Nos complace anunciar a toda la comunidad científica internacional una nueva publicación de la Unión Internacional de Organizaciones de Investigación Forestal (IUFRO), preparada por su Proyecto Especial "Los Bosques del Mundo, la Sociedad y el Medio Ambiente (WFSE)" y titulada:
Forest and Society – Responding to Global Drivers of Change
El lanzamiento del libro se realizó en Agosto 2010 durante el XXIII Congreso Mundial de IUFRO en Seúl, Corea.
Para descargar el documento completo: http://www.iufro.org/science/special/wfse/forests-society-global-drivers/
The document discusses REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), a mechanism to reduce deforestation in developing countries. The Amazon rainforest stores a significant amount of carbon but has faced increasing deforestation, especially for agriculture. REDD financially incentivizes sustainable farming practices to reduce emissions while allowing economic growth. However, increased deforestation and agriculture also increase fire risks, which could undermine carbon savings if not properly monitored and managed under REDD policies. More research is still needed but REDD is seen as a promising approach if continuously improved and enforced.
The document outlines the Eyre Peninsula NRM Board's climate change research strategy and priorities. The objectives are to understand climate change through research and modeling, adapt to living with climate change through resilient farming systems, mitigate climate impacts by reducing emissions, and facilitate communication through knowledge sharing. Key research priorities include downscaling climate models, understanding impacts on water resources, developing adaptive land management, and opportunities to sequester carbon and reduce emissions.
This document summarizes a graduate research project report that applied systems thinking to understand deforestation in Vietnam's Central Highlands. The report developed a conceptual model of the dynamic interrelationships among drivers of deforestation in the region. It identified population growth, agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, poverty, and weak forest governance as key reinforcing processes that exacerbate deforestation. Current policies around migration, agriculture, hydropower, and afforestation were found to unintentionally worsen deforestation. The report argues a suite of integrated interventions is needed to weaken the reinforcing processes, including sustainable farming practices, alternative energy sources, strengthened forest protection programs, alternative livelihoods, and restricted timber extraction.
This document summarizes a study that assessed patterns of oak regeneration and carbon storage in relation to forest management, historical land use, and potential trade-offs between the two goals. The study was conducted in an oak-dominated forest in Illinois that had undergone various restoration-focused management regimes including prescribed fire and thinning over at least 20 years. The results showed that live biomass was increasing across the landscape but was not strongly related to differences in management or land use history. Oak regeneration was rare and also not strongly related to recent management. This indicates that current management has failed to create the open canopy conditions needed for successful oak recruitment. No significant trade-offs were found between biomass accrual and oak regeneration, likely because management has
Cristina BRANQUINHO "Searching for universal early-warning indicators of dese...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study searching for early-warning indicators of desertification tipping points at the ecosystem level. The study examines functional diversity patterns in plants and lichens along gradients of aridity and precipitation in Portugal. Results show shifts in plant functional groups and traits along these gradients. Lichen functional diversity also responds to changes in climate over time. The researchers conclude that functional diversity shows potential as a universal early-warning indicator that can anticipate desertification tipping points by reflecting integrated ecosystem responses to changes in climate and aridity.
Raffaele Pelorosso, Federica Gobattoni, Roberto Monaco and Antonio Leone on "A new approach for the assessment of landscape evolution scenarios: from whole to local scale"
The passage discusses the importance of summarization in an age of information overload. It notes that with the massive amount of online information available, being able to quickly understand the key points of documents is crucial. The ability to produce concise yet informative summaries can help people navigate large amounts of content and identify what is most relevant or important to their needs.
The document discusses REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), a mechanism to reduce deforestation in developing countries. The Amazon rainforest stores a significant amount of carbon but has faced increasing deforestation, especially for agriculture. REDD financially incentivizes sustainable farming practices to reduce emissions while allowing economic growth. However, increased deforestation and agriculture also increase fire risks, which could undermine carbon savings if not properly monitored and managed under REDD policies. More research is still needed but REDD is seen as a promising approach if continuously improved and enforced.
The document outlines the Eyre Peninsula NRM Board's climate change research strategy and priorities. The objectives are to understand climate change through research and modeling, adapt to living with climate change through resilient farming systems, mitigate climate impacts by reducing emissions, and facilitate communication through knowledge sharing. Key research priorities include downscaling climate models, understanding impacts on water resources, developing adaptive land management, and opportunities to sequester carbon and reduce emissions.
This document summarizes a graduate research project report that applied systems thinking to understand deforestation in Vietnam's Central Highlands. The report developed a conceptual model of the dynamic interrelationships among drivers of deforestation in the region. It identified population growth, agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, poverty, and weak forest governance as key reinforcing processes that exacerbate deforestation. Current policies around migration, agriculture, hydropower, and afforestation were found to unintentionally worsen deforestation. The report argues a suite of integrated interventions is needed to weaken the reinforcing processes, including sustainable farming practices, alternative energy sources, strengthened forest protection programs, alternative livelihoods, and restricted timber extraction.
This document summarizes a study that assessed patterns of oak regeneration and carbon storage in relation to forest management, historical land use, and potential trade-offs between the two goals. The study was conducted in an oak-dominated forest in Illinois that had undergone various restoration-focused management regimes including prescribed fire and thinning over at least 20 years. The results showed that live biomass was increasing across the landscape but was not strongly related to differences in management or land use history. Oak regeneration was rare and also not strongly related to recent management. This indicates that current management has failed to create the open canopy conditions needed for successful oak recruitment. No significant trade-offs were found between biomass accrual and oak regeneration, likely because management has
Cristina BRANQUINHO "Searching for universal early-warning indicators of dese...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study searching for early-warning indicators of desertification tipping points at the ecosystem level. The study examines functional diversity patterns in plants and lichens along gradients of aridity and precipitation in Portugal. Results show shifts in plant functional groups and traits along these gradients. Lichen functional diversity also responds to changes in climate over time. The researchers conclude that functional diversity shows potential as a universal early-warning indicator that can anticipate desertification tipping points by reflecting integrated ecosystem responses to changes in climate and aridity.
Raffaele Pelorosso, Federica Gobattoni, Roberto Monaco and Antonio Leone on "A new approach for the assessment of landscape evolution scenarios: from whole to local scale"
The passage discusses the importance of summarization in an age of information overload. It notes that with the massive amount of online information available, being able to quickly understand the key points of documents is crucial. The ability to produce concise yet informative summaries can help people navigate large amounts of content and identify what is most relevant or important to their needs.
This document provides definitions for key terms related to climate change vulnerability assessments. It begins with an overview and table of contents. The document then defines key concepts such as adaptation, adaptive capacity, assessment, climate change, ecosystem services, mitigation, resilience, uncertainty, and vulnerability. It provides definitions from sources like the IPCC and UN frameworks on climate change. The definitions are intended to establish a common understanding of terminology for those conducting integrated environmental assessments and reporting related to climate change vulnerability.
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexicoCSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study analyzed litter decomposition rates in different land uses in Mexico's Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve. Litter bags were placed in forest, agricultural, and pasture sites with varying levels of vegetation cover. After 6 months, the remaining litter weight and carbon/nitrogen content were measured. Pastures generally had the fastest decomposition rates, while maize crops were slowest. The site with the most vegetation cover (Lopez Mateos) saw slower decomposition than areas with less cover. Land use and litter quality influenced decomposition rates more than differences in vegetation cover alone. Further study is needed to understand the effects of microclimate and soil fauna on decomposition in this threatened protected area.
Mark Leighton - Forests: A Pivotal Player
From Biodiversity for a Livable Climate conference: "Restoring Ecosystems to Reverse Global Warming"
Saturday November 22nd, 2014
Ecosystem resilience and community values: Implications to ecosystem-based ad...Noralene Uy
The resilience analysis of ecosystems and mapping of community values and actions attempted in this study provide entry points for an ecosystem-based adaptation strategy which addresses positive and negative factors as well as acts on gaps and opportunities in enhancing climate resilience in Infanta.
Planning in Environmentally Special Regions- introDr S Ghoneim
This lecture provides an overview and agenda for the course "Planning of Environmentally Special Regions". It discusses the focus of the course, outlines the planning process, and emphasizes the importance of understanding ecosystems as the first step. Key points covered include identifying the types and components of ecosystems, their interactions and dynamics, as well as the benefits they provide. The lecture also highlights various socio-cultural, political, economic and environmental factors that influence planning for special regions and stresses the need for an integrated and responsive planning approach.
This document discusses the relationships between forest treatments, carbon budgets, and emissions. It introduces The Nature Conservancy's approach of focusing on "forest resilience practices" whose primary objective is to increase forest resilience to disturbances like fire. These practices can provide co-benefits like carbon sequestration and emissions reductions. The document reviews debates around how treatments may impact carbon storage and emissions over different timescales. It recommends considering the full life cycle of carbon in forests, including non-living carbon pools, to fully understand treatment impacts. Studies that account for more carbon sources and sinks generally provide more useful information for policy.
Mount Chiperone, located in Zambézia province district of Milange, highlights its relevance as an ecosystem that hosts an important biodiversity that is representative of inselberg ecosystems with high endemism. Mount Chiperone’s importance is also stressed considering its strategic location within the Afromontane region and its relevance for the structural and functional connectivity of the ecological corridor formed by different regions in East Africa that make up the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Corridor.
The baseline project was conducted in order to develop natural resources conservation strategies that are focused on active participation and empowerment of local communities, thereby promoting sustainable use of resources and social and economic development of local communities. To achieve this, Verde Azul team, through a participatory rural appraisal process, sought to understand local practices, the perception of the communities on natural resources and their interaction with them. This information was capitalized to create conservation alternatives that were developed and approved by the community for natural resources conservation as well as for alternative livelihood strategies.
How Twitter Saved My Life; Not Really, but Maybe?John Chen
My Ignite session for ASAE's annual conference, August 6-10 in St. Louis. The presentation is my story of how I used Twitter to save my life. It's really about turning online relationships into offline friends and networks.
The Youtube video of this presentation is available after the last slide.
Business Enlightener is a business intelligence portal aimed at small and medium enterprises. It provides centralized access to key performance indicators, analytics, reports and dashboards in an easy-to-use interface. Implementation costs are lower than traditional BI solutions and open source options. Business Enlightener uses SAP BusinessObjects tools and works with various data sources. It offers modular implementation, low maintenance costs, and the ability to start small and expand reporting and analytics over time.
GD PI Campus Interview by international trainers:Grab that dream job now
Do you want to get the most coveted corporate job?
Learn corporate skills/soft skills/GD skills and interview skills.
Learn to express yourself most confidently.
We will help you realize your dream.
We produce winners.Be the part of winning team.
The Marzoni Casual Collection for 2011 features a variety of casual clothing styles. The collection includes t-shirts, jeans, shorts, and casual dresses available in cotton, linen, and other breathable fabrics suited for warm weather. Colors for the season are bright and vibrant with an emphasis on blues, greens, and yellows to capture the feeling of summer.
The document discusses the evolution of computer systems used in manufacturing from early reorder point systems to more advanced modern systems like MRP, JIT, and MRP II. A manufacturing information system is defined as a computer-based system that works with other functional systems to support management in solving manufacturing problems. It consists of input subsystems, output subsystems, and users.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Chapter 3 discusses processes and process scheduling in operating systems. Key points include:
- A process is a program in execution and changes state as it runs. It is represented by a process control block containing its state and scheduling information.
- The CPU switches between processes using context switches. Processes move between ready, running, waiting, and terminated states.
- Schedulers such as long-term and short-term schedulers manage processes by moving them between queues like ready and device queues.
- Processes can create child processes and communicate between each other using interprocess communication mechanisms like message passing and shared memory.
- Client-server systems use remote procedure calls and sockets to enable communication between remote processes.
This document provides information about the company Dress The Drink, which creates unique garnishes and mixes for cocktails and desserts. It summarizes their products such as edible flowers, flavored rimming blends, and signature drinks. It also outlines their services including custom branding programs, luxury events, and wholesale pricing. The document promotes Dress The Drink as a one-stop shop for enhancing beverages and desserts with high-quality, creative garnishes and mixes.
The Morehead State University Career Services Suit Bank provides free professional attire to students and alumni for job interviews, career fairs, and networking events. Their Suit Bank offers men's and women's clothing that can be tried on and taken home to make a great first impression on employers without having to spend money on a new wardrobe.
This document summarizes a reading about reconnecting with old friends through a website called Classmates.com. It provides 3 key details:
1) Classmates.com is a website that allows people to find and contact old friends.
2) The reading discusses whether the author would use Classmates.com to contact old friends, with the author responding that they currently contact friends through other means.
3) The document includes a vocabulary list of words from the reading like "paid," "profitable," and "colleagues" along with their definitions in Spanish.
The document discusses code quality analysis tools in Visual Studio 2012, including code analysis, code metrics, code clone analysis, code coverage, and unit testing. It provides examples of code issues found by code analysis tools and how to resolve them, such as fixing spelling errors, removing exceptions, using parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection, and improving code structure and maintainability.
This document provides guidance on using Facebook and Twitter for social media marketing. It discusses the differences between Facebook pages and groups, as well as content strategies for each platform. The key points are:
- Facebook has over 500 million users who are highly engaged, checking daily
- Pages represent brands and organizations, while groups can be about any topic
- Pages have no member limits and push content to fans' feeds, while groups are limited to 5,000 members and only display content on their wall
- Content on both platforms should engage users and promote sharing to create viral marketing
Cloudwiredtv provides a hybrid cloud broadcasting solution that allows content to be delivered to any device. Their HD-MDN platform uses adaptive encoding to stream HD quality video to phones, tablets, set-top boxes, TVs and more. This allows broadcasters and network operators to deliver content across multiple screens and generate new revenue streams through video subscriptions and packages. The challenge is optimizing delivery across different networks and devices to provide high quality streaming.
The document discusses the need for digital and social media strategy training for today's cross-generational workforce. It notes the changing technology and economic landscapes as well as the digital divide. The hope is that learning leads to action and innovation to address this new normal. The training aims to be sustainable, relevant and leverage different generations' traits through practical exercises involving purpose, insights, ideas, content and tactics. The goal is to help learners develop strategies that achieve business objectives through digital and social channels.
This document provides definitions for key terms related to climate change vulnerability assessments. It begins with an overview and table of contents. The document then defines key concepts such as adaptation, adaptive capacity, assessment, climate change, ecosystem services, mitigation, resilience, uncertainty, and vulnerability. It provides definitions from sources like the IPCC and UN frameworks on climate change. The definitions are intended to establish a common understanding of terminology for those conducting integrated environmental assessments and reporting related to climate change vulnerability.
Land use effects on litter decomposition in tropical ecosystems in mexicoCSM _BGBD biodiversity
This study analyzed litter decomposition rates in different land uses in Mexico's Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve. Litter bags were placed in forest, agricultural, and pasture sites with varying levels of vegetation cover. After 6 months, the remaining litter weight and carbon/nitrogen content were measured. Pastures generally had the fastest decomposition rates, while maize crops were slowest. The site with the most vegetation cover (Lopez Mateos) saw slower decomposition than areas with less cover. Land use and litter quality influenced decomposition rates more than differences in vegetation cover alone. Further study is needed to understand the effects of microclimate and soil fauna on decomposition in this threatened protected area.
Mark Leighton - Forests: A Pivotal Player
From Biodiversity for a Livable Climate conference: "Restoring Ecosystems to Reverse Global Warming"
Saturday November 22nd, 2014
Ecosystem resilience and community values: Implications to ecosystem-based ad...Noralene Uy
The resilience analysis of ecosystems and mapping of community values and actions attempted in this study provide entry points for an ecosystem-based adaptation strategy which addresses positive and negative factors as well as acts on gaps and opportunities in enhancing climate resilience in Infanta.
Planning in Environmentally Special Regions- introDr S Ghoneim
This lecture provides an overview and agenda for the course "Planning of Environmentally Special Regions". It discusses the focus of the course, outlines the planning process, and emphasizes the importance of understanding ecosystems as the first step. Key points covered include identifying the types and components of ecosystems, their interactions and dynamics, as well as the benefits they provide. The lecture also highlights various socio-cultural, political, economic and environmental factors that influence planning for special regions and stresses the need for an integrated and responsive planning approach.
This document discusses the relationships between forest treatments, carbon budgets, and emissions. It introduces The Nature Conservancy's approach of focusing on "forest resilience practices" whose primary objective is to increase forest resilience to disturbances like fire. These practices can provide co-benefits like carbon sequestration and emissions reductions. The document reviews debates around how treatments may impact carbon storage and emissions over different timescales. It recommends considering the full life cycle of carbon in forests, including non-living carbon pools, to fully understand treatment impacts. Studies that account for more carbon sources and sinks generally provide more useful information for policy.
Mount Chiperone, located in Zambézia province district of Milange, highlights its relevance as an ecosystem that hosts an important biodiversity that is representative of inselberg ecosystems with high endemism. Mount Chiperone’s importance is also stressed considering its strategic location within the Afromontane region and its relevance for the structural and functional connectivity of the ecological corridor formed by different regions in East Africa that make up the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Corridor.
The baseline project was conducted in order to develop natural resources conservation strategies that are focused on active participation and empowerment of local communities, thereby promoting sustainable use of resources and social and economic development of local communities. To achieve this, Verde Azul team, through a participatory rural appraisal process, sought to understand local practices, the perception of the communities on natural resources and their interaction with them. This information was capitalized to create conservation alternatives that were developed and approved by the community for natural resources conservation as well as for alternative livelihood strategies.
How Twitter Saved My Life; Not Really, but Maybe?John Chen
My Ignite session for ASAE's annual conference, August 6-10 in St. Louis. The presentation is my story of how I used Twitter to save my life. It's really about turning online relationships into offline friends and networks.
The Youtube video of this presentation is available after the last slide.
Business Enlightener is a business intelligence portal aimed at small and medium enterprises. It provides centralized access to key performance indicators, analytics, reports and dashboards in an easy-to-use interface. Implementation costs are lower than traditional BI solutions and open source options. Business Enlightener uses SAP BusinessObjects tools and works with various data sources. It offers modular implementation, low maintenance costs, and the ability to start small and expand reporting and analytics over time.
GD PI Campus Interview by international trainers:Grab that dream job now
Do you want to get the most coveted corporate job?
Learn corporate skills/soft skills/GD skills and interview skills.
Learn to express yourself most confidently.
We will help you realize your dream.
We produce winners.Be the part of winning team.
The Marzoni Casual Collection for 2011 features a variety of casual clothing styles. The collection includes t-shirts, jeans, shorts, and casual dresses available in cotton, linen, and other breathable fabrics suited for warm weather. Colors for the season are bright and vibrant with an emphasis on blues, greens, and yellows to capture the feeling of summer.
The document discusses the evolution of computer systems used in manufacturing from early reorder point systems to more advanced modern systems like MRP, JIT, and MRP II. A manufacturing information system is defined as a computer-based system that works with other functional systems to support management in solving manufacturing problems. It consists of input subsystems, output subsystems, and users.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Chapter 3 discusses processes and process scheduling in operating systems. Key points include:
- A process is a program in execution and changes state as it runs. It is represented by a process control block containing its state and scheduling information.
- The CPU switches between processes using context switches. Processes move between ready, running, waiting, and terminated states.
- Schedulers such as long-term and short-term schedulers manage processes by moving them between queues like ready and device queues.
- Processes can create child processes and communicate between each other using interprocess communication mechanisms like message passing and shared memory.
- Client-server systems use remote procedure calls and sockets to enable communication between remote processes.
This document provides information about the company Dress The Drink, which creates unique garnishes and mixes for cocktails and desserts. It summarizes their products such as edible flowers, flavored rimming blends, and signature drinks. It also outlines their services including custom branding programs, luxury events, and wholesale pricing. The document promotes Dress The Drink as a one-stop shop for enhancing beverages and desserts with high-quality, creative garnishes and mixes.
The Morehead State University Career Services Suit Bank provides free professional attire to students and alumni for job interviews, career fairs, and networking events. Their Suit Bank offers men's and women's clothing that can be tried on and taken home to make a great first impression on employers without having to spend money on a new wardrobe.
This document summarizes a reading about reconnecting with old friends through a website called Classmates.com. It provides 3 key details:
1) Classmates.com is a website that allows people to find and contact old friends.
2) The reading discusses whether the author would use Classmates.com to contact old friends, with the author responding that they currently contact friends through other means.
3) The document includes a vocabulary list of words from the reading like "paid," "profitable," and "colleagues" along with their definitions in Spanish.
The document discusses code quality analysis tools in Visual Studio 2012, including code analysis, code metrics, code clone analysis, code coverage, and unit testing. It provides examples of code issues found by code analysis tools and how to resolve them, such as fixing spelling errors, removing exceptions, using parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection, and improving code structure and maintainability.
This document provides guidance on using Facebook and Twitter for social media marketing. It discusses the differences between Facebook pages and groups, as well as content strategies for each platform. The key points are:
- Facebook has over 500 million users who are highly engaged, checking daily
- Pages represent brands and organizations, while groups can be about any topic
- Pages have no member limits and push content to fans' feeds, while groups are limited to 5,000 members and only display content on their wall
- Content on both platforms should engage users and promote sharing to create viral marketing
Cloudwiredtv provides a hybrid cloud broadcasting solution that allows content to be delivered to any device. Their HD-MDN platform uses adaptive encoding to stream HD quality video to phones, tablets, set-top boxes, TVs and more. This allows broadcasters and network operators to deliver content across multiple screens and generate new revenue streams through video subscriptions and packages. The challenge is optimizing delivery across different networks and devices to provide high quality streaming.
The document discusses the need for digital and social media strategy training for today's cross-generational workforce. It notes the changing technology and economic landscapes as well as the digital divide. The hope is that learning leads to action and innovation to address this new normal. The training aims to be sustainable, relevant and leverage different generations' traits through practical exercises involving purpose, insights, ideas, content and tactics. The goal is to help learners develop strategies that achieve business objectives through digital and social channels.
This paper discusses the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in India, where a leak of toxic methyl isocyanate gas from a Union Carbide pesticide plant killed over 20,000 people. It describes how Union Carbide fought compensation claims and sought to minimize payouts. Key safety equipment was not functioning, yet the corporation blamed a disgruntled employee. Survivors continue suffering chronic illnesses while Union Carbide has refused health studies and downplays effects. The Sambhavna Trust provides care combining traditional and western medicine, with community involvement.
Qatar has unveiled its National ICT Plan 2015 to transform its economy and society through technology. The plan aims to double Qatar's ICT sector GDP contribution and workforce by 2015 by expanding broadband access, government services, and digital literacy. It includes 11 programs focused on infrastructure, skills, innovation, public services, and social inclusion. Qatar has already invested over $2 billion in its telecom sector since 2005 and aims to invest $550 million more by 2012 to deploy a nationwide fiber broadband network.
The tentative program for the Sarawak Domestic Investment Seminar held on July 28, 2011 at the Pullman Hotel in Kuching, Sarawak included sessions on investment opportunities in manufacturing and services, developing competitiveness in SMEs, and the Strategic Trade Act 2010. The official opening was to be conducted by the Chief Minister of Sarawak and the Minister of International Trade and Industry. Presentations were also scheduled from the State Planning Unit, Ministry of Transport, domestic companies, and Malaysian Industrial Development Finance Berhad on financing challenges.
The French government developed the Passport to the Digital Economy initiative to accelerate ICT adoption among small businesses. Through partnerships with organizations serving small businesses, the program provides ICT training and support to help small businesses integrate digital technologies. Over 170,000 small businesses have participated in the program. Evaluations found French small businesses' PC adoption rose from 72% to 98% between 2006-2010 and total program revenues for participating businesses increased by nearly 50%. The program is expanding within France and abroad.
VCU School of Dentistry Magazine /summer 2010mbushong
The Student American Dental Hygienists' Association (SADHA) Chapter at VCU's School of Dentistry provides oral health care services to residents at the Salvation Army Rehabilitation Center in Richmond. For three years, student dental hygienists have visited the center regularly to conduct oral health screenings, cleanings, and extractions for residents in need of dental treatment. Their services help alleviate pain for residents recovering from drug and alcohol addiction. Funds raised by SADHA have allowed for 80 screenings, 14 cleanings, and 11 extractions over the years. The project provides needed care while giving students experience serving underserved populations.
This document is a guidebook for indigenous communities about REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) and climate change. It provides basic information on climate change, how it is affecting indigenous peoples, and actions being taken internationally. It then explains what REDD is, how the concept was developed, and how REDD programs work. The guidebook also discusses the impacts of REDD on indigenous peoples' rights and livelihoods, as well as potential benefits. It emphasizes the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and how communities can protect their rights in relation to REDD and climate change programs. The intended audience is indigenous communities and the purpose is to increase awareness and understanding in order to promote
Beyond mitigation: forest-based adaptation to climate changeCIFOR-ICRAF
Forests and climate change adaptation are linked in two ways: first, through
adaptation for forests, because climate change will affect forests and so
they need help to adapt; second, through forests for adaptation, because
forests contribute to helping local communities and broader society adapt to
climate change. Both linkages are explored in this presentation, together
with the synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation in
forestry projects. The possibilities and challenges in these ideas are
explored by using wetlands as a case in point. CIFOR and CIRAD scientist
Bruno Locatelli and colleague Emilia Pramova gave this presentation at the
FAO-UNEP Meeting on Forests and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia during October 2011 in Bangkok, Thailand.
An Overview Of Theoretical And Empirical Studies On DeforestationAngie Miller
This document provides an overview of theoretical and empirical studies on deforestation. It begins with definitions of forest and deforestation from various institutions like the FAO, UNEP, and UNFCCC. It discusses factors that influence deforestation, categorizing them as proximate/direct causes and underlying/indirect causes. The document then explores several economic theories of deforestation in more depth, including the proximate-underlying causes theory, environmental Kuznets curve theory for deforestation, forest transition theory, and land rent/land use change theory. It concludes by reviewing similarities and differences across these theories and possibilities for future extensions.
The document discusses various wilderness areas around the world and issues relating to their protection. It mentions areas like Antarctica, Clayoquot Sound, and indigenous lifestyles within wilderness regions. There is increasing pressure on wilderness environments from factors like resource exploitation, development, and tourism. Effective strategies are needed to manage these pressures and protect the fragile ecosystems and global importance of wilderness areas.
This report gives an overview of the current status and potential future of the principal ecosystems of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) and, by association, the well-being of millions of people who are dependent on the region’s ecosystem services.
1) Climate change is causing ecosystems to degrade and become less able to provide vital services to human lives and well-being. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) uses biodiversity and ecosystem services to help people adapt to climate change impacts.
2) EbA involves sustainably managing, conserving, and restoring ecosystems to make them more climate resilient and continue providing essential services. This allows ecosystems to enhance human resilience to climatic and non-climatic threats.
3) There is now broad acceptance of EbA as defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity and promoted through international frameworks like the UNFCCC. Five years of a global EbA program provide lessons on criteria for effective Eb
This document summarizes a journal article that explores using community risk assessments (CRAs) to facilitate local adaptation to climate change. It discusses how traditional top-down approaches to climate change adaptation have limitations, and how bottom-up approaches using CRAs can help address those limitations. CRAs are participatory methods used to assess hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities at the community level. The document analyzes examples of CRAs conducted by Red Cross societies to demonstrate how they can foster community engagement in climate risk reduction. However, it also notes challenges to using CRAs for climate change adaptation, such as keeping them simple enough for wide application and linking CRA results to policy.
The Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of the Implementation of Carbon ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Carbon sequestration through forestry can help in the mitigation of global warming. For Africa, carbon sequestration also represents an opportunity to fund sustainable through financial inflows. However, with a low share of global carbon trade, there are strong concerns that African countries are losing out this valuable opportunity. Markets for environmental services have been growing in recent years wherein more and more people are willing to pay for benefits such as natural beauty, clean water, biodiversity etc. Carbon sequestration constitutes an important segment of this market. The study focused on the socio-economic and environmental impacts of carbon project implemented in Humbo district SNNPR, Ethiopia.
IntroductionWelcome to the year 2050. Where there are no more .docxvrickens
Introduction
Welcome to the year 2050. Where there are no more ice caps remaining in the arctic, 35 million people have been affected by flooding this year alone, 2 million people displaced by weather and climate-linked disasters and deforestation has left us with little to no trees left to provide vital oxygen for us. “Climate change is a reality that is happening now, and that we can see its impact across the world” (Haddrill, 2014) Climate change can be defined as the changes in the pattern of the climate due to natural and human resources that have been used inappropriately. Climate is defined as the “average weather” (Calow, 1998) for a particular region. Climate change is the human activities that affect Earth’s climate by using the human activities inappropriately that leads to the warming of the Earth.
Climate change is a bigger issue that is linked to many other smaller aspects in our world. In this paper, I will explore climate change and its various aspects. I will also elaborate on these sub aspects in greater detail.
Renewable Energy Sources & Climate Mitigation
analysis of renewable energy technologies and their current and potential role in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate Change & Financial Crisis
Gender Responsiveness To Climate Change
Climate Change and Public Health
Securing Water Supplies
Climate Change Induced Challenges On Deforestation
Effects on Wildlife
How Urbanization Is Affecting Climate Change
Ocean Life and Climate Change
How Do we fix this?: Effective Response to Climate Change
Introduction
Welcome to the year 2050. Where there are no more ice caps remaining in the arctic, 35 million people have been affected by flooding this year alone, 2 million people displaced by weather and climate-linked disasters and deforestation has left us with little to no trees left to provide vital oxygen for us. “Climate change is a reality that is happening now, and that we can see its impact across the world” (Haddrill, 2014) Climate change can be defined as the changes in the pattern of the climate due to natural and human resources that have been used inappropriately. Climate is defined as the “average weather” (Calow, 1998) for a particular region. Climate change is the human activities that affect Earth’s climate by using the human activities inappropriately that leads to the warming of the Earth.
Climate change is a bigger issue that is linked to many other smaller aspects in our world. In this paper, I will explore climate change and its various aspects. I will also elaborate on these sub aspects in greater detail.
Renewable Energy Sources & Climate Mitigation
analysis of renewable energy technologies and their current and potential role in the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate Change & Financial Crisis
Gender Responsiveness To Climate Change
Climate Change and Public Health
Securing Water Supplies
Climate Change Induced Challenges On Deforesta ...
This document discusses applying a resilience perspective to challenges around water, food, and poverty. It outlines four interesting aspects of resilience thinking: 1) linked social-ecological systems and tradeoffs between ecosystem services, 2) regime shifts between persistent and developing systems, 3) the role of disturbances and shocks, and 4) operationalizing adaptive management. It provides two case studies, one restoring ecosystem services in the Andes and one using water innovations to transform dynamics in Tanzania. The document seeks to understand how resilience can enhance development and improve the connection between theory and practice.
Running head ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE1ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
1
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
2
Environmental Science
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Environmental Science
Environmental science part 1
1page Define stewardship and define sustainability.
Stewardship of the ecosystem refers to a framework that is action-oriented and that seeks to develop the sustainability of the socio-ecological environment of a planet that is rapidly changing planet. It considers the means through which the resources availed by the environment are managed with the intent of ensuring they are not wasted or exhausted. Sustainability on the other hand refers to the facilitation of current needs by using the environment without jeopardizing future generations’ ability to meet their needs.
Considering the Amazon forest, there are several considerations that can be made in light of the stewardship and sustainable utilization of the resource. To begin with, it is imperative that Amazon resource are conserved by being included as a conservation reserve and marked for protection and sustainability. Additionally, it could be placed under a covenant of conservation. There should also be an inventory of the natural resources in the Amazon including a comprehensive inventory of the biological resources found in the forest and which should be monitored within regular intervals. Additionally, there should be increased research on the identification of maintenance procedures of proper biological and physical processes from the forest. There should also be policies set that determine the sustainable utilization of timber from the Amazon rainforest according to proper standards that will ensure that future generations use of the same is not endangered (Chapin III & Matson, 2011).
The environmental implications that can arise as a result of deforestation of the Amazon forest are innumerable. To begin with animals dependent on the forest would find it difficult to survive and, therefore, may become extinct. This would make them unavailable for future generations. Additionally, deforestation leads to an imbalance between the carbon dioxide: oxygen ratio in the atmosphere. As a result, air pollution will become aggravated.
PART 2
Ecosystems and How They Work - Sustainable Development close
In this assignment, you will investigate the biotic and abiotic structure and function of an ecosystem. Choose one of the following ecosystems:
Tropical rainforest
An ecosystem refers to a correlated community of both living and non-living organisms and the environment in which they are found. It comprises an abiotic and biotic component. For this discussion the ecosystem chosen is a tropical rainforest. The biome of a rainforest is highly complex as it comprises a myriad of various plant and animal species which are adapted to surviving under rainy conditions. An example is the Amazon rainforest. In the rainforest ecosystem there exist various plant levels, with the highest being the tall trees that fo.
WWF Study: Vulnerability analysis of the amazon biome ClimateCourse
This document provides an analysis of climate vulnerability in the Amazon biome and its protected areas. It begins with an overview of climate change impacts on the region, including increasing temperatures, more frequent droughts and floods, and increased forest fires. It then presents a conceptual framework for assessing climate risks and resilience. The methodology assesses exposure to climate hazards, climate risks to ecosystem services, and factors that build ecosystem resilience. Key findings include increased temperature across the biome, spatially variable drought and flood impacts, and concentration of fires in deforestation fronts. The analysis aims to support climate adaptation and resilience building in Amazon protected areas.
QUESTIONS (A):
1. Describe why finding solutions to environmental problems is so difficult. Do you think it has always been as complicated?
2. Describe what is meant by an ecosystem approach to environmental problem solving. Is this the right approach?
3. List two key environmental issues for each of the following regions: the wilderness North, the agricultural middle, the forested West, the dry West, the Great Lakes and industrial Northeast and the South. How are the issues changing?
QUESTIONS (B):
4. Define environment and ecosystem and provide examples of these terms from your region.
5. Describe how environmental conflicts are resolved.
6. Select a local environmental issue and write a short essay presenting all sides of the question. Is there a solution to this problem.
This document discusses four papers that evaluate the potential for joint adaptation and mitigation (JAM) strategies in forestry and agriculture in developing countries. Paper 1 demonstrates the economic benefits of JAM in mangrove forest replanting in Cambodia. Paper 2 assesses autonomous adaptation among farmers in Nepal. Paper 3 models farmers' irreversible adaptation decisions under different climate scenarios. Paper 4 provides an overview of JAM concepts and practices in forests and agriculture, identifying barriers to implementation. The document concludes that a holistic landscape approach is needed for JAM, as adaptation and mitigation can have spatially and temporally displaced synergistic and individual effects.
The document summarizes proceedings from a workshop on climate change for civil society organizations in Andhra Pradesh, India. It discusses how watershed development projects can integrate climate change concerns by promoting adaptation strategies. Presentations covered the science of climate change, national climate plans, and the role of CSOs. Participants learned how to build capacity for climate action and prepare communities for impacts through activities like improved natural resource management and migration support. The workshop aimed to help CSOs address climate change in their work.
Importance of Environmental Journalism in PakistanMuhammad Qasim
This document discusses the importance of environmental journalism in Pakistan. It covers several topics, including the challenges of reporting on environmental issues, significant themes like climate change and energy efficiency, and framing issues in a way that empowers readers. The goal of environmental journalism is to communicate earth systems thinking and facilitate public understanding of complex scientific topics in order to engage citizens and inform policy decisions. It is becoming increasingly important for journalists in Pakistan to cover these issues.
Mark Leighton - Forests: A Pivotal Player bio4climate
Mark Leighton - Forests: A Pivotal Player
From Biodiversity for a Livable Climate conference: "Restoring Ecosystems to Reverse Global Warming"
Saturday November 22nd, 2014
The Practice of Green Social Work in the Context of Protected Areas in the Ph...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Since human wellbeing clearly depends on the environment, the part of the environment in
social work's mission and scope ought to be a critical issue. Social work should also highlight the relevance of
the environment and the significant roles that social workers play in the advocacy and protection of the
environment such as the protected areas. The basis of this paper therefore anchors on the interlinkages of the
social work profession with green social work practice or the eco-social work paradigm. Utilizing literature
review, this paper discussed the importance of protected areas and their conservation in the practice of green
social work in the Philippines. The findings of the analysis were considered as important inputs for the
enhancement of social work curriculum in the Philippines by integrating the green social work paradigm in the
course offerings.
Keywords: Green social work practice, curriculum development, protected areas, Philippines
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More from Biblioteca Conmemorativa Orton IICA/CATIE (17)
Forests and Society – Responding to Global Drivers of Change
1. PART I
IntroductIon
11
Gerardo Mery
FORESTS AND SOCIETY – RESPONDING TO GLOBAL DRIVERS OF CHANGE
2.
3. INTRODUCTION
1 Forests in a Changing World
Gerardo Mery and René I. Alfaro
1.1 The Rationale of the Book A key aspect in this publication was to investigate
whether the foremost paradigm that has governed
This new book produced by the International Union forestry during the last two decades, namely sustain-
of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Special able forest management (SFM), is really working in
Project on World Forests, Society and Environment practice for people and nature. We acknowledge the
(WFSE) is the result of a collaborative effort involv- strategic impetus provided by SFM in the sustained
ing researchers in multiple disciplines from through- production of goods and services, and in the mainten-
out the world. The publication was conceived as a ance of future options related to forests, without dam-
forum to analyse the challenges, threats, and oppor- aging other ecosystems. However, the rampant rate of
tunities facing the forest sector due to the profound deforestation and forest degradation that still exists,
changes that our planet and contemporary society are the continuity of the serious problems affecting our
experiencing. The unprecedented pressures produced planet’s biodiversity, and the persistence of poverty
by these changes – many of which are global in na- in areas where forest resources play an important
ture, such as climate change, the growing demands role in socio-economic development, has led us to
of human society on natural resources, and increas- think that the ultimate solution to these problems
ing deforestation – often place the very survival of must be found not only by considering forests and
numerous ecosystems at risk, threatening their resil- forestry activities, but also in looking beyond the
ience, and seriously affecting the biodiversity of the forest sector.
planet and the well-being of society. Therefore, our a priori consideration was the
This book follows our previous publication, For- urgent need to broaden the concept of SFM through
ests in the Global Balance: Changing Paradigms a more integrated notion of social and natural re-
(Mery et al. 2005), and uses a similar research ap- source management, including the management of
proach in which the analyses evolve in broad global land, water, and other natural resources along with
or regional levels, and the phenomena studied are the forests. On that basis, we may find a proper bal-
intended to describe problems and challenges in a ance – at the broadest landscape level – that enables
comprehensive manner. Our aim has been to avoid an us not only to use these natural resources, but also
analysis of the forest sector in isolation. We wanted to to effectively conserve them for the benefit of future
consider the pressures and synergies on forests pre- generations.
sented by other socio-economic sectors, particularly Special emphasis was placed on analysing poli-
those that have a clear impact on forests and forestry, cies and institutional arrangements being pursued
such as wood-based industries, agriculture, energy, to address new challenges, and how global and re-
infrastructure, and the complex array of pressures gional policy goals translate into tangible progress
from a growing human population and the resultant in sustainable forest management at the local level.
high demands for forest products and services. We Drawing on experience to date, and on the perceived
wanted to apply an interdisciplinary approach to the growing complexity of the forestry sector, policy and
topics studied. institutional arrangements are proposed, as well as
Our primary interest was to identify the main conclusions about the profile of new professionals
drivers of change and their direct or indirect re- needed to meet crucial challenges affecting forests,
percussions on forests and forestry, to propose ways society, and the environment.
to reduce the adverse effects posed by these drivers, Consistent with the analysis and assumptions
and to identify the benefits or opportunities these outlined above, this book, Forests and Society – Re-
drivers of change may bring. We have included a sponding to Global Drivers of Change, offers readers
number of case studies that serve to illustrate how 24 chapters grouped into six parts. This first part 13
society and institutions are striving to respond to the is introductory, explains the purpose of the book,
aforementioned drivers of change, at different scales, and describes a brief introduction for each chap-
and in diverse parts of the world. ter. The second part, in six chapters, analyses the
FORESTS AND SOCIETY – RESPONDING TO GLOBAL DRIVERS OF CHANGE
4. 1 FORESTS IN A CHANGING WORLD
von Thünen Institut
Photo 1.This book was developed by 160 authors from all around the world through a collaborative and
open process.The photo shows the participants to the Editorial Workshop organised on the premises of
von Thünen Institut in Hamburg, Germany, in June 2009.
global environmental changes affecting the world’s climate change, and the use of forests in adaptation
forests. The third part, also with six chapters, deals practices, as well as associated policy issues.
with issues relating to global socio-economic chan- In Chapter 3, Harnessing Forests for Climate
ges affecting forests. The fourth part presents eight Change Mitigation through REDD+, the authors
regional or local examples of forest-related challen- point out that deforestation, forest degradation, and
ges and opportunities in the changing world. The fifth land-use changes are major sources of carbon emis-
part, in two chapters, deals with forest management sions. The urgent need to reduce carbon emissions
options, policies, and institutional arrangements the has led to the development of mechanisms, such as
authors believe are needed to address new challen- REDD+, that may provide an attractive option to
ges, and present the main findings, highlighting the enable developed countries to partially achieve their
challenges and opportunities found within the book, reduction targets through investment in developing
and propose strategies to promote a better future for countries. Such mechanisms may also provide less
people and forests. In the sixth part, the final chapter developed countries with a source of financing for
of the book, the reader will find in-depth analyses sustainable forest management to support rural de-
of the challenges and opportunities faced by forests velopment plans and poverty reduction strategies.
and forestry in a changing world. Beginning with The implementation of these new mechanisms will
Part 2, Chapter 2, the individual chapters are briefly demand the active participation of local communi-
described below. ties, enabling them to benefit from emerging carbon
markets and opportunities generated by the renewal
of governmental institutions, and the formulation and
1.2 Brief Introduction to application of new policies and regulations.
Chapter 4, Air Pollution Impacts on Forests in
the Chapters a Changing Climate, is also concerned with climate
change issues. The authors point out that awareness
Chapter 2 is Forests and Adaptation to Climate of air pollution effects on forests from the early 1980s
Change: Challenges and Opportunities. In this chap- led to intensive research, monitoring, and public
ter, the authors explain why and how forests and awareness, particularly in developed countries. The
forest-dependent societies are likely to be affected first indications of a recovery of forest soil and tree
by climate change and its associated environmental conditions – which may be attributed to improved
14 and socio-economic disturbances. The chapter pro- air quality – have been identified. However, the in-
vides an overview of climate change as a driver of tegrative effects of air pollution and climatic change
change in forests, the challenges and opportunities (particularly elevated O3) altered nutrient cycling and
of adapting forests and forest-dependent people to availability, temperature, water availability, and el-
FORESTS AND SOCIETY – RESPONDING TO GLOBAL DRIVERS OF CHANGE
5. 1 FORESTS IN A CHANGING WORLD
evated CO2, will be key issues for research, including fied and investigated. The reallocation of the forest
into interactions of these effects and the development industry’s production capacity in developing coun-
of ecosystem models integrating multiple effects. tries is analysed. The authors also discuss the chang-
In Chapter 5, Forest Cover in Global Water Gov- ing face of forestry and the global markets for wood
ernance, the authors stress the importance of water products, coupled with timberland investment as a
as a key resource for growing human populations form of joint response to changing economies, mar-
and for sustaining increased production of food and kets, land values, technologies, and public policies.
energy under threat from climate change. The central The greater environmental awareness of consumers
role of forests in water cycling and for protecting is also considered.
water quality is also emphasised. The development Chapter 9, Implications of Technological De-
of a common understanding of the role of forest man- velopment (TD) to Forestry, observes that TD often
agement in water governance, and a readiness for creates new opportunities and structures that make
diverse future scenarios in a global change perspec- obsolete and commonly destroy the old technolo-
tive are key objectives. Major conclusions include gies. Technological development has rarely been the
emphasis on preparedness for solutions where forest focus of forest research, despite its large impact on
management is part of water governance to meet different fields of forest sciences and forestry. The
the needs of different land users. The importance of impacts of technological change on the forest sector
transparency and local involvement of stakeholders are analysed by focusing on three technologies: in-
is also discussed. formation and communication technologies, biotech-
Chapter 6, Forest Biodiversity and Ecosystem nology applications in forestry, and laser technology
Services: Drivers of Change, Responses, and Chal- applications to forest inventories and monitoring.
lenges, describes four relevant anthropogenic driv- The implications and opportunities created by these
ers of change in biodiversity, namely conversion of three technologies are analysed, as well as the chal-
forests into agricultural lands, over-exploitation of lenges that they represent.
forests, air pollution leading to climate change and Chapter 10, Forests and Bioenergy Production,
acid rain, and invasive species. The authors recom- refers to the growing global role of forests as a renew-
mend a proactive approach to forest conservation, able energy source. The authors explain how woody
combining aspects of willingness to conserve with biomass is increasingly being used for power, heat,
willingness to pay for further conservation; removal and in the derivation of transportation fuels. Forest-
of administrative barriers to sustainable forest man- based energy production can reduce the use of fossil
agement and protection; landscape management; fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases. How-
inter-sectoral coordination between international, ever, the over-utilisation of forest ecosystems can
national, and local policies; increased communica- jeopardise the sustainable development of forests and
tion among stakeholders; and more research on the have negative effects on the people who are depend-
interactions between biodiversity and ecosystem ent on them. Therefore, forest energy policies have to
services. be based on the principle of sustainable development,
In Chapter 7, Forest Health in a Changing Envi- ensuring both socio-economic and environmental vi-
ronment, the authors emphasise that climate change ability of this use of the resource.
will have profound effects on future forest distribu- Chapter 11, Forestry in Changing Social Land-
tion and composition, as well as on the organisms scapes, describes how current rapid changes tend
living in forests. It describes how climate change to push social and ecological systems toward un-
models anticipate that trees will become more sus- sustainable conditions. The challenge is to maintain
ceptible to insects and diseases as these organisms the balance between these systems and, simultane-
sustain alterations in their lifecycles, increase their ously, secure ecological resilience while avoiding
host ranges and virulence, and become important social disruption and insecurity. Global population
drivers of change in forest ecosystems. Accelerated growth, its concentration in urban centres, as well
global trade will foster the likelihood of introduction as changing consumption habits, will impact global
of new pathogens as well as plants and animals alien land use, including forests. Perceptions and attitudes,
to native ecosystems. Measures for increasing forest and inherent cultures of societies, determine the level
resistance to climate-induced forest health decline of public support and success of forestry, the imple-
and the role of pest management as a mitigating tool mentation of sustainable management, and effective
for climate change on forests are presented. conservation measures.
Chapter 8, Changes in Global Markets for Forest Chapter 12, Forests, Human Health and Well-
Products and Timberlands, presents a brief review of being in Light of Climate Change and Urbanisation,
the major global trends in the trade of forest products, begins with the recognition that forests provide a 15
followed by an analysis of foreign direct investment wide range of ecosystem goods and services ben-
in forest industries, and the growth of timberland eficial (and in many cases, absolutely required) for
investments. The driving forces of changes are identi- human life in both urban and rural areas. In addition,
FORESTS AND SOCIETY – RESPONDING TO GLOBAL DRIVERS OF CHANGE
6. 1 FORESTS IN A CHANGING WORLD
forests are important arenas for recreation, aesthetic that provides a more precise identification of the
appreciation, and stress relief, and for some cultures, real potential of communal forestry to contribute to
even spiritual renewal. However, many of these posi- rural development. The authors review some of the
tive effects of forests on human health and well-being challenges faced by community forestry develop-
may be threatened as a result of climate change. In- ment initiatives, and critically reflect on the need
creased pressure on urban forests and their capacity for actions to favour community forestry enterprise
to provide ecosystem services, reduced availability development and their integration into forest prod-
and quality of recreational areas, and higher risk of ucts value chains. These measures are seen necessary
exposure to vector-borne diseases are some of the to enhance the generation of profits and to better
adverse effects discussed. prepare community-based enterprises to deal with
Chapter 13, Extra-Sectoral Drivers of Forest complex policies and regulations. Finally, the po-
Change, discusses the importance of drivers that tentials, limitations, and challenges of community
are external to the forest sector in shaping forests and smallholder forestry are discussed.
and forestry. These driving forces originate beyond Emerging Local Economic and Social Dynamics
forestry, and often affect forests and their social, eco- Shaping East African Forest Landscapes is the sub-
nomic, and ecological functions. The authors explain ject of Chapter 17. It focuses on three East African
that these drivers of change have frequently contrib- countries: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Climate
uted to extra-sectoral influences that eclipse secto- change is a future threat in the region, accentuated by
ral developments as key drivers of forest landscape the heavy dependency of local communities on forest
transformation. A brief overview of extra-sectoral resources for income and fuelwood. Conversion of
pressures on forests, and the effects these have had forest land to agriculture is another key challenge.
on forest-dependent communities, is given. Among the major drivers of deforestation is the fail-
Chapter 14, Sustainability of Boreal Forests and ure to implement policies and regulations meant to
Forestry in a Changing Environment, explains that control the use of forest resources. New initiatives
this extensive biome, which is undergoing changes have been undertaken to help resolve these challeng-
such as thawing of permafrost and increased levels of es, including decentralisation, increasing participa-
natural and anthropogenic disturbance, may produce tion of communities in the management of forests,
net releases of CO2 and methane, while forest cover expanding the role of the private sector, and local
with greater biomass can be expected to expand onto communities in forest plantation development.
the arctic tundra. Human use in some parts of north- In Chapter 18, Secondary Forests in West Africa:
ern forests is becoming more centralised and indus- A Challenge and Opportunity for Management, the
trialised. The ecosystems and people of the world’s authors point out that secondary forests constitute
boreal forests are vulnerable to impending climatic about 90% of West African forests. These forests
and socio-economic changes. Despite these changes, are often degraded and continue to suffer diverse
the boreal zone will continue to present opportunities pressures and disturbances. Viable options for the
to undertake landscape management over large areas sustainable use of these forests must be developed.
dominated by natural forests to conserve biodiversity, A broad dissemination and application of rehabilita-
establish and sustain economically viable enterprises tion concepts based on ecological processes – such
and enhance development opportunities for northern as succession – must be undertaken. Applicable sil-
communities. vicultural management systems, including enrich-
Chapter 15, Amazon Forests at the Crossroads: ment planting, refining, and liberation to gradually
Pressures, Responses, and Challenges, describes re-convert degraded forests into valuable timber
some of the current key social, occupational, and resources, must be explored and applied with local
political dynamics in the region, and reviews the participation. Agroforestry and utilisation of non-
prime threats affecting Amazonian forests and rural wood forest products also offer good possibilities
livelihoods. Among these are cattle-ranching, soy- for management, economic improvement of impov-
beans production, logging, infrastructure expansion, erished resources and food security, contributing
and the oil and gas industry. Also, a review of several to the stabilisation of livelihood strategies of rural
recent responses to these threats is discussed, includ- populations.
ing progress in retooling institutions: for example, Chapter 19, Promoting Sustainable Forest
land tenure reform, decentralised government and Management Through Community Forestry in the
deregulation, and incentives to support sustainable Philippines, explains that participation and equity
forest use and the newly emerging REDD initia- are core values of “community forestry or partici-
tives. patory forestry.” The Philippines is one of the pio-
16 Chapter 16, Opportunities and Challenges for neers in Asia in the adoption of community-based
Community Forestry: Lessons from Tropical Ameri- forest management strategies, having three decades
ca, focuses on the actual contribution of forests and of experience in promoting sustainable forest man-
trees to rural livelihoods concentrating on evidence agement (SFM) through the participation of local
FORESTS AND SOCIETY – RESPONDING TO GLOBAL DRIVERS OF CHANGE
7. 1 FORESTS IN A CHANGING WORLD
communities. The potential and current limitations of Chapter 22, Managing Forested Landscapes for
this national strategy are explored, and the rationale, Socio-Ecological Resilience, puts forward new ap-
history, objectives, and analyses of the factors behind proaches for managing forests for wood and other
its development are explained. Different approaches ecosystem goods and services. Case studies are used
to community forestry, accomplishments, and out- to illustrate recent advances in forest management
comes are discussed; the enabling and reinforcing in response to local impacts brought on by global
mechanisms are analysed, along with the issues and change that address current challenges and ele-
challenges facing the implementation of SFM. Fi- ments of an emerging management paradigm based
nally, a synopsis of conclusions and lessons learned on ecological and socio-economic systems. Such a
is presented. framework recognises the complexity of systems,
Chapter 20, Genetic Resources and Conser- their hierarchical structures, their interactions, and
vation of Mahogany in Mesoamerica, reviews the their capacity for self-organisation. Learning how to
current knowledge on the genetic variation of ma- facilitate the ability of natural forest systems to self-
hogany (Swietenia spp.) and discusses the impor- organise, adapt and evolve, and to guide them towards
tance of provenance variability, seed transfer and a desired appropriate state is one of the challenges.
sourcing recommendations. Further, the authors The increasing importance of engagement, capacity
explore management strategies for mahogany, and building, and participation in landscape management
provide guidelines for conversing genetic diversity in is recognised as a first step toward maintaining the
different forest landscapes. They conclude that con- provision of ecosystem goods and services.
servation and sustainable management of mahogany Chapter 23, Ability of Institutions to Address
genetic resources are not simple tasks, requiring local New Challenges, presents an analytical framework
community involvement to prevent illegal logging. for reviewing research findings and analysing the
Community efforts must be compensated to ensure most promising institutional settings with which to
mutual benefit. Landscape level strategies for the address the drivers of change, to ameliorate problems,
effective management of mahogany trees outside of and to encourage responsible and sustainable forest
forests, for example in agroforestry practices, are ur- management. Attention is focused on the shift from
gently needed. An international consensus is needed government to governance, political authority, dis-
for phytosanitary procedures. entangling abstract policy for specific requirements,
Chapter 21, Sustainability of Wood Supply: Risk and capacity enhancing knowledge-generating and
Analysis for a Pulp Mill in Guangxi, China, focuses administrative institutions. It reveals that the glo-
on the experiences of Stora Enso Corporation in es- bal nature of economic, social, and environmental
tablishing eucalypt plantations for supplying a large demands on the world’s forests, and complex com-
pulp mill in southern China with an annual produc- mercial trade relationships, require an integrative
tion capacity of 1 million tonnes. The evaluation of analyses of domestic and local responses to assess
the project concluded that it would be profitable, the role of innovative regional and global institutions
and environmentally and socially sustainable. Wood designed to address “good governance.” The authors
supply was assessed to be sufficient for the plant, a conclude by calling for much greater attention to the
conclusion based on simple estimates of mean annual potential of synergistic institutional intersection to
increment and areas of plantation available without respond to new and enduring challenges in ways that
fully taking into account many high-risk factors. single institutions are incapable of doing.
The paper illustrates the need for many new fast- Chapter 24, the concluding chapter, is titled
growing eucalypt plantations to ensure long-term The Need for New Strategies and Approaches. This
sustainability of wood supply. National macro-eco- chapter summarises the main findings of the book,
nomic planning; a consistent policy and management highlights challenges and opportunities, and analyses
framework; and systematic and focused approaches and proposes strategies required to promote a more
emanating from the government and the private sec- promising future for people and forests. A brief al-
tor are needed, including clear policies of corporate lusion is made to the profile of new professionals
responsibility. required to meet current challenges affecting forests,
society, and the environment. The key messages of
the book are presented in a concise fashion in the
last section of this chapter.
17
FORESTS AND SOCIETY – RESPONDING TO GLOBAL DRIVERS OF CHANGE