The purpose of conducting this study was to prepare a microemulsion formulation of Rosuvastatin calcium RC for transdermal drug delivery. Oil in water microemulsion was formulated using Isopropyl myristate, Tween 20, and Propylene Glycol as oil, surfactant, and co surfactant, respectively. The ideal proportion of surfactant co surfactant Smix was chosen by constructing pseudoternary diagrams. The microemulsion formulations, which proved to be stable after thermodynamic stability testing, were further evaluated for physical characteristics. Selected formulations were evaluated for droplet size, zeta potential, viscosity, and drug content. Results suggested that optimized microemulsion formulation was thermodynamically stable and clear, droplet size and zeta potential was determined. In vitro dissolution study for optimized microemulsion was performed and cumulative drug release was determined. Shubham Suresh Gaike | Prashant H Khade | Ashok Bhosale "Formulation, Development, Characterization and in Vitro Study of Rosuvastatin Calcium Microemulsion" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50424.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50424/formulation-development-characterization-and-in-vitro-study-of-rosuvastatin-calcium-microemulsion/shubham-suresh-gaike
Formulation and Evaluation of Nimodipine Tablet by Liquisolid Techniqueijtsrd
Liquisolid technique is novel concept of the drug delivery via the oral route. This technique is applied to poorly water soluble , water insoluble or lipophilic drugs. According to the new formulation method of liquisolid compact, liquid medication such as solution or suspensions of water insoluble drug in suitable non volatile solvent can be converted into acceptably flowing and compressible powders by blending with selected powder excipients. The present work endeavour is directed towards the development of liquisolid compact for production of immediate release tablet of water insoluble Nimodipine. Liquisolid compacts were prepared by using polyethylene glycol 300 as the liquid vehicle or non volatile solvent. Crospovidone was used as a superdisintegrating agent and PVP K30 as a binder. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as a absorbing carrier and silicone dioxide as adsorbing coating material. The prepared liquisolid system were evaluated for their micromeretic properties and possible drug excipients interaction . The FTIR spectra study ruled out any interaction between the drug and excipients in preparation of Nimodipine liquisolid compact. The in vitro dissolution study confirmed enhance drug release from liquisolid compacts by using USP type I basket in 0.5 SLS in water. The selected optimal formula released 93.86 of its content in 30 min which is showing immediate release. The results showed that use of superdisintegrants had remarkable impact on the release rate of Nimodipine from Liquisolid compact, enhancing the release rate of the drug from liquisolid compact. Neha Durge | Kirti Parida ""Formulation and Evaluation of Nimodipine Tablet by Liquisolid Technique"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23863.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/23863/formulation-and-evaluation-of-nimodipine-tablet-by-liquisolid-technique/neha-durge
Phytosomes A Potential Carrier for Herbal Drugs as Novel Drug Delivery Systemijtsrd
Liquorice is a well known traditionally used root for various ailments. Constituents of the Liquorice such as Glycyrrhetinic acid, Glycyrrhizin, Licochalcone, Isoliquiritigenin and Glabridin possess good antitumor activity. Glycyrrhizin was believed to be the marker component in Liquorice for its anticancer properties. Liquorice thus shows good potential against breast cancer, MCF 7 Cell Lines by inhibiting the cancer cell growth by the induction of apoptosis which could be mediated through an evident disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of Cytochrome C and activation of caspase 9 cycle. In Guggul, Guggulsterone is responsible for its anticancer activity. Literature reveals various mechanisms which are responsible for the incidence and development of breast carcinogenesis. Both these traditional drugs which are easily available and have reported good anticancer activity may be used alone or in combination in cancer therapeutics. The lower the IC50 value obtained from the MTT assay and data obtained from diffusion studies indicates better therapeutic activity. Evaluation of other characterization such as UV vis spectroscopy, FTIR, HPLC, Particle size and zeta potential are the indicators of stability and presence of constituents in the formulation. Nida Afzal Ahmed | Dr. Swati Sanjay Patil "Phytosomes: A Potential Carrier for Herbal Drugs as Novel Drug Delivery System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52426.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/52426/phytosomes-a-potential-carrier-for-herbal-drugs-as-novel-drug-delivery-system/nida-afzal-ahmed
Effervescent technique in development of floating tablets for antiviral drugsSriramNagarajan19
The purpose of this investigation was to prepare a regiospesific drug delivery system of Stavudine. Floating tablets of Stavudine were prepared by direct compression method employing different concentration of HPMC K15M by effervescent technique. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. The floating tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content, swelling studies, in vitro buoyancy and dissolution studies. The effect of different concentration of HPMC K15M on drug release profile and floating properties was investigated. The prepared tablets exhibited satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics. All the prepared batches showed good in vitro buoyancy. The tablet swelled radially and axially during in vitro buoyancy studies. It was observed that the tablet remained buoyant for more than 12 hours. Increased in the HPMC K15M level, decreased the floating lag time but tablets floated for longer duration. The formulation with 1:1 drug: Polymer ratios were found to float for longer duration as compared with other formulations containing HPMC K15M. The drug release from the tablets was sufficiently sustained and non-Fickian transport of the drug from tablets was confirmed.
Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by using the solvent evaporation method. The prepared solid lipid nanoparticles of
felodipine from different batches were weighed accurately and filled into appropriate-sized capsules for further evaluation.
The prepared nanoformulation was tested in vitro for drug entrapment efficiency found to be 97-99% for the formulation
with soya lecithin and glyceryl mono-stearate and percentage yield. The results of the in vitro drug release study for all
formulations performed at gastric pH 1.2 indicated that the drug was released in an immediate manner within 60 minutes,
which could be due to a burst effect or a faster rate of drug release due to smaller particle size SLN13 the concentration of
Glycerol Monosterate- 576.522mg and Poloxamer 188. In vitro release data from standardised nanoformulations was fitted
to various release kinetics models for the drug release mechanism. The optimised formulation demonstrated improved drug
release and entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release data were fitted to various kinetic models to better understand the
drug release mechanism. In vitro assay results were ranged between 76.5 to 96%, Zeta potential -40.75 ± 2.33 (mV) ± SD,
entrapment efficiency 99.32. Accelerated stability studies for standardised nanoformulations were performed for 6 months in
accordance with standard ICH guidelines, and no appreciable changes in the physical appearance, drug content, and in vitro
drug release rates of the nanoformulations were observed. As a result of the study's evidence, it is concluded that felodipineloaded solid lipid nanoparticles are the best choice for hypertension.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery...ijtsrd
The primary objective of the work was to develop a self nano emulsifying drug delivery system of dolutegravir HCL. Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system is a lipid based formulation which consists of isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants and co surfactants. It can conveniently develop the emulsion on gentle agitation and offers a considerable surface area for interaction between the SNEDDS formulation and the aqueous gastrointestinal fluid. This may lead to enhanced bioavailability of hydrophobic agents. The Liquid SNEDDS was prepared and after that solidified by aerosil 200. For 10 gm of liquid SNEDDS 5 gm of Aerosil 200 was used and after that product is dried by spray drying method. And 12 gm of product is remaining after the process. The drug excipients interaction studies were carried out using FTIR and DSC. The interaction studies were carried out to check physical and chemical stability of Dolutegravir with other excipients. FTIR spectra showed the characteristic peaks of drug i.e. for C H stretch, N C stretch appear in the spectra of physical mixtures at the same wave number indicating no modification or interaction between drug and the polymers. The liquid SNEDDS formulation C1 showed good thermodynamic stability without any precipitation and having globule size 536.6 nm and zeta potential 29.9. Based on thermodynamic stability, precipitation studies, self emulsification studies, globule size and zeta potential liquid SNEDDS of formulation batch C1 was selected as optimized formulation. Liquid SNEDDS and solid SNEDDS was prepared for Dolutegravir. SEM, IR, and DSC results confirmed that drug was present in an amorphous state in solid SNEDDS. In vitro drug release and drug content of optimized formulation was found to be 98.64 and 99.35 respectively. F3 batch of capsule formulation shows better drug release than marketed formulation. Suresh Mularam Choudhary | Prof S. A Waghmare | Hemant V. Kamble "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Dolutegravir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50569.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50569/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-self-nano-emulsifying-drug-delivery-system-of-dolutegravir/suresh-mularam-choudhary
Formulation and evaluation of microspheres with aceclofenacSagar Savale
Aceclofenac is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug that reduces fever, pain, and inflammation in rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Aceclofenac has higher anti-inflammatory action than
conventional NSAIDs. Development of microspheres is a promising technology for controlled release and drug
targeting. Various types of microspheres such as bio-adhesive, magnetic, floating, radioactive and polymeric
microspheres are developed for various purposes. Microspheres occupied a central place in novel drug delivery, it
can targeted and localized drug delivery system. This Aceclofenac Microsphere is Prepared by using Spray drying
Technique in which release rate of drug is mainly depends on formulation composition (Eudragit RS 30 D and
Ethyl Cellulose (1:2 ratio)). Formulated microspheres were characterized for particle size, encapsulation efficiency
and In vitro studies. The optimum drug-to-polymer ratio and feed flow rate is responsible for higher percent yield,
smaller particle size and maximum encapsulation efficiency.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Tablet Formulation Containing Ibupr...ijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate conventional tablets of Ibuprofen HCl with Castor oil. Castor oil helps to overcome the hepatotoxic effect of Ibuprofen HCl. Direct compression method was used to formulate tablets, which contained Castor oil in different proportion from batch F1 F4. Formulation of tablets was prepared by the powder blend of different ratios of Castor oil to get desirable drug release profile. All batches were evaluated for flow property Pre compression study . Evaluation parameters of formulated tablets were hardness, friability, thickness, drug content, weight variation, and the in vitro drug release rate pattern. Results indicated that the formulation F2 was the most promising formulation as the drug release from this formulation was high as compared to other formulations. In formulation F2, percentage drug release of Ibuprofen HCl is 97.01 at 60 min. Gayatri Burte | Vikram Veer | Ashok Bhosale "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Tablet Formulation Containing Ibuprofen HCL with Castor Oil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50389.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/50389/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-tablet-formulation-containing-ibuprofen-hcl-with-castor-oil/gayatri-burte
Formulation and Evaluation of Nimodipine Tablet by Liquisolid Techniqueijtsrd
Liquisolid technique is novel concept of the drug delivery via the oral route. This technique is applied to poorly water soluble , water insoluble or lipophilic drugs. According to the new formulation method of liquisolid compact, liquid medication such as solution or suspensions of water insoluble drug in suitable non volatile solvent can be converted into acceptably flowing and compressible powders by blending with selected powder excipients. The present work endeavour is directed towards the development of liquisolid compact for production of immediate release tablet of water insoluble Nimodipine. Liquisolid compacts were prepared by using polyethylene glycol 300 as the liquid vehicle or non volatile solvent. Crospovidone was used as a superdisintegrating agent and PVP K30 as a binder. Microcrystalline cellulose was used as a absorbing carrier and silicone dioxide as adsorbing coating material. The prepared liquisolid system were evaluated for their micromeretic properties and possible drug excipients interaction . The FTIR spectra study ruled out any interaction between the drug and excipients in preparation of Nimodipine liquisolid compact. The in vitro dissolution study confirmed enhance drug release from liquisolid compacts by using USP type I basket in 0.5 SLS in water. The selected optimal formula released 93.86 of its content in 30 min which is showing immediate release. The results showed that use of superdisintegrants had remarkable impact on the release rate of Nimodipine from Liquisolid compact, enhancing the release rate of the drug from liquisolid compact. Neha Durge | Kirti Parida ""Formulation and Evaluation of Nimodipine Tablet by Liquisolid Technique"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23863.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/23863/formulation-and-evaluation-of-nimodipine-tablet-by-liquisolid-technique/neha-durge
Phytosomes A Potential Carrier for Herbal Drugs as Novel Drug Delivery Systemijtsrd
Liquorice is a well known traditionally used root for various ailments. Constituents of the Liquorice such as Glycyrrhetinic acid, Glycyrrhizin, Licochalcone, Isoliquiritigenin and Glabridin possess good antitumor activity. Glycyrrhizin was believed to be the marker component in Liquorice for its anticancer properties. Liquorice thus shows good potential against breast cancer, MCF 7 Cell Lines by inhibiting the cancer cell growth by the induction of apoptosis which could be mediated through an evident disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of Cytochrome C and activation of caspase 9 cycle. In Guggul, Guggulsterone is responsible for its anticancer activity. Literature reveals various mechanisms which are responsible for the incidence and development of breast carcinogenesis. Both these traditional drugs which are easily available and have reported good anticancer activity may be used alone or in combination in cancer therapeutics. The lower the IC50 value obtained from the MTT assay and data obtained from diffusion studies indicates better therapeutic activity. Evaluation of other characterization such as UV vis spectroscopy, FTIR, HPLC, Particle size and zeta potential are the indicators of stability and presence of constituents in the formulation. Nida Afzal Ahmed | Dr. Swati Sanjay Patil "Phytosomes: A Potential Carrier for Herbal Drugs as Novel Drug Delivery System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52426.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/52426/phytosomes-a-potential-carrier-for-herbal-drugs-as-novel-drug-delivery-system/nida-afzal-ahmed
Effervescent technique in development of floating tablets for antiviral drugsSriramNagarajan19
The purpose of this investigation was to prepare a regiospesific drug delivery system of Stavudine. Floating tablets of Stavudine were prepared by direct compression method employing different concentration of HPMC K15M by effervescent technique. Sodium bicarbonate was incorporated as a gas-generating agent. The floating tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content, swelling studies, in vitro buoyancy and dissolution studies. The effect of different concentration of HPMC K15M on drug release profile and floating properties was investigated. The prepared tablets exhibited satisfactory physico-chemical characteristics. All the prepared batches showed good in vitro buoyancy. The tablet swelled radially and axially during in vitro buoyancy studies. It was observed that the tablet remained buoyant for more than 12 hours. Increased in the HPMC K15M level, decreased the floating lag time but tablets floated for longer duration. The formulation with 1:1 drug: Polymer ratios were found to float for longer duration as compared with other formulations containing HPMC K15M. The drug release from the tablets was sufficiently sustained and non-Fickian transport of the drug from tablets was confirmed.
Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by using the solvent evaporation method. The prepared solid lipid nanoparticles of
felodipine from different batches were weighed accurately and filled into appropriate-sized capsules for further evaluation.
The prepared nanoformulation was tested in vitro for drug entrapment efficiency found to be 97-99% for the formulation
with soya lecithin and glyceryl mono-stearate and percentage yield. The results of the in vitro drug release study for all
formulations performed at gastric pH 1.2 indicated that the drug was released in an immediate manner within 60 minutes,
which could be due to a burst effect or a faster rate of drug release due to smaller particle size SLN13 the concentration of
Glycerol Monosterate- 576.522mg and Poloxamer 188. In vitro release data from standardised nanoformulations was fitted
to various release kinetics models for the drug release mechanism. The optimised formulation demonstrated improved drug
release and entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release data were fitted to various kinetic models to better understand the
drug release mechanism. In vitro assay results were ranged between 76.5 to 96%, Zeta potential -40.75 ± 2.33 (mV) ± SD,
entrapment efficiency 99.32. Accelerated stability studies for standardised nanoformulations were performed for 6 months in
accordance with standard ICH guidelines, and no appreciable changes in the physical appearance, drug content, and in vitro
drug release rates of the nanoformulations were observed. As a result of the study's evidence, it is concluded that felodipineloaded solid lipid nanoparticles are the best choice for hypertension.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery...ijtsrd
The primary objective of the work was to develop a self nano emulsifying drug delivery system of dolutegravir HCL. Self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system is a lipid based formulation which consists of isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants and co surfactants. It can conveniently develop the emulsion on gentle agitation and offers a considerable surface area for interaction between the SNEDDS formulation and the aqueous gastrointestinal fluid. This may lead to enhanced bioavailability of hydrophobic agents. The Liquid SNEDDS was prepared and after that solidified by aerosil 200. For 10 gm of liquid SNEDDS 5 gm of Aerosil 200 was used and after that product is dried by spray drying method. And 12 gm of product is remaining after the process. The drug excipients interaction studies were carried out using FTIR and DSC. The interaction studies were carried out to check physical and chemical stability of Dolutegravir with other excipients. FTIR spectra showed the characteristic peaks of drug i.e. for C H stretch, N C stretch appear in the spectra of physical mixtures at the same wave number indicating no modification or interaction between drug and the polymers. The liquid SNEDDS formulation C1 showed good thermodynamic stability without any precipitation and having globule size 536.6 nm and zeta potential 29.9. Based on thermodynamic stability, precipitation studies, self emulsification studies, globule size and zeta potential liquid SNEDDS of formulation batch C1 was selected as optimized formulation. Liquid SNEDDS and solid SNEDDS was prepared for Dolutegravir. SEM, IR, and DSC results confirmed that drug was present in an amorphous state in solid SNEDDS. In vitro drug release and drug content of optimized formulation was found to be 98.64 and 99.35 respectively. F3 batch of capsule formulation shows better drug release than marketed formulation. Suresh Mularam Choudhary | Prof S. A Waghmare | Hemant V. Kamble "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Dolutegravir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50569.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50569/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-self-nano-emulsifying-drug-delivery-system-of-dolutegravir/suresh-mularam-choudhary
Formulation and evaluation of microspheres with aceclofenacSagar Savale
Aceclofenac is an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug that reduces fever, pain, and inflammation in rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Aceclofenac has higher anti-inflammatory action than
conventional NSAIDs. Development of microspheres is a promising technology for controlled release and drug
targeting. Various types of microspheres such as bio-adhesive, magnetic, floating, radioactive and polymeric
microspheres are developed for various purposes. Microspheres occupied a central place in novel drug delivery, it
can targeted and localized drug delivery system. This Aceclofenac Microsphere is Prepared by using Spray drying
Technique in which release rate of drug is mainly depends on formulation composition (Eudragit RS 30 D and
Ethyl Cellulose (1:2 ratio)). Formulated microspheres were characterized for particle size, encapsulation efficiency
and In vitro studies. The optimum drug-to-polymer ratio and feed flow rate is responsible for higher percent yield,
smaller particle size and maximum encapsulation efficiency.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Tablet Formulation Containing Ibupr...ijtsrd
The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate conventional tablets of Ibuprofen HCl with Castor oil. Castor oil helps to overcome the hepatotoxic effect of Ibuprofen HCl. Direct compression method was used to formulate tablets, which contained Castor oil in different proportion from batch F1 F4. Formulation of tablets was prepared by the powder blend of different ratios of Castor oil to get desirable drug release profile. All batches were evaluated for flow property Pre compression study . Evaluation parameters of formulated tablets were hardness, friability, thickness, drug content, weight variation, and the in vitro drug release rate pattern. Results indicated that the formulation F2 was the most promising formulation as the drug release from this formulation was high as compared to other formulations. In formulation F2, percentage drug release of Ibuprofen HCl is 97.01 at 60 min. Gayatri Burte | Vikram Veer | Ashok Bhosale "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Tablet Formulation Containing Ibuprofen HCL with Castor Oil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50389.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/50389/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-tablet-formulation-containing-ibuprofen-hcl-with-castor-oil/gayatri-burte
Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Solid Dispersion ...ijtsrd
The aim of the present work is Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Solid Dispersion of Carvedilol. The solid dispersions of Carvedilol were prepared with PEG6000 and PVP K30 in 1 1, 1 2, 1 3 by using Kneading method. The prepared solid dispersions were analyzed for FTIR. Solid dispersions showed a better dissolution compared to the pure drugs and among all the other formulations. The F3 formulation shows high percentage drug release i.e. 96.61 in 40 min and selected as an optimized formulation for the preparation of fast disintegrating tablets of Carvedilol. Crosscarmellose sodium and Crospovidone used in the preparation of fast disintegrating tablets prepared by direct compression method. The post compression parameters of all the prepared tablets were within the limits. FD6 was selected as optimized formulation based on its highest disintegration time 48 sec and drug release 94.87 in 40 min. Hence it concluded that solid dispersions incorporated fast disintegrating tablets is very useful approach for fast disintegration of Carvedilol to treat high blood pressure. Akshada Gavhane | Prof. Mr. Prashant Khade | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Solid Dispersion of Carvedilol - A Research" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50379.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50379/formulation-and-evaluation-of-fast-disintegrating-tablet-of-solid-dispersion-of-carvedilol--a-research/akshada-gavhane
Formulation and invivo evaluation of mucoadhesive microspheres embedded clero...SriramNagarajan19
In this study an attempt was made to prepare mucoadhesive microcapsules of Clerodendrum phlomidis extract using alginate polymers for prolonged release. Encapsulation of extract into sodium alginate polymer was done by ionic-gelation technique. In vivo testing of the mucoadhesive microcapsules in diabetic albino rats demonstrated significant antidiabetic effect of extract. The hypoglycemic effect obtained by mucoadhesive microcapsules was for more than 16 h whereas plain CP extract produced an antidiabetic effect for only 4 h suggesting that mucoadhesive microcapsules are a valuable system for the long term delivery of CP extract. In-vivo data obtained over a 120-h period indicate that CP extract loaded alginate microspheres from batch F7 showed the better glycemic control than control and a commercial brand of the drug.
Formulation Development and Characterization of Topical Gel for PsoriasisBRNSS Publication Hub
The purpose of this research work was to develop and characterize a tacrolimus (TAC) gel using different
polymers for the treatment of psoriasis. The physicochemical compatibility was confirmed between
TAC and other excipients by Fourier transfer infrared. Formulated gels were characterized for drug
content, viscosity, extrudability, skin irritation study, pH, in vitro diffusion study, and stability. Release
of TAC from all formulations using dialysis membrane into a phosphate buffer pH 6.8 at 37°C was
performed. Optimized batch was selected from this characterization study. Based on the data collected,
it was revealed that TAC has proven to be a promising candidate for delivery through gel in the treatment
of psoriasis.
Comparison between Oral Delivery of Eudragit RSPO Microsphere-Based Matrix Ta...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study aims at the comparative study of once-daily ziprasidone loaded polymeric microspheres-based (ZEmsp) matrix tablets (ZEmsp-T) as a sustained delivery system with conventional matrix tablets. The effect of variation in the drug/polymer ratio on the physicochemical characteristics of the microspheres was investigated. The optimized ZEmsp formulation demonstrated favorable mean particle size and drug loading along with sustained release pattern. After the selection of the optimized microspheres, matrix tablets were compressed with different direct tableting agents. After successful preparation and evaluation of ZEmsp-T, we found that batch ZEmsp-T3 and ZEmsp-T4, respectively. The optimized matrix tablets showed sustained release pattern of the drug release. The same parameters were evaluated for conventional matrix tablets, but results were not complies. Thus, results of this study prove the suitability of using Eudragit RSPO as a sustained release polymeric material to develop microspheres combined with different tableting agents to prepared matrix tablets were designed successfully for once-daily oral administration to avoid dosing frequency
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Thiocolc...ijtsrd
The present study was aimed to formulate and evaluate the Mouth dissolving tablet of Thiocolchicoside. Preliminary investigation of drug was carried out with different. Compatibility of drug with polymers was confirmed by FT IR study. Tablet were prepared with superdisintegrants like Sodium starch glycolate, and other ingredients such as Mannitol, Lactose, Maltose. Sodium saccharide and Talc by Direct compression technique. It was observed that the results obtained after evaluation of F2 formulations follows standards prescribed for Mouth dissolving tablets. The tablet was evaluated for various evaluation parameters such as. Weight Variation. Thickness. Hardness, Friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, In vitro Disintegration Time, in Vitro drug release study, and uniformity of Content etc. Mouth dissolving tablet of optimized formulation F2 having Mouth disintegration, better dissolution and all necessary parameter within the range. Formulation F2 shows the highest drug release upto 99.63 . Finally it is concluded that the drug release from the Mouth dissolving tablet was increased by using the increased concentration of superdisintegrant upto certain conc. After increase in cone. Of superdisintegrant leads to decrease disintegration in the buccal cavity. Increased systemic availability of drug will lead to quick onset of action, which is a prerequisite for analgesic activity. Sujeet A Korde "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablet of Thiocolchicoside" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50506.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50506/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-mouth-dissolving-tablet-of-thiocolchicoside/sujeet-a-korde
Isolation and antimicrobial activity of rhamnolipid (biosurfactant) from oil ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development and Validation of HPLC Method for Estimation of Gliclazide in Gli...ijtsrd
A simple, selective, linear, precise and accurate HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of Gliclazide in Gliclazide tablets prepared using natural super disintegrant by direct compression method. Isocratic elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min was employed on HiQSil C18 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm column at ambient temperature using Methanol Phosphate Buffer 60 40 v v as mobile phase. The UV detection wavelength was carried out at 210nm. The linearity of the developed method was studied over the concentration ranges between 10 30µg ml. The retention time for Gliclazide was 3.2 min. The developed method was validated as per the ICH guidelines with respect to system suitability, specificity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The Minimum concentration level at which the analyte can be reliable detected LOD and quantified LOQ were found to be 0.54 and 1.15 µg ml respectively. The proposed method can be successfully applied for the estimation of Gliclazide in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Mr. Kiran Madde | Dr. Ravindra Patil | Dr. Amit Kasbe "Development and Validation of HPLC Method for Estimation of Gliclazide in Gliclazide Tablets Prepared using Natural Disintegrant" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50403.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50403/development-and-validation-of-hplc-method-for-estimation-of-gliclazide-in-gliclazide-tablets-prepared-using-natural-disintegrant/mr-kiran-madde
Development of Gastroretentive Floating Tablets Quetiapine Fumarateijtsrd
The idea of the study is to prepare and characterize a sustain release floating tablets of Quetiapine Fumarate for Schizophrenia. Materials which are used in making of effervescent Tablets are hydroxy methylcellulose HPMC. For the buoyancy sodium bicarbonate is used. Initially for the selection of formulation Definitive screening design is used which allows to study the effect of large number of factors in relatively small experiment. The optimized formulation is tested for release rate, buoyancy, hardness, thickness, floating time, swelling study and release rate. These studies shows that optimized tablet remains in stomach for 24h and shows release rate of 91 which is very desirable. Priyanka Lekhwar | Dr. P. K. Sahoo | Ravindra Agarwal | Amit Sharma ""Development of Gastroretentive Floating Tablets Quetiapine Fumarate"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd24051.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/24051/development-of-gastroretentive-floating-tablets-quetiapine-fumarate/priyanka-lekhwar
Mucilage of basil seed can be employed as a potential ingredient in suspensions, emulsions, gels and tablets especially as viscosity enhancing agents, thickening agent, emulsifier or gelling agent and release retardant because of its good hydrophilic nature, physical stability, barrier properties, efficient control of release profile, extrudability and good spreadability.
Extensive characterisation of natural polymer in dosage form development for subsequent commercialisation has given rise to a new term “Naturapolyceutics”.
Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinateijtsrd
The aim of the present work is Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate. Metoprolol Succinate is a BCS class I drug used in the treatment of Angina pectoric, Heart attack, Hypertension and has short half life 3 7hours. In the present study it was planned to prepare sustained release floating tablets of Metoprolol succinate by using HPMC E5 and Gum Karaya excipients. The procured sample of drug was authenticated by pre formulation study like melting point, IR spectra, UV analysis were done. Results of pre formulation studies show that Metoprolol Succinate was pure and complies with standard. Prior to compression, the powder blend were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausners ratio. Results of pre formulation studies show that Metoprolol Succinate was pure and complies with standard. Formulations were evaluated for various evaluation parameters like hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, drug content, floating lag time, floating time, swelling index and in vitro drug release. From the results of evaluation parameters it was observed that formulation F6 shows best results for floating lag time 4min floating time up to 12 hours and consistent drug release 96.15 as compared to other formulations. So formulation F6 was finalized as a optimized formulation for further study. On the basic of above finding it was concluded that sustained release floating drug delivery system was successfully achieved. Neeta. V. Jadhav | Prof. Mr. Prashant Khade | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Tablet of Metoprolol Succinate" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50409.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50409/formulation-and-evaluation-of-floating-tablet-of-metoprolol-succinate/neeta-v-jadhav
Evaluation of the potential of 10 microalgal strains for biodiesel productionVijendren Krishnan
In this study, the potential of 10 algae species for biodiesel production were evaluated by determining their fatty acid profiles, biodiesel properties besides growth rate, biomass concentration and lipid productivity. Among seven strains with high growth and lipid accumulation properties, excluding Kirchneriella lunaris and Lyngbya kuetzingii, five species Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliqnus, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Isochrysis sphacrica were finally selected for biodiesel production due to their possessing higher lipid productivity and favorable biodiesel properties. The best strain was P. tricornutum, with lipid content of 61.43 ± 0.95%, lipid productivity of 26.75 mg L1 d1, the favorable fatty acid profiles of C16–C18 (74.50%), C14:0 (11.68%) and C16:1 (22.34%) as well as suitable biodiesel properties of higher cetane number (55.10), lower iodine number (99.2 gI2/100 g) and relatively low cloud point (4.47 C).
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
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The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
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Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50424 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2022 Page 178
As of right now, the only oral preparations of RC on
the market are tablets and capsules. The primary issue
with its oral forms is that it is a BCS class II
medication with low solubility in water.
Consequently, a new formulation of to overcome its
solubility and bioavailability, RC is required issues. A
microemulsion is a clear, thermodynamically stable
colloidal dispersion made spontaneously from a
mixture of oil, water, and surfactants. Lipid-based
microemulsions can be used to enhance the
bioavailability of RC if administered through
transdermal drug delivery system. Many reports in the
literature suggested that the use of microemulsions
can enhance bioavailability of loaded drugs by
preventing enzymatic degradation and improving
membrane permeability. The investigation was
focused on preparing and optimizing oral
microemulsion of RC by using physicochemical
parameters such as percent transmittance, droplet
size, zeta potential, viscosity, etc. The selected
formulation was then studied for in-vitro release of
RC from the microemulsions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
RC was a procured from Aarti Distributors, Mumbai,
India. Isopropyl myristate (), castor oil (), Tween 20
(), Tween 80 (), Tween 40 (), Span 20 (), Span 40 ()
and propylene glycol () were generous gift from
Croda India Company Pvt. Ltd, Maharashtra, India.
Olive Oil, Peppermint oil, Soybean Oil, Cotton Seed
Oil, Castor Oil, Dill Oil, Almond Oil, Anise seed Oil,
Jojoba Oil, Coconut Oil, PEG-400, Ethanol, Glycerol
and Phosphate Buffer pH 7.4 were procured from
Research lab Fine Chemicals Industry, Mumbai,
India. The chemicals used were of analytical reagent
grade.
UV Spectroscopy [18]
Preparation of standard solution and
determination of λ max of Rosuvastatin calcium
10 mg of Rosuvastatin Calcium was accurately &
dissolved completely in 100 ml phosphate buffer pH
7.4 to get 1000 µg/ml (1 mg/ml) stock solutions.
From it, pipette out 10 ml (1mg /ml) was further
diluted with phosphate buffer pH 7.4 to obtain
solution of 100 µg /ml. The aliquots were scanned for
max from 200 to 400 nm on UV spectrophotometer.
The λ max was determined in phosphate buffer pH
7.4 solution.
Calibration curve of Rosuvastatin calcium in
phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and methanol
Calibration curve of drug Rosuvastatin calcium was
prepared in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and methanol.
Accurately weighed 100 mg of drug was dissolved in
100 mL of respective media (1000 µg/mL). From this
solution 10 mL solution was pipette out in 100 mL of
volumetric flask and volume was made (100µg/mL).
From the above stock solution, aliquots of 0.2ml
0.4ml, 0.6ml, 0.8ml, 1ml were transferred to series of
10 mL of volumetric flask and volume was made with
different media to get serial dilutions containing 2-10
µg/mL of drug substance. The absorbance values
recorded using Shimadzu, UV-visible 1800
spectrophotometer at 242 nm.
Screening of excipients by using solubility studies
[13]
The oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant were selected on
the basis of solubility of RC in various excipients.
Solubility was analyzed by adding a surplus amount
of drug in about 2 mL of selected excipients by
thoroughly blending them in vials using a vortex
mixer. The vials were further ultra-sonicated for 72
hours to equilibrate the samples and then centrifuged
at 5,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant fluid
obtained was filtered and analyzed for the
concentration of RC in samples using an ultraviolet
spectrophotometer at 242 nm.
Drug-excipient compatibility study [21]
The surfactants used for the preparation of
microemulsion must be evaluated beforehand for their
interactions with the drug. For this purpose, a known
amount of drug was mixed with various excipients
who gained maximum solubility in solubility studies.
Isopropyl myristate, tween 20 and propylene glycol
were mixed with KBr (1:1) and prepared pellets were
analyzed for the determination of drug- excipient
compatibility in Infrared Spectrophotometer
Shimadzu FTIR-8400S.
Development of pseudoternary phase diagrams [15,
16]
Pseudoternary diagrams were prepared to characterize
the microemulsion region and to find out the optimum
combination of components (oil, surfactant, and co-
surfactant) used for the preparation. The water
titration method was used, wherein fixed proportions
of surfactant: co-surfactant (Smix), i.e., 1:1, 2:1, 3:1
and 1:2 w/w was taken. Smix and oil were mixed in a
ratio of 1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1,
3:1, 4;1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1 and 9:1 and water are added
drop wise to each oil-Smix mixture under continuous
moderate stirring. The mixtures were assessed
visually when it changes from clear to opaque,
indicating the traversing from microemulsion to
coarse emulsion zone. The plotting pseudoternary
diagrams were done using MS Excel.
Thermodynamic stability [26]
A. Heating cooling cycle: Six cycles between
refrigerator temperature 4˚C and 45˚C with
storage at each temperature of not less than 48h
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was studied. Those formulations, which were
stable at these temperatures, were subjected to
centrifugation test.
B. Centrifugation: Passed formulations were
centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 30min. Those
formulations that did not show any phase
separation were taken for the freeze thaw stress
test.
C. Freeze thaw cycle: Three freeze thaw cycles
between 4˚C and +25 ˚C with storage at each
temperature for not less than 48h was done for the
formulations. Those formulations, which passed
these thermodynamic stress tests, were further
taken for the dispersibility test for assessing the
efficiency of self-emulsification. The
formulations were observed visually for any
phase separation or color change.
CHARACTERIZATION OF
MICROEMULSIONS
Appearance
By visually inspecting the formulation under light
alternately against white and black backgrounds for
the existence of turbidity, the appearance was
determined. When compared to pure water, the
transparency of microemulsions was measured in
terms of percent transmittance. Using a UV-visible
spectrophotometer, the percent transmittance of a
known amount of formulation was multiplied by 100
and distilled water.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
MICROEMULSION
Percentage Drug Content of Formulation [16, 17]
The percentage drug content of the formulation was
analyzed by dissolving 1 ml of the formulation in 10
ml phosphate buffer pH 7.4. After suitable dilutions
with methanol, absorbance was determined using the
UV spectrophotometer (UV 1800, Shimadzu, Japan)
keeping blank microemulsion as control at
wavelength 242 nm.
Particle size analysis & Zeta-potential analysis [21]
For the determination of droplet size and zeta
potential the prepared formulations were suitably
diluted with distilled water. To ensure complete
dispersion of the formulation, the samples were
inverted twice. Following complete dispersion, the
microemulsions were subjected to HORIBA SZ-100
for the droplet size determination. The principle
involved is due to Brownian motion of droplets as a
function of time which is determined due to
fluctuation in light scattering, and it determines by
photon correlation spectroscopy.
In-vitro drug release study [24]
Franz diffusion cells with a cellulose membrane were
utilized to determine the Release rate of Rosuvastatin
calcium from different microemulsion formulations.
The cellulose (molecular weight G12 000) membrane
was first hydrated in the distilled water solution at 25
0
C for 24 hours. The membrane was then clamped
between the donor and receptor compartments of the
cells Diffusion cell was filled with 25 ml of
phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) and methanol (1:2). The
receptor fluid was constantly stirred by externally
driven magnetic bars at 600 rpm throughout the
experiment. Rosuvastatin calcium microemulsion (5
g) was accurately weighted and placed in donor
compartment. At 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 24 hr
time intervals, 2 ml sample was removed from
receptor for spectrophotometric determination and
replaced immediately with an equal volume of fresh
receptor solution. Samples were analyzed by UV
visible spectrophotometer at 242 nm. The results were
plotted as released drug percent versus time.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
UV Spectroscopy
The UV spectrum of Rosuvastatin Calcium was obtained in methanol as a solvent which shows absorbance
maxima at wavelength 242 nm.
Figure 2: Absorbance maxima at wavelength 242 nm of RC
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Calibration curve by UV Spectroscopy
The calibration curve of the Rosuvastatin Calcium was prepared in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and methanol. 10.1
shows the absorbance at λ max 242 nm for different concentrations of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Figure 10.2 and
Figure 10.3 shows the calibration curve. The regression coefficient was found to be 0.992 with slope value 0.072
and the Y intercept value 0.009 in phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The regression coefficient was found to be 0.994
with slope value 0.138 and the Y intercept value 0.009 in methanol. The results indicate that there is a linear
relationship between concentration (0-10 µg/ml) and absorbance.
Table 1: Calibration Curve of Rosuvastatin Calcium in Phosphate Buffer pH 7.4
Sr. No Concentration (µg/mL) Absorbance
1 0 0
2 2 0.13
3 4 0.34
4 6 0.46
5 8 0.59
6 10 0.72
Figure 3: Calibration Curve of Rosuvastatin Calcium in Phosphate Buffer pH 7.4
Table 2: Calibration Curve of Rosuvastatin Calcium in methanol
Sr. No Concentration (µg/mL) Absorbance
1 0 0
2 2 0.33
3 4 0.64
4 6 0.90
5 8 1.09
6 10 1.43
Figure 4: Calibration Curve of Rosuvastatin Calcium in methanol
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Screening of excipients by using solubility studies
Table 3: Data for solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium in various oil phase
Sr. No Oil Phase Solubility (mg/ml)
1 Olive Oil 7.68
2 Peppermint oil 12.13
3 Castor Oil 18.06
4 Soybean Oil 9.01
5 Cotton Seed Oil 13.42
6 Castor Oil 19.50
7 Isopropyl Myristate 32.58
8 Dill Oil 15.30
9 Almond Oil 22.71
10 Anise seed Oil 20.24
11 Jojoba Oil 24.82
12 Coconut Oil 15.36
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Solubility
mg/ml
Oil Phases
Solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium In Various Oils
Figure 5: Solubility of Rosuvastatin in Various Oil Phases
Table 4: Data for solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium in various surfactants
Sr. No Surfactants Solubility
1 Tween 20 58.40
2 Tween 40 35.20
3 Tween 80 33.50
4 Span 20 42.35
5 Span 40 25.60
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Figure 6: Solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium in Various Surfactants
Table 5: Data for solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium in various co-surfactants
Sr. No Co-Surfactant Solubility
1 Ethanol 32.42
2 Propylene Glycol 54.77
3 PEG 400 48.14
4 Glycerol 20.48
5 Benzyl alcohol 29.63
Figure 7: Solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium in Various Co-Surfactants
Drug Excipient Compatibility Studies
The observed IR peaks of Rosuvastatin Calcium and isopropyl myristate matches with the reported peaks which
are shown in the Table.
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Figure 8: IR Spectra of Rosuvastatin Calcium and isopropyl myristate
Table 6: Interpretation of IR Spectra of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Isopropyl myristate
Group Wave Number Absorption Range cm-1
N-H stretching 3541.42 3500
O-H stretching 3371.68 3550-3200
C-H stretching Phenol 2924.18 3000-2500
C-H stretching Alkane 2854.74 3000-2840
C-H stretching Aldehyde 2337.80 2830-2695
C-O stretching 1373.36 1310-1250
The observed IR peaks of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Tween 20 matches with the reported peaks which are
shown in the Table
Figure 9: IR Spectra of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Tween 20
Table 7: Interpretation of IR Spectra of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Tween 20
Group Observed Wave Number Absorption Range cm-1
N-H stretching 3549.14 3500
O-H stretching 3479.70 3550-3200
C-H stretching Phenol 2507.46 3000-2500
C-H stretching Alkane 2870.17 3000-2840
C-H stretching Aldehyde 2337.80 2830-2695
C=O stretching Ester 1735.99 1750-1735
The observed IR peaks of Rosuvastatin Calcium and propylene glycol matches with the reported peaks which
are shown in the Table.
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Figure 10: IR Spectra of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Propylene Glycol
Table 8: Interpretation of IR Spectra of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Propylene Glycol.
Group Observed Wave Number Absorption Range cm-1
N-H stretching 3518.28 3500
O-H stretching 3471.98 3550-3200
C-H stretching Phenol 2924.18 3000-2500
C-H stretching Alkane 2677.29 3000-2840
C-H stretching Aldehyde 2854.78 2830-2695
O-H bending Alcohol 1458.23 1420-1330
Construction of Pseudo Ternary Phase Diagram
The consideration for screening formulation of microemulsion usually involves: the formulation composition
should be simple, safe, and compatible; it should possess good solubility; a large efficient self-emulsification
region which should be found in the pseudo-ternary phase diagram, and have efficient droplet size after forming
micro-emulsion. Thus, pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the emulsifying regions with
maximum drug loading and to optimize the concentration of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant in the
microemulsion formulations and to obtain transparent and stable O/W micro-emulsions.
Figure 11: A Smix 1:1 Figure 12: B Smix 2:1
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Figure 13: C Smix 3:1 Figure 14: D Smix 1:2
Table 9: Formulations obtained from pseudo ternary phase diagram
Sr. No Formulations Oil Phase% Smix% Water %
Group 1 Smix=1:1
1 M1 5 25 70
2 M2 6 32 62
3 M3 10 40 50
4 M4 15 50 35
5 M5 17 60 23
Group 2 Smix=2:1
6 M1 4 24 72
7 M2 8 32 60
8 M3 12 38 50
9 M4 17 43 40
10 M5 20 50 30
Group 3 Smix=3:1
11 M1 5 25 70
12 M2 8 32 60
13 M3 12 38 50
14 M4 15 45 40
15 M5 20 50 30
Group 4 Smix=1:2
16 M1 5 25 70
17 M2 10 30 60
18 M3 15 35 50
19 M4 20 40 40
20 M5 25 45 30
Thermodynamic Stability Studies
Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable systems and are formed at a particular concentration of oil,
surfactant and water, with no phase separation, creaming or cracking. It is the thermostability which
differentiates nano or microemulsion from emulsions that have kinetic stability and will eventually phase
separate. Thus, the selected formulations were subjected to different thermodynamic stability testing by using
heating cooling cycle, centrifugation and freeze thaw cycle stress tests. Those formulations, which passed
thermodynamic stability tests, were taken for dispersibility test. Thus it was concluded that the efficiency of
surfactant and co-surfactant mixture was unaffected after exposing to extreme conditions.
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Table 10: Thermodynamic stability test of different formulations selected from Group 1
Group 1 (Fig. A)
Smix ratio (S:CoS) 1:1
Percentage w/w of different components in formulation
Inference
Formulations Oil Smix H/C Cent. Freez. Tha.
M1 5 25 X √ X Rejected
M2 6 32 √ X X Rejected
M3 10 40 √ X √ Rejected
M4 15 50 X √ X Rejected
M5 17 60 √ √ X Rejected
Table 11: Thermodynamic stability test of different formulations selected from Group 2
Group 2 (Fig. B)
Smix ratio (S:CoS) 2:1
Percentage w/w of different components in formulation
Inference
Formulations Oil Smix H/C Cent. Freez. Tha.
M1 4 24 X √ X Rejected
M2 8 32 √ √ √ Selected
M3 12 38 √ X X Rejected
M4 17 43 √ √ √ Selected
M5 20 50 X √ X Rejected
Table 12: Thermodynamic stability test of different formulations selected from Group 3
Group 3 (Fig. C)
Smix ratio (S:CoS) 3:1
Percentage w/w of different components in formulation
Inference
Formulations Oil Smix H/C Cent. Freez. Tha.
M1 5 25 X √ X Rejected
M2 8 32 X √ X Rejected
M3 12 38 √ √ √ Selected
M4 17 43 √ X X Rejected
M5 20 50 √ √ √ Selected
Table 13: Thermodynamic stability test of different formulations selected from Group 4
Group 4 (Fig. D)
Smix ratio (S:CoS) 1:2
Percentage w/w of different components in formulation Inference
Formulations Oil Smix H/C Cent. Freez. Tha.
M1 5 25 X √ X Rejected
M2 10 30 X √ √ Rejected
M3 15 35 √ X X Rejected
M4 20 40 √ X √ Rejected
M5 25 45 X √ X Rejected
Appearance
By visually inspecting the formulation under light alternately against white and black backgrounds for the
existence of turbidity, the appearance was ascertained. When compared to pure water, the transparency of
microemulsions was measured in terms of percent Transmittance. Using distilled water to dilute a given amount
of the formulation 100 times, the percent transmittance was calculated using a UV-visible spectrophotometer.
Percentage Drug Content
The drug content of all formulations ranged between 95.63 ±0.036 to 98.54±0.021% and passed uniformity of
content. The drugs content of M5 formulation was found to be 98.54% while other formulation drug content
found less than 97% so it was concluded that M5 formulation have more drug content as compare to others.
Table 14: Percentage Drug Content
Evaluation
Parameters
Group 2 Smix (2:1) Group 3 Smix(3:1)
M2 M4 M3 M5
Drug Content (mg/ml) 96.87±0.042 95.63±0.036 97.01±0.023 98.54±0.021
Particle size analysis & Zeta-potential analysis
The rate and extent of drug release and absorption could be dependent on the globule size. From the results of
pseudo ternary phase diagram, formulations M2, M3, M4 and M5 were further characterized for measurement of
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particle size and zeta potential. Also, it has been reported that the smaller particle size of the emulsion droplets
may lead to more rapid absorption as well as enhance the bioavailability of the formulation.
Table 15: Determination of Particle size analysis & Zeta-potential analysis
Sr. No Evaluation Parameters
Group 2 Smix (2:1) Group 3 Smix (3:1)
M2 M4 M3 M5
1 Mean Particle Size (nm) 45.5 56.4 170.01 122.4
2 Zeta potential (mV) -12.6 -12.3 -17.5 -22.8
Figure 15: Particle Size Analysis of formulation M2
Figure 16: Particle Size Analysis of formulation M3
Figure 17: Particle Size Analysis of formulation M4
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Figure 18: Particle Size Analysis of formulation M5
Figure 19: Zeta Potential Analysis of formulation M2
Figure 20: Zeta Potential Analysis of formulation M3
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Figure 21: Zeta Potential Analysis of formulation M4
Figure 22: Zeta Potential Analysis of formulation M5
In-vitro drug release study
The in-vitro release of RC-Microemulsion was examined for optimized formulation M3 and M5 was performed.
It determines that percentage drug release of M5 formulation is more than M3 formulation. It can be concluded
that the developed microemulsion M5 have great potential for transdermal drug delivery.
Table 16: Data for in vitro drug release study
Sr. No Time (hr) M3 M5
1 0 0 0
2 0.5 14.29 ±0.99 17.35±1.48
3 1 15.95 ±1.39 20.25 ±1.81
4 1.5 18.32 ±1.54 21.45 ±1.66
5 2 23.22 ±1.75 25.80 ±1.40
6 3 29.53 ±2.07 31.32 ±1.94
7 4 36.12 ±2.25 37.73 ±1.95
8 5 42.13 ±3.37 45.5 ±3.57
9 6 45.46 ±2.25 50.21 ±4.47
10 7 52.14 ±3.00 55.3 ±3.81
11 8 54.11±4.56 56.95±3.79
12 9 56.32±3.56 63.22±4.51
13 10 56.8±4.44 65.87±3.86
14 11 57.11±5.51 66.22±4.71
15 12 57.98±5.49 67.58±4.58
16 22 58.22±5.58 68.33±5.08
17 24 59.56±5.04 69.56±5.23
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Figure 23: In-vitro drug release study
CONCLUSION
Microemulsions are commonly referred to complex
liquids. In many cases this complex liquids can be
turned into an advantages and the systems turn out to
be simpler than the simple liquids. Microemulsions
can be successfully bypass the hepatic first pass
metabolism on transdermal application.
In this present study, Rosuvastatin Calcium
microemulsions were successfully prepared and
evaluated for different parameters such as particle
size, zeta potential, in-vitro drug release and stability
studies. The optimized microemulsion (M5)
formulation consist of oil phase isopropyl myristate
(20%), surfactant tween 20 (37.5%) and cosurfactant
propylene glycol (12.5%) with zeta potential of -22.8
mV and particle size 122.4 nm. Stability data
indicated stable formulation.
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