establishing mechanisms for equitable benefit-sharing, regional development, and transboundary environmental compensation could
Urban Lake Conservation and Protection - Community InvolvementSaciWATERs
The document discusses urban watershed management and lake conservation in Hyderabad, India. It notes that many lakes have been lost due to development and that sewerage water is polluting remaining lakes. Community involvement is important for managing local water resources sustainably. Advantages include improved services and programs tailored to community needs, but ensuring participation of all groups requires proper planning and strategies. Overall, community participation enhances long-term sustainability of water services.
This document provides an overview of issues related to transboundary waters. It discusses how water resources are shared across political boundaries, and analyzes the relationship between water and conflicts or cooperation among states. The document examines empirical evidence on factors that increase tensions or promote cooperation over water. It also explores international relations theories and legal frameworks regarding shared water resources. Finally, it discusses challenges and opportunities for managing transboundary waters in a context of global change.
Green infrastructure can provide significant environmental and economic benefits for cities. It can save on energy costs by reducing the need for cooling and improve air quality by removing pollutants. Investing in trees and stormwater management through techniques like rain gardens and bioswales can also save costs associated with pollution, erosion and flooding while capturing stormwater for reuse. When designed as a connected system, green infrastructure maintains ecological processes and supports wildlife.
Future of water An initial perspective by Daniel Lambert and Michael O'Neill...Future Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of water by Daniel Lambert and Michael O'Neill of Arup Sydney. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
This document provides a summary and critique of Chapter 6 from the 2001 U.S. Climate Action Report, which discusses vulnerability to climate change impacts in the U.S. The summary criticizes the report for lacking attribution and citations to support its analysis and conclusions. It also notes that the report ignores many important habitat types and natural resource issues. The focus on market solutions is seen as insufficient for protecting natural resources not driven by market forces.
This document discusses integrated watershed management. It begins by noting that water is a limited resource and that poor management could threaten access to water for many people. It then discusses various aspects of watershed management, including participatory approaches, strategies for sustainable groundwater use, the importance of tanks for irrigation, and recommended watershed activities. The key aspects covered are the importance of involving local communities, balancing water needs, and managing watersheds holistically.
The document discusses how rainwater harvesting can support both ecosystem services and human well-being by increasing water availability through collection and storage of rainfall. It notes that rainfall and water are fundamental to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and determine their productivity, while also meeting increasing human demands. The document explores how rainwater harvesting may help address challenges of managing water resources and ecosystems under climate change and development pressures.
water resource management and women (2000년대 중반)여성환경연대
1. The document discusses two cases of opposition to dam construction projects on rivers in China. In the first case, journalists raised public concern about plans to build a dam near the Dujiangyan Dam, a World Heritage Site, leading the project to be denied.
2. The second case discusses plans for a series of 13 dams on the Nujiang River, one of China's last free-flowing rivers. Many argue the dams would damage the region's biodiversity and cultural sites.
3. The document calls on citizens to voice their opposition and help preserve China's remaining undammed rivers for environmental and cultural reasons.
This document discusses sustainable engineering and the environment. It begins by defining sustainability and outlining the UN's 17 sustainable development goals. Some of the major challenges for engineers in achieving sustainability are depletion of resources, waste management, land degradation, and climate change. Environmental impacts from human activities can include various forms of pollution, loss of habitat, and increased greenhouse gases. The document then discusses practices to achieve sustainability, such as renewable energy and green technologies. Industries can impact the environment through resource extraction, land and water use, and waste generation. Air and water pollution are also discussed. The overall document provides an overview of concepts in sustainable engineering and environmental challenges.
Lake Ontario Waterkeeper's comments on review of changes to the Fisheries ActLOWaterkeeper
The document is a submission from several Canadian waterkeeper organizations to the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans regarding proposed changes to the Fisheries Act. It outlines 9 recommendations for improving protections for fish and fish habitat in the new Act. Key points include restoring broad protections for fish habitat, simplifying rules against pollution, embracing the precautionary principle, ensuring Fisheries and Oceans Canada remains accountable, and giving the Act an explicit purpose of protecting all fish and fish habitat in Canada.
Evolution of water systems and its challenges in the wa municipal of ghanaAlexander Decker
This document discusses the evolution of water systems and challenges in providing potable water in Wa Municipal, Ghana. It begins by providing context on the importance of safe drinking water. It then discusses the evolution of water systems globally and in Ghana from the 1920s to present day. Key events included the establishment of the first public water systems, the creation of agencies/companies to manage water provision, and reforms to improve efficiency and cost recovery. Currently, the Ghana Water Company Limited is responsible for urban water supply. The document also outlines challenges facing the company in Wa Municipal, such as inadequate funding, infrastructure, and staffing.
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric PowerContentsLand.docxYASHU40
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power
Contents
Land Use
Wildlife Impacts
Life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
Contents
Land Use
Wildlife Impacts
Life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
Hydroelectric power includes both massive hydroelectric dams and small run-of-the-river plants.
Large-scale hydroelectric dams continue to be built in many parts of the world (including China and
Brazil), but it is unlikely that new facilities will be added to the existing U.S. fleet in the future.
Instead, the future of hydroelectric power in the United States will likely involve increased capacity at
current dams and new run-of-the-river projects. There are environmental impacts at both types of
plants.
Learn more: How Hydroelectric Energy Works
For more on the benefits of hydroelectric power and other renewable energy technologies, see
Benefits of Renewable Energy Use.
Land Use
The size of the reservoir created by a hydroelectric
project can vary widely, depending largely on the size of
the hydroelectric generators and the topography of the
land. Hydroelectric plants in flat areas tend to require
much more land than those in hilly areas or canyons
where deeper reservoirs can hold more volume of water
in a smaller space.
At one extreme, the large Balbina hydroelectric plant,
which was built in a flat area of Brazil, flooded 2,360
square kilometers—an area the size of Delaware—and it
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-0
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-1
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-2
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-0
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-1
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-2
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-hydroelectric-energy.html
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/public-benefits-of-renewable.html
only provides 250 MW of power generating capacity (equal to more than 2,000 acres per MW) [1].
In contrast, a small 10 MW run-of-the-rive plant in a hilly location can use as little 2.5 acres (equal to
a quarter of an acre per MW) [2].
Flooding land for a hydroelectric reservoir has an extreme environmental impact: it destroys forest,
wildlife habitat, agricultural land, and scenic lands. In many instances, such as the Three Gorges
Dam in China, entire communities have also had to be relocated to make way for reservoirs [3].
Wildlife Impacts
Dammed reservoirs are used for multiple purposes, such as agricultural ...
Oklahoma Sierra Club Library of Environmental DocumentariesFulvia52x
This document provides information about several documentary films available for loan from the Oklahoma Sierra Club Library of Environmental Documentaries. It includes brief summaries of the following films:
1) The Age of Stupid (2010) - Examines the issues of climate change through human stories from around the world and depicts the potential devastating effects of climate change if action is not taken.
2) Becoming Green - A set of 4 NOVA DVDs from 2007-2008 that explore topics related to the environment, transportation, climate change, and solar energy.
3) Blue Gold: Water Wars (2009) - Documents the growing privatization of the world's fresh water supply and the threat this poses to human rights and the
The document discusses green infrastructure as both a planning approach and stormwater management approach. As a planning approach, green infrastructure creates an interconnected network of natural areas that provides ecosystem services and benefits. As a stormwater management approach, it refers to systems that mimic natural processes to infiltrate, evapotranspirate, or reuse stormwater on-site. The document then provides examples of specific green infrastructure technologies and their stormwater management benefits, such as rain gardens capturing 30-80% of rainfall and reducing pollutants. Overall, the green infrastructure approach treats stormwater at its source, unlike traditional approaches that focus on rapid removal.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Flood Control Management by using EmbankmentIRJET Journal
1) Embankments are constructed to retain water for irrigation and supply, and to protect people, land, and property from flooding. Embankment failures can endanger those nearby and disrupt services.
2) The paper reviews issues with existing embankment failure models and data used for calibration. It proposes options for multi-purpose embankments in Miraj based on field visits and data collection.
3) Maintaining embankments and accurately predicting their performance under various conditions is important for ensuring reliable water and flood management. More research is needed to improve understanding and use of best practices.
The document discusses the global challenge of water scarcity. It notes that while the Earth is mostly water, only 3% is freshwater and availability is decreasing as consumption increases. By 2025, demand is expected to exceed supply by over 50% and many regions will face water stress. Solutions are needed to manage both direct and indirect water usage through trade and dietary changes. Sanitation is also a key issue that requires sustainable water supply solutions, especially in developing areas.
ANDREWS S 2015 Water Risk publ RISI Dec 2015 SAStuart Andrews
1. Water is an essential resource for the pulp and paper industry, but global demand for freshwater is increasing while supplies are dwindling, posing risks for the industry.
2. The concept of water stewardship aims to ensure sustainable water management that balances the needs of ecosystems, communities, and future generations.
3. Assessing water usage through methods like water footprint accounting and improving water efficiency will be important for the pulp and paper industry to responsibly manage their water use and impacts on local water supplies.
[Challenge:Future] Fresh water going down the drainChallenge:Future
The document discusses the growing threat of a global fresh water shortage. It proposes solutions to reduce fresh water usage such as dual water supply systems, storm water filtration, drip irrigation in agriculture, and dual-flush toilets. The goals are to significantly decrease the percentage of total accessible fresh water used by humanity and prevent worsening water scarcity. Regions already experiencing shortages could receive more water. The solutions aim to make cities more self-sustainable and conserve fresh water for future generations.
Biodiversity loss and the global water crisis - A fact book on the links betw...Wetlands International
Biodiversity loss and the global water crisis are closely interlinked. As human demand for water grows to produce food, fuel, and power, less water is available for ecosystems, resulting in biodiversity loss. Freshwater ecosystems support disproportionately high biodiversity but have suffered major losses, with wetlands reduced by over 50% in some places. Growing populations and food needs increase pressure on water resources, with agriculture already using 70% of freshwater, mostly for irrigation. This threatens both ecosystem health and human water security.
Desalination is an important process that provides fresh water for human consumption and irrigation by removing salt and minerals from saline water. It accounts for less than 1% of total global water usage currently. Desalination is expensive but becoming more viable as water scarcity increases, especially in dry regions like the Middle East, Australia, and California. While desalination helps address water needs, it also has negative economic and environmental impacts that must be considered and mitigated.
Transboundary water sharing often causes conflicts but has generally not led to war. Developing integrated river basin management requires institutional frameworks, equitable allocation agreements, and decision support systems using shared data. The Netherlands aims to establish a global center for water law and governance to help resolve international water issues.
This document discusses issues, challenges, and opportunities for cooperation in transboundary waters between China and Africa. It notes that as developing countries facing water challenges, China and African countries share common interests in sustainably managing their transboundary rivers. Key points discussed include:
- China and Africa face common challenges like balancing development and conservation, and adapting to climate change.
- Transboundary water management experiences could be shared, such as China's expertise in irrigation, hydropower, and integrated river basin management.
- Cooperative research on topics like the impacts of climate change and dams on river ecosystems could help address regional issues.
- Establishing mechanisms for equitable benefit-sharing, regional development, and transboundary environmental compensation could
Urban Lake Conservation and Protection - Community InvolvementSaciWATERs
The document discusses urban watershed management and lake conservation in Hyderabad, India. It notes that many lakes have been lost due to development and that sewerage water is polluting remaining lakes. Community involvement is important for managing local water resources sustainably. Advantages include improved services and programs tailored to community needs, but ensuring participation of all groups requires proper planning and strategies. Overall, community participation enhances long-term sustainability of water services.
This document provides an overview of issues related to transboundary waters. It discusses how water resources are shared across political boundaries, and analyzes the relationship between water and conflicts or cooperation among states. The document examines empirical evidence on factors that increase tensions or promote cooperation over water. It also explores international relations theories and legal frameworks regarding shared water resources. Finally, it discusses challenges and opportunities for managing transboundary waters in a context of global change.
Green infrastructure can provide significant environmental and economic benefits for cities. It can save on energy costs by reducing the need for cooling and improve air quality by removing pollutants. Investing in trees and stormwater management through techniques like rain gardens and bioswales can also save costs associated with pollution, erosion and flooding while capturing stormwater for reuse. When designed as a connected system, green infrastructure maintains ecological processes and supports wildlife.
Future of water An initial perspective by Daniel Lambert and Michael O'Neill...Future Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of water by Daniel Lambert and Michael O'Neill of Arup Sydney. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
This document provides a summary and critique of Chapter 6 from the 2001 U.S. Climate Action Report, which discusses vulnerability to climate change impacts in the U.S. The summary criticizes the report for lacking attribution and citations to support its analysis and conclusions. It also notes that the report ignores many important habitat types and natural resource issues. The focus on market solutions is seen as insufficient for protecting natural resources not driven by market forces.
This document discusses integrated watershed management. It begins by noting that water is a limited resource and that poor management could threaten access to water for many people. It then discusses various aspects of watershed management, including participatory approaches, strategies for sustainable groundwater use, the importance of tanks for irrigation, and recommended watershed activities. The key aspects covered are the importance of involving local communities, balancing water needs, and managing watersheds holistically.
The document discusses how rainwater harvesting can support both ecosystem services and human well-being by increasing water availability through collection and storage of rainfall. It notes that rainfall and water are fundamental to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and determine their productivity, while also meeting increasing human demands. The document explores how rainwater harvesting may help address challenges of managing water resources and ecosystems under climate change and development pressures.
water resource management and women (2000년대 중반)여성환경연대
1. The document discusses two cases of opposition to dam construction projects on rivers in China. In the first case, journalists raised public concern about plans to build a dam near the Dujiangyan Dam, a World Heritage Site, leading the project to be denied.
2. The second case discusses plans for a series of 13 dams on the Nujiang River, one of China's last free-flowing rivers. Many argue the dams would damage the region's biodiversity and cultural sites.
3. The document calls on citizens to voice their opposition and help preserve China's remaining undammed rivers for environmental and cultural reasons.
This document discusses sustainable engineering and the environment. It begins by defining sustainability and outlining the UN's 17 sustainable development goals. Some of the major challenges for engineers in achieving sustainability are depletion of resources, waste management, land degradation, and climate change. Environmental impacts from human activities can include various forms of pollution, loss of habitat, and increased greenhouse gases. The document then discusses practices to achieve sustainability, such as renewable energy and green technologies. Industries can impact the environment through resource extraction, land and water use, and waste generation. Air and water pollution are also discussed. The overall document provides an overview of concepts in sustainable engineering and environmental challenges.
Lake Ontario Waterkeeper's comments on review of changes to the Fisheries ActLOWaterkeeper
The document is a submission from several Canadian waterkeeper organizations to the Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans regarding proposed changes to the Fisheries Act. It outlines 9 recommendations for improving protections for fish and fish habitat in the new Act. Key points include restoring broad protections for fish habitat, simplifying rules against pollution, embracing the precautionary principle, ensuring Fisheries and Oceans Canada remains accountable, and giving the Act an explicit purpose of protecting all fish and fish habitat in Canada.
Evolution of water systems and its challenges in the wa municipal of ghanaAlexander Decker
This document discusses the evolution of water systems and challenges in providing potable water in Wa Municipal, Ghana. It begins by providing context on the importance of safe drinking water. It then discusses the evolution of water systems globally and in Ghana from the 1920s to present day. Key events included the establishment of the first public water systems, the creation of agencies/companies to manage water provision, and reforms to improve efficiency and cost recovery. Currently, the Ghana Water Company Limited is responsible for urban water supply. The document also outlines challenges facing the company in Wa Municipal, such as inadequate funding, infrastructure, and staffing.
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric PowerContentsLand.docxYASHU40
Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power
Contents
Land Use
Wildlife Impacts
Life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
Contents
Land Use
Wildlife Impacts
Life-cycle Global Warming Emissions
Hydroelectric power includes both massive hydroelectric dams and small run-of-the-river plants.
Large-scale hydroelectric dams continue to be built in many parts of the world (including China and
Brazil), but it is unlikely that new facilities will be added to the existing U.S. fleet in the future.
Instead, the future of hydroelectric power in the United States will likely involve increased capacity at
current dams and new run-of-the-river projects. There are environmental impacts at both types of
plants.
Learn more: How Hydroelectric Energy Works
For more on the benefits of hydroelectric power and other renewable energy technologies, see
Benefits of Renewable Energy Use.
Land Use
The size of the reservoir created by a hydroelectric
project can vary widely, depending largely on the size of
the hydroelectric generators and the topography of the
land. Hydroelectric plants in flat areas tend to require
much more land than those in hilly areas or canyons
where deeper reservoirs can hold more volume of water
in a smaller space.
At one extreme, the large Balbina hydroelectric plant,
which was built in a flat area of Brazil, flooded 2,360
square kilometers—an area the size of Delaware—and it
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-0
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-1
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-2
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-0
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-1
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html#bf-toc-2
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-hydroelectric-energy.html
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/public-benefits-of-renewable.html
only provides 250 MW of power generating capacity (equal to more than 2,000 acres per MW) [1].
In contrast, a small 10 MW run-of-the-rive plant in a hilly location can use as little 2.5 acres (equal to
a quarter of an acre per MW) [2].
Flooding land for a hydroelectric reservoir has an extreme environmental impact: it destroys forest,
wildlife habitat, agricultural land, and scenic lands. In many instances, such as the Three Gorges
Dam in China, entire communities have also had to be relocated to make way for reservoirs [3].
Wildlife Impacts
Dammed reservoirs are used for multiple purposes, such as agricultural ...
Oklahoma Sierra Club Library of Environmental DocumentariesFulvia52x
This document provides information about several documentary films available for loan from the Oklahoma Sierra Club Library of Environmental Documentaries. It includes brief summaries of the following films:
1) The Age of Stupid (2010) - Examines the issues of climate change through human stories from around the world and depicts the potential devastating effects of climate change if action is not taken.
2) Becoming Green - A set of 4 NOVA DVDs from 2007-2008 that explore topics related to the environment, transportation, climate change, and solar energy.
3) Blue Gold: Water Wars (2009) - Documents the growing privatization of the world's fresh water supply and the threat this poses to human rights and the
The document discusses new frontiers in energy resources that could help address issues with declining oil reserves. It describes gas hydrates, which contain methane trapped in ice under high pressure underwater and represent a potentially huge untapped energy source. Virtual water trade is discussed as the concept of the hidden water used in food and goods production and transportation. Wave energy from ocean waves is another renewable resource that could be harnessed using various technologies. The document also outlines energy that can be generated from algae and pollution through microbial fuel cells, as well as advances that have allowed greater utilization of solar energy.
IEEE SusTech Global Future of Water Presentation 11/14/17Mark Goldstein
Water remains an essential element for life that plays a central and critical role in all aspects of our national and global economies and environment. We are entering an era of immense water-related threats due to climate change and human actions bringing floods, droughts, reduced water availability, and degraded water quality that threaten communities, nations, and global sociopolitical and economic security.
This presentation covers water futures from a macro level as regions, governments, and industries prepare for and manage increasing water-related threats utilizing traditional and emergent technologies to resolve these issues and provide water and sanitation that address the needs of all. It also will cover water futures from at a more personal and community level featuring technological advances and rediscovery of appropriate technology of the past to forge a water-secure future.
This document discusses new frontiers in energy resources. It begins by noting that global oil production is peaking and will decline in the coming decades. It then outlines several emerging energy sources that could help address this, including gas hydrates, virtual water trade, wave energy, energy from pollution and algae. Gas hydrates are methane trapped in ice under high pressure that could be a substantial energy source. Virtual water trade refers to the hidden water used in food production and trade. Wave energy captures energy from ocean waves. Technologies are being developed to generate electricity from pollution and algae. In conclusion, renewable sources can extend oil reserves but a new, abundant energy source on par with fossil fuels is still needed.
This document discusses the global water crisis and its social, economic, political, and environmental consequences. It notes that over 1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Key facts provided include that 3900 children die daily from water-borne diseases. The document then discusses specific examples of water issues and consequences in countries like China, India, Israel, Egypt, and Mexico. Potential solutions to the crisis mentioned include increased conservation efforts, wastewater recycling, and desalination.
This document discusses various types of water pollution. It defines water pollution and explains that it occurs when water becomes contaminated with excessive amounts of materials that harm human and ecosystem health. The document then outlines several basic types of water pollution including surface water, groundwater, microbiological, oxygen depletion, nutrient, suspended matter, and chemical pollution. It also describes major pollutants like petroleum products, pesticides, heavy metals, hazardous wastes, excess organic matter, sediment, infectious organisms, and thermal pollution. The sources and solutions to water pollution are briefly discussed as well.
A presentation delivered to Friends of the Earth by The FREdome Visionary Trust about Operation OASIS - a project to reclaim arid lands for agroforestry - enabling the large-scale natural conversion of carbon emissions into diminishing carbon resources, such as food and fuel.
The Water Freedom System Review 2023.pdfnirahealhty
The Water Freedom System is a program that teaches people how to build their own air-to-water generator. This technology can produce clean, drinking water from the humidity in the air. The Water Freedom System claims that it can completely change our world by providing a sustainable and affordable way to access water.
HOW TO PLAN CITIES TO COPE WITH EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what and how to do to promote cities planning capable of facing extreme weather events. Floods have been recurring in cities in several countries around the world, including Brazil. There is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are recurring in an increasingly catastrophic way in their effects. The floods that devastated some cities in western and southern Germany, Henan in China and London in England in 2021 and, currently, in Rio Grande do Sul demonstrate the vulnerability of highly populated areas to catastrophic floods. Water-related disasters caused worldwide losses of US$306 billion between 1980 and 2016. To cope with extreme weather events in cities, flood control must be carried out, which concerns all methods used to reduce or prevent the harmful effects of water action. Structural measures must be adopted with engineering works aimed at correcting and/or preventing problems arising from floods and non-structural measures which are those that seek to prevent and/or reduce the damage and consequences of floods, not through engineering works, but through the introduction of standards, regulations and programs that aim, for example, to regulate land use and occupation, implementation of alert systems and public awareness. The municipal government plays a fundamental role in preventing flooding, floods and floods in cities. To this end, a municipal development master plan must be drawn up that includes, among other measures, the adoption of solutions to minimize or eliminate the risks faced by the population, the systematic identification of risk areas in order to establish population settlement rules. Three bodies are essential in flood prevention actions in a municipality: 1) the municipal civil defense body; 2) the body responsible for the meteorological service responsible for reporting the climate forecast for the city and/or region; and, 3) community civil defense centers, which are people who work voluntarily in civil defense activities.
This document outlines an argument in favor of desalination as a solution to the global freshwater crisis. It is divided into four sections authored by Heidi, Emily, Anna, and Will. Heidi will discuss the global freshwater crisis and increasing demand. Emily will cover the success of desalination so far. Anna will address the economics of desalination including decreasing costs over time. Will will explore the possibility of a marketable byproduct from the desalination process.
Final Project Proposal Fracking. Definition, Environmental Conc.docxgreg1eden90113
Final Project Proposal: Fracking. Definition, Environmental Concerns, & Facts
Final Project Proposal: Fracking. Definition, Environmental Concerns, & Facts
Introduction to the Problem
Problem to be addressed. Everyone knows that the use of fossil fuels is the origin of a wide range of problems that plague the future of our society, its economy, and the environment. Not only have we built practically almost our entire economic system on a fossil pillar that is seeing its reserves diminish every second. This type of energy is damaging the environment in many ways —global warming, air pollution…— and causing numerous social conflicts. However, consuming it is not the only source of harmful effects for our planet, the mere fact of extracting these fossil fuels can sometimes cause irreparable damage to Mother Nature herself. A perfect piece of evidence is fracking, also known as hydraulic fracturing, an exploitation system that leaves its mark on our earth's crust.
According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, mounting evidence shows that it poses serious threats to our health, environment, and climate future. (Denchak, 2019)
Problem subtopic. Fracking, also known as hydraulic fracturing, is a fuel harvesting process in which sand, water, and chemicals are pumped underground through drilled wells. This high-pressure fluid fractures shale rock formations, allowing drilling companies to access large amounts of oil and gas trapped within the rock. (Independent Petroleum Association of America (IPAA), n.d.)
Although the extraction of these raw materials has meant an economic boom for the countries that apply this technique, it has had an environmental cost. In countries such as the United States and Great Britain, the controversy between defenders (who exalt its advantages as an economic-productive procedure) and detractors (who point to the environmental toll and the effects on the health of the local and territorial population of the geographical areas
involved) is permanent and sometimes involve national governments. (British Broadcasting Corporation, 2022)
Possible Causes and Maintaining Forces
Cause. The first of the consequences of fracking has to do with water. The hydraulic fracturing process requires large amounts of water. A 2015 US Geological Survey estimated that a single well can use between 2,600 m³ and 36,000 m³ of water per well. Wells that employ horizontal drilling in shale gas zones use the largest amounts of water to operate.
Once the water is used for fracturing, it becomes contaminated with the chemicals used for this process. Some fracking companies send this wastewater deep underground, where they believe it is too far away to affect drinking water quality. Other companies send the water to treatment plants for purification and reuse.
Unfortunately, fracturing fluids contain some known carcinogens and endocrine disruptors, and treatment plants do not always remove them succ.
Watershed Management Essay
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Essay On Integrated Water Management
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Management
The Water Crisis and Solutions Essay
Thesis Statement On Water Scarcity
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The document discusses the potential disaster of a "fight for water" as a result of dwindling fresh water resources exacerbated by climate change. It proposes implementing the "3 R's" - reuse, reduce, recycle - through human awareness, technological solutions, and government intervention to conserve water. Examples given include rainwater harvesting, water recycling from industries and communities, and metering household water usage to incentivize conservation. While challenges exist, promoting the 3 R's through collective global action can help prevent this crisis and its political consequences.
This document discusses developing a water quality management plan for restoring the Manawatu River in New Zealand. The river suffers from poor water quality due to agricultural runoff containing nutrients, pathogens, and sediments. A management plan is needed to identify sources of pollution, set water quality targets, and implement restoration strategies. Strategies may include planting riparian buffers, upgrading wastewater treatment, and improving farm management practices to filter runoff before it reaches waterways. The goal is to improve the river's water quality and ecological health while balancing economic needs. Public involvement will also be important for the plan's success.
Introduction to Environmental Science.pptxPapuKumarNaik1
The document summarizes several key environmental issues and concepts:
1) It discusses resource depletion and pollution as major environmental problems exacerbated by human population growth and consumption. 2) Environmental ethics considers humanity's moral responsibility regarding these issues and balancing human and environmental needs. 3) While progress has been made, debates continue around balancing short-term economic interests versus long-term sustainability and planetary interests.
Ligando o nosso futuro com tempo, clima e águaRobson Peixoto
Conteúdo
Prefácio
Conhecimento para a Acção Climática
Segurança Alimentar e Agricultura
Recursos hídricos e os riscos de água
Clima e Saúde
Redução do Risco de Desastres
Transportes, Comércio e Turismo
Energia e Clima
Cidades Sustentáveis
Alimentação e Mobilizar o Futuro
The document discusses Canada's water supply and argues that Canada should not do more to protect its water supply. It notes that Canada has a large amount of freshwater but a small population. While Canadians use a lot of water per person, it is argued that Canada should export water to areas experiencing droughts and shortages. The document claims that as one of the world's richest countries, Canada has a duty to share its resources, like water, to create more equality globally given climate impacts and the large disparities in resources between wealthy and poor nations.
Similar to Francisco Gomide - Water Storage for Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication (19)
Mr Mohammed Irwan bin Aman, Sustainability Manager, Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB)
SESSION 7: Incorporating sustainability into business practice
The expectations on organisations involved in hydropower have increased dramatically, both at the corporate and project levels. The scope of accountability has grown from the technical, legal, financial and regulatory, to broader developmental responsibilities and greater disclosure. It is a strategic challenge to adjust business and information systems to incorporate sustainability into assessment, planning, operations, reporting and reviewing. An international panel will discuss this challenge from a range of perspectives.
For more information about this event, visit: http://ihacongress.org
Prof Dr Dominik Godde, Director Fleet Management Hydro, E.ON Kraftwerke GmbH
SESSION 7: Incorporating sustainability into business practice
The expectations on organisations involved in hydropower have increased
dramatically, both at the corporate and project levels. The scope of accountability
has grown from the technical, legal, financial and regulatory, to broader
developmental responsibilities and greater disclosure. It is a strategic challenge
to adjust business and information systems to incorporate sustainability into
assessment, planning, operations, reporting and reviewing. An international panel
will discuss this challenge from a range of perspectives.
For more information about this event, visit: http://ihacongress.org
Mr Phillip Hauser, Vice President Carbon Markets, GDF Suez Latin America
Hydropower is influenced by climate change, but it can also contribute to alleviating the problem. Panellists will present and discuss four aspects of these relationships:
Science and uncertainty relating to the impact of climate change on hydrology;
Reviewing the relationship between hydropower and the natural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the river basin;
Methods and incentives to use hydropower to offset GHG emissions from more carbon-intensive sources of energy; and
assessing the role of hydropower infrastructure in the face of increasing floods and drought.
For more information about this event, visit: http://ihacongress.org
Dr Byman Hamududu, Researcher, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Hydropower is influenced by climate change, but it can also contribute to alleviating the problem. Panellists will present and discuss four aspects of these relationships:
Science and uncertainty relating to the impact of climate change on hydrology;
Reviewing the relationship between hydropower and the natural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the river basin;
Methods and incentives to use hydropower to offset GHG emissions from more carbon-intensive sources of energy; and
assessing the role of hydropower infrastructure in the face of increasing floods and drought.
For more information about this event, visit: http://ihacongress.org
Dr Fredolin Tangang, Vice Chair, International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Hydropower is influenced by climate change, but it can also contribute to alleviating the problem. Panellists will present and discuss four aspects of these relationships:
Science and uncertainty relating to the impact of climate change on hydrology;
Reviewing the relationship between hydropower and the natural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the river basin;
Methods and incentives to use hydropower to offset GHG emissions from more carbon-intensive sources of energy; and
assessing the role of hydropower infrastructure in the face of increasing floods and drought.
For more information about this event, visit: http://ihacongress.org
Dr Herman Ibrahim, Board Member National Energy Council, Indonesia, International Geothermal Association (IGA),
For many years, renewable energy systems were seen as dependent on non-renewable sources. Challenges of cost, variability, storage and ancillary services have been put forward as barriers to a renewable future. However, an increasing number of cases describe 100% renewable energy systems, utilizing the differentiated, but mutually supportive, characteristics of different renewable sources. Leading energy agencies will present the current status of the renewables sector, and representatives of each renewable energy technology will contribute on behalf of their constituencies.
27GW of new hydropower capacity was added last year. Record levels of hydropower deployment are observed in several countries, yet others fall short of their planned targets substantially. What are the drivers and barriers for implementation, and who are the investors? Public and private-sector players will share their views on the discrepancy of progress and explore ways to mitigate risks – actual or perceived.
Hydropower can be a powerful engine for economic growth, especially when linked with industries that seek low-carbon energy supply. Traditional and new power-intensive industries, such as metal, manufacturing, consumer goods, and internet data centres, are particularly likely to demand low-carbon energy. How to successfully link generation with these industries’ demand for power? This session will present recent case studies and will discuss their regional impacts.
Case study: Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy, Mr Chang Ngee Hui, Economic Advisor, State Planning Unit
Lunch presentation B
Special Lecture Impacts of Delays on Hydropower Projects by Judith Plummer given at the IHA 2013 World Congress.
For more information on this event, see: http://ihacongress.org/
The document introduces the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol. It was developed through a multi-stakeholder process to provide a consistent methodology for assessing hydropower projects globally. The Protocol consists of a set of tools to evaluate projects during preparation, implementation, and operation. It addresses topics like communications, governance, environmental and social impacts. Assessments are conducted by accredited professionals and result in scores from 1 to 5. The goal is to promote continuous improvement, not pass/fail judgments. Governance oversight is provided by a multi-chamber Council.
Presentation by Takafumi Kadono, Asian Development Bank and Tran Trung Tuyen, SB4HPMB
Presented to the IHA 2013 World Congress, 23 May 2013
More information about this event: http://ihacongress.org
O documento discute o desenvolvimento sustentável da hidrelétrica Jirau no Brasil, detalhando suas características técnicas e ambientais. A hidrelétrica tem capacidade de 3.750 MW gerados por 50 unidades de 75 MW cada, com energia assegurada por 30 anos através de contratos. O projeto criou empregos e programas socioambientais durante sua construção e operaçao visando minimizar os impactos ambientais e melhorar a região.
To measure the sustainability of hydropower projects, the World Bank focuses on defining measurable long-term outcomes, measuring targets over medium-to-long periods, and judging sustainability based on consumption trends, net assets, and diversified income sources. However, sustainability requires commitments from multiple sectors outside developer control. The World Bank is exploring areas like the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol, integrating information and communication technologies into monitoring, and adaptive contract management to better ensure sustainability.
The document summarizes a regional leadership forum held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on the topic of Itaipu and the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol. Itaipu is a binational power plant between Brazil and Paraguay located on the Paraná River with an installed capacity of 14,000 MW. The forum discussed Itaipu's new mission of producing clean, renewable energy with social and environmental responsibility. Itaipu aims to collaborate with the International Hydropower Association to help fulfill this mission and assess its sustainability using the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol.
The document summarizes the Hydropower Sustainability Protocol, which provides standardized tools to assess the sustainability of hydropower projects at different stages of development. It covers technical, environmental, social, economic, and governance aspects. The Protocol aims to promote best practices, continuous improvement, and alignment with international standards like the IFC Performance Standards. Assessments produce a sustainability profile and action plan to guide project enhancement. The Protocol is designed to facilitate replicable, high quality evaluations and ensure integrity through qualified assessors and governance.
A ONG CPPT Cuniã atua desde a década de 80 realizando educação ambiental e organização social em comunidades ribeirinhas de Porto Velho. Em 2004, foi contratada para desenvolver ações de comunicação social sobre usinas hidrelétricas, dividindo a área em 7 núcleos com cerca de 80 comunidades. Suas atividades incluíam visitas, reuniões, peças de teatro e palestras para mobilizar e informar a população.
O documento descreve o Programa Acreditar, criado em 2008 para capacitar profissionais locais em Porto Velho, Rondônia para trabalhos na usina hidrelétrica de Santo Antônio. O programa ofereceu capacitação para mais de 50 mil pessoas, das quais 32 mil foram contratadas. Desde então, o programa se expandiu para outros estados e empresas do grupo Odebrecht e capacitou mais de 110 mil pessoas, com investimento total de R$30 milhões. O documento também descreve o Programa Acreditar Júnior, criado em 2009
More from International Hydropower Association (20)
Francisco Gomide - Water Storage for Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication
1. GMD
Organização Industrial e Engenharia
Water Storage for Sustainable Development
and Poverty Eradication
Francisco Luiz Sibut Gomide*
June, 2012
*Ph.D.(Colorado State University, 1975) Professor Titular (Universidade Federal do Paraná, 1986)
2. GMD
Organização Industrial e Engenharia
TABLE OF CONTENTES
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 2
NATURAL LAKES AND MAN MADE RESERVOIRS .............................. 3
THE IRRATIONAL OPPOSITION ........................................................ 4
THE ESSENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................. 5
THE WATER (AND HYDROPOWER) CONTINENT ............................... 6
THE STORAGE YIELD RELATIONSHIP ................................................ 7
CLOSURE ........................................................................................ 8
REFERENCES ................................................................................... 9
Francisco Luiz Sibut Gomide 1
3. GMD
Organização Industrial e Engenharia
INTRODUCTION
For thousands of years, dams and reservoirs have been important tools for the
administration of extreme hydrological events. Water related disasters such as floods and
droughts have been successfully mitigated by the intelligent use of the storage provided
by reservoirs.
Up to the last quarter of the 20th century, those responsible for the construction of dams
and creation of reservoirs – entrepreneurs, decision makers, engineers, investors –were
praised for the acknowledged benefits of their works: water supply, irrigated agriculture,
flood control, improved navigation and firm hydroelectric generation (then considered
clean and unequivocally renewable energy).
In the last thirty to forty years, on one (positive) side, a great consensus has been reached,
concerning the need for natural systems preservation and proper environmental
protection. However, on the other (negative) side, alarmist groups and organizations have
been exaggeratedly stating that infrastructure works, in general, and dams and reservoirs,
in particular, cause serious and intolerable environmental impacts.
Since the eighties, specific organizations have succeeded in coercing multilateral credit
institutions – such as the World Bank – to drastically reduce the technical and financial
support for the construction of hydroelectric plants, seriously jeopardizing their
commitment to poverty reduction.
One may even dare to state that this was the starting point of a process aiming at the
criminalization of reservoirs. According to some groups and organizations, hydroelectricity
would not be “clean” and could not be considered renewable, because of the reservoir. In
consequence, reservoirs also would not be acceptable for water supply, flood control,
irrigation etc.
Francisco Luiz Sibut Gomide 2
4. GMD
Organização Industrial e Engenharia
NATURAL LAKES AND MAN MADE RESERVOIRS
The volume of fresh surface water in the earth is only 0.0075% of the total global water
(Gleick, 1996): 104,620 km3, distributed in lakes (90,990 km3), swamps (11,510 km3) and
rivers (2,120 km3). According to the International Committee on Large Dams – ICOLD, the
total water storage in man-made reservoirs is around 6,620 km3 (White, 2010).
The services of ecological systems such as water regulation, water supply and disturbance
regulation (say, flood control), produced by natural capital stocks (lakes, swamps and
rivers), are duly appreciated (Costanza et al, 1997). The idea behind man-made reservoirs
is to offer these very same services, plus hydroelectric power, improved navigation and
expanded recreation opportunities.
Mother Nature decided (randomly, of course) that USA deserved some 19,000 km3 of fresh
water stored in natural lakes. That seems to be fine. But when the American human
ingenuity provides around 800 km3 (or maybe 1,000 km3) (NOOA, 2012) of additional
freshwater storage in man-made reservoirs, then, according to some organizations, an
ecologic mistake has been perpetrated. And because these extremist organizations believe
that all errors – even the imaginary ones – must be punished, they decided: “no more
dams”.
There are more than 75,000 dams in USA, with age over 50 years, on the average. Even so,
there is no evidence supporting the assertion that building them was a mistake. The
benefits of their reservoir operation largely offset eventual environmental impacts.
Francisco Luiz Sibut Gomide 3
5. GMD
Organização Industrial e Engenharia
THE IRRATIONAL OPPOSITION
The motivation for the irrational opposition to dams and reservoirs remains an unsolved
mystery. How can anyone justify the opposition to the service of water regulation? And
the opposition to the service of water supply? How can anyone waive the protection
provided by reservoirs in flood routing? How can anyone criticize man-made reservoirs
without regretting the existence of natural lakes? How can anyone favor the replacement
of renewable energy (such as hydroelectricity) by thermal electricity (from fossil fuel
combustion)? How can anyone pretend there are more risks in hydroelectric projects than
in thermonuclear electric plants?
Apparently, the opposition to dams and reservoirs is the consequence of two acts of
denial. The first one is to deny that, following the change in ecological balance caused by
man-made works, remedial measures are available to facilitate the adjustment of
biological species to a new, often better ecological environment. The other denial is the
refusal to acknowledge that in many cases, one must contemplate the relocation of
population installed in inappropriate places, from the standpoint of the highest public
interest. And that it can be done in such a way to improve the well-being of the relocated
populations in a wide variety of aspects.
Environmental protection is a moral obligation of mankind. This song is very good. But
not all singers are good. The irrational opposition to dams and reservoirs facilitates the
adoption of the environmental flag by insincere people, groups and organizations, to be
used as a mere public relations instrument.
To be rational, the debate would have to be conducted in the context of comparison of
alternatives and trade-off analyses. Particularly in Brazil, the mistaken application of the
principle of precaution has transformed most dam construction initiatives in time
consuming, long legal battles. In the meantime, the increasing demand for electricity has
been supplied by fossil fuel fired thermal plants, with more pernicious environmental
impact!
Francisco Luiz Sibut Gomide 4
6. GMD
Organização Industrial e Engenharia
THE ESSENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Unfortunately, the mistaken opposition to dams and reservoirs was so efficient in forcing,
coercing and influencing people and organizations that aid agencies and other
multilateral institutions discreetly steered away from investments in infrastructure.
However, investment in infrastructure is indispensable for sustainable development and
poverty eradication. Sustainable development implies in the optimum conversion of the
resources of nature to benefit mankind, including the future generations. Poverty
eradication requires concrete actions such as infrastructure works to assure universal
access to water and electricity.
According to Yevjevich (1999), one may safely state that a civilization is as good as its
infrastructures. Rich countries are living off the convenient services provided by
infrastructure developed in the 20th century, which is aging. At the same time, pointing to
poor countries, this rich countries agenda advocates a path to development that no one
has taken before (Briscoe, 2011).
It looks like the story of the Directors of a club – the riches’ club – writing down rules for
the selection of new members, setting up conditions not fulfilled – today or ever – by the
existing members. Furthermore, rules such that, once fulfilled, would make it impossible to
become a member of this club!
The end result of the irrational opposition to dams, reservoirs and other infrastructure
works is that the 20th century was closed with 850 million people without adequate access
to water, 1.6 billion people without access to electricity and 2.9 billion people living on less
than 2 dollars a day.
Francisco Luiz Sibut Gomide 5
7. GMD
Organização Industrial e Engenharia
THE WATER (AND HYDROPOWER) CONTINENT
The globally averaged annual precipitation over land is less than 800 millimeters
(Shiklomanov and Sokolov, 1983). It does not change much from one continent to the
other (Europe, 790mm; Asia, 740 mm; Africa, 740 mm; North America, 756 mm; Australia
and Oceania, 791 mm). The exception is South America, where it is twice as large: 1600
mm. In Brazil, it is even larger: 1800 mm. In the Brazilian Amazon, annual rainfall is more
than 2200 mm. For the Amazon as a whole, rainfall is over 2400 mm, more than the triple
of those average 800 mm!
More than 25% of the total water flux in the planet occurs in South America: the mean
annual global run off is 47,000 km3 and the South America’s is 12,200 km3. The Brazilian
mean annual run off (5,667 km3) triples the American one (1,787 km3), and the countries
(Brazil and contiguous USA) are comparable in area. Furthermore, the three largest
concentrations of hydropower potential in the planet are in South America, two of them in
Brazil.
The Brazilian electricity sector is - and hopefully will continue to be – basically hydraulic.
Thanks to hydroelectricity the Brazilian energy mix is one of the cleanest and most carbon-
free in the world. Most of the Brazilian freshwater storage in man-made reservoirs (653
km3 out of 724 km3) has been provided by electricity generation companies.
Assuming that the total freshwater storage in American man-made reservoirs is 810 km3,
one may state that this is equivalent to 165 days of long term mean run off
[810/(1787/365)≈ 165]. Comparatively, the Brazilian total freshwater storage in man-
made reservoirs is small: 47 days [724/(5667/365)≈47]. Disregarding the electricity sector,
it would drop dramatically to less than 5 days [71/(5667/365)<5].
The reservoirs belonging to the Brazilian electricity sector have a total surface area of
37,000 km2. For comparison purposes, it may be mentioned that 90% of the 90,990 km 3 of
freshwater storage in natural lakes is concentrated in just eleven locations, with mean
surface area of 44,800 km2. Eight of these lakes are in the northern hemisphere; three are
in Africa and, of course, none in South America.
Francisco Luiz Sibut Gomide 6
8. GMD
Organização Industrial e Engenharia
THE STORAGE YIELD RELATIONSHIP
Estimators of long term storage requirements are proportional to the standard deviation
of the net inflows to reservoirs (Gomide, 1975). In the context of climatic changes, the
importance of reservoirs is increased: floods and droughts are expected to be more
frequent, and the progressive concentration of occurrences in the tails of the probability
distribution inflates the standard deviation of the net inflows, indicating the need for
larger reservoirs.
There is an optimal size for reservoirs: not too small, to be useful, and not too large, due to
the diminishing marginal returns. This is well illustrated by the so-called storage-yield
relationship (SYR), a well-known hydrologic tool. For any given combination of planning
horizon (in years) and risk to be assumed, this curve (SYR) furnishes the storage required
for each value of “firm” (or “guaranteed”, or “assured”, or “sustained”) yield of river
discharge.
Of course, no storage is needed to assure the minimum (for this specific risk and horizon)
discharge. The curve (SYR) is a monotonously increasing function. The maximum storage
corresponds to the maximum sustainable firm flow, which is the long term mean discharge
(LTMD). The inclination of the tangent to this curve (SYR) is equal to the duration of the
drought (“critical” period). To illustrate the diminishing marginal returns, it can be shown
that for a SYR applicable to typical Brazilian conditions, one can “firm” more than 85% of
the long term mean discharge, with less than 30% of the storage needed to “firm” 100% of
the LTMD (Gomide, 2012).
Not always the water intake location is adequate for the creation of a sizable reservoir.
The probabilistic design does not change as one moves upstream looking for more
adequate sites; but the maximum sustainable firm flow decreases, of course. The
comparative analysis of the duration curves (another well-known hydrologic tool) for both
river cross sections will define, together with the storage-yield-relationship, the limits and
details of the feasible decisions regarding firm flow.
When dealing with energy regulation rather than water regulation, the flexibility is
immense: the storage has not even to be upstream! Adequate designed transmission lines
will transport energy from one point (where it is available) to other (where it is needed).
Furthermore, as the system increases in size, adding new plants located in hydrologic
diverse regions, the standard deviation of the total inflow increases at a lower rate in
comparison with the mean. In other words, the coefficient of variation decreases, what
implies is higher storage efficiency (Gomide, 2012). The synergetic Brazilian electricity
sector has been, for decades, an interesting demonstration of this mathematical property
of the partial sums of random variables.
Francisco Luiz Sibut Gomide 7
9. GMD
Organização Industrial e Engenharia
CLOSURE
Infrastructure investment is central to the world’s objective of poverty eradication. There
can be no poverty reduction without access to water and electricity. Investments in
sustainable multi-purpose water storage must be encouraged. Reservoirs are not only
useful. They are indispensable. Reservoirs do change the ecological balance, initially.
However, the evidence of successful adaptation to the new – and often better –ecological
environment is overwhelming.
Each and every human intervention on Nature has environmental impact. Hydroelectricity
is favorably compared with most other generation alternatives. Accordingly, hydro-power
must be acknowledged as an unambiguously renewable source of energy.
Reservoirs take advantage of hydrologic diversity to bring in synergic gains to the
operation of complex hydroelectric systems. Reservoirs and other infrastructure works are
indispensable for water regulation (low flow augmentation), water supply, waste
treatment and disposal systems and flood control.
The concentration of reservoirs in the upper portion of the hydrographic basins, as a
consequence of the search for more adequate dam sites, is consistent with the
probabilistic design of the storage requirements and with the environmental protection of
the watersheds.
Sustainable development implies in the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to
benefit the today and future generations. There is no conflict between the fortunately
predominant advanced level of global environmental awareness and the timely
convenience of the effective development of the Brazilian extraordinary water resources.
Francisco Luiz Sibut Gomide 8
10. GMD
Organização Industrial e Engenharia
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Francisco Luiz Sibut Gomide 9