Pakistan and Turkey have close relations due to their shared history and status as predominantly Muslim countries. They have strengthened economic, defense, and strategic cooperation in recent decades. However, some divergence remains on issues like their approaches to the conflicts in Afghanistan and Syria. Overall, Pakistan and Turkey see each other as important partners and allies, but continuing to expand bilateral ties in areas like trade could further strengthen their relationship.

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INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
SUBMITTED BY:
SYEDA MAHNOOR FATIMA 313- BSPS6-FSS-F/19
MALYKA SAFDAR 317-BSPS6-FSS-F/19
MAHALAQA NAVEED 332-BSPS6-FSS-F/19
MAHNOOR BHATTI 333-BSPS6-FSS-F/19
COURSE: BS POLITICAL SCIENCE
TOPIC: MUSLIM WORLD
SUJECT: FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN
SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM AMBER
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE ANR INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

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PAKISTAN FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH TURKEY
INTRODUCTION:
Pakistan and Turkey have a prominent place in Muslim World due to their geostrategic location.
The two countries are situated in conflict-prone regions. As Turkey is strategically located
between Europe, where much of the world's economic and political power is centered, & Asia,
has recently evolved as an essential central of growth in the economy & political influence. It has
large Kurd population areas that are adjacent to the Iraqi Kurd inhabited region. Due to this
geographical proximity, the country has been restraining Kurdish separatist propensities
(GILANI, 2020). Similarly, Pakistan is geo-strategically placed at the crossroads of Central Asia,
West Asia and South Asia, right next to Afghanistan that has faced decades of war. In trade as
well as in strategic issues Pakistan serves a connection through Gawadar Port.
Turkey wants to reconcile its independent foreign policy around West & East while
working together with Europe and USA on one side, & on the other side Russia and China but it
needs to examine Syria crisis accordingly. On the other hand, Turkey has a special place
Pakistan’s foreign policy because of their historical bilateral relations.
BACKGROUND:
The roots of Pak-Turkey relations can be traced back to the pre-partition era. The Muslims of the
Subcontinent were the supporters of the Ottomans in the First World War. They initiated a
"khilafat movement to preserve the caliphate. Turkey cordially recognized Pakistan after its
emergence.
The people of Pakistan and Turkey had strong connections even before the beginning of their
formal relationship. The two countries adopted different ideologies. Turkey became a secular
Republic, while Pakistan was established on the basis of Islamic ideology. Pakistan and Turkey
have been engaged in counter-terrorism and defense cooperation in the post 9/11 era. Turkey is
one of the most reliable allies of Pakistan (Hussain, 2008). It always supports Pakistan on
International forums. Turkish and Chinese support saved Pakistan from being blacklisted from
Financial Action Task Force. As per the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute,
Turkish weapons transactions to Pakistan amounted to 112 $ million between the years of 2016
& 2019. Turkey was Pakistan's fourth-largest source of arms, outdoing the USA, & Pakistan was
Turkey's third-largest weapons export industry.
GEO-STRATEGIC RELATIONS:
Both were Muslim majority states. The manifold similarities became the cause of their further
closeness. Therefore, Turkey has a special place in Pakistan’s foreign policy. The two countries
consolidated their relations by signing a permanent friendship agreement in 1951. Turkish
mission of defense autarky was started in 1974. There was an arms embargo on it which
disturbed the defense capabilities of its forces. As the sanctions lifted in 2023, turkey wants
increase its defence exports by USD 25 billion with Islamabad without this it will unable to gain

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its status of regional power. Ankara looks for flexible allies in order to achieve its certain foreign
policy objectives. This vision of defense autarky has brought a considerable change in the
Turkish approach towards Pakistan. It considers Pakistan as a potential market for its arms
export and it has established a strategic partnership with the country in 2016 on the basis of this
vision. The two countries signed three agreements in 2017. Turkey has provided its services for
upgrading F-16 aircraft and submarines of Pakistan. The country has also signed an agreement of
USD 1.5 billion in July 2018. Under this agreement, Pakistan was agreed to purchase 30 T129
helicopters and four corvettes from Turkey but it delays due to the US sanctions over Turkey
(Lino, 2020). The successful implementation of this deal would be a great addition to their
strategic relations.
THE SCHISM WITHIN THE ISAMIC UMMAH:
Turks and Arabs were the players of the competition. Turkey is ambitious to restore its previous
glory and leadership of Muslim Ummah. The open antagonism between the two states is
restructuring the geopolitical and geostrategic dynamics of the region. They are trying to enhance
their influence by adopting the hard and soft power strategies. Their hostility was intensified
after the murder of Jamal Khashoggi. The Muslim world has been divided into two adverse
Sunni blocs. On the one side, there are Turkey and Qatar, while, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and UAE
are on the other side. They wanted to gain regional supremacy while Iran is the third power in
the Muslim World. Saudi Arabia and Iran are the traditional rivals of the Middle East. They have
used religion to achieve their foreign policy goals. The two powers have been promoting their
specific version of Islam throughout the world, while Ankara is promoting the Hanafi sect. The
conflicts between the two opponent Sunni camps have been intensified due to the support for
their proxy groups in Libya and Syria. The split within the Muslim World was clearly noticed
when there was an inauguration of the Kuala Lampur Summit in 2019 was to happen to promote
cooperation among Malaysia, Indonesia, Qatar, Pakistan and Turkey under the Saudi bakced
organization OIC. In 2020, foreign minister Shah Mehmood requested OIC to conduct meeting
on Kashmir issue but after refusal Prime Minister Imran Khan called a meeting Muslim states
that are ready to support the country on its core issue. In response, Riyadh asked Islamabad to
repay a debt of USD 1 billion that was given to it in November 2018 (Rafiq, 2021). On the other
hand, the growing Indian market has attracted the Saudi Kingdom. Riyadh's annual trade with
Delhi is USD 27 billion while, with Islamabad is USD 3.6 billion. It may be the reason behind
the Kingdom's low attention towards Kashmir issue.
ISLAMIZATION IN PAKISTAN AND TURKEY:
The rise of Islamic extremism in Turkey as a result of the Syrian conflict, and the way President
Erdogan is using the war to silence dissent against his authoritarian rule and crush Kurdish
separatists are some of the factors that are likely to shape Turkey's future. Pakistan underwent
a similar transformation in the 1980s and is still struggling to come out of it (Pupcenoks, 2012)

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. The Afghan war of the 1980s changed the political landscape of Pakistan forever. Also, like
Erdogan, former Pakistani dictator Zia ul-Haq promoted a hard-line Islamic ideology in his
country and cracked down on liberal political groups and activists.
"You are repeating in Syria the mistakes we made in Afghanistan. Organizations you support
now will turn against you”. Hussein
The renowned expert says that Ankara is treading a very dangerous path by training and arming
the rebels in Syria and Iraq (Shams, 2016).
"Erdogan has used wars in Iraq and Syria to not only crush political dissent against his
government and the Kurdish nationalists but also to further his Islamist agenda," analyst Arif
Jamal said.
AREAS OF CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE:
Afghanistan, Israel, nuclear proliferation and, democracy were the four areas where the
perceptions and interests of Turkey and Pakistan diverged and for a short time. However, in 90s
there is a little divergence of foreign policy of the two countries have, diverse perspectives on the
Afghan government in the post-cold war era. Pakistan supported the Taliban while Turkey was
in favor of the Northern Alliance. Trade, business, investment, defence production, tourism,
educational and cultural cooperation are all areas where the perceptions and interests of Turkey
and Pakistan converge (Hussain, 2008). However, over the years, the two countries have failed to
exploit the tremendous potential for mutual cooperation existing in all of these areas.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
 Both countries can bring stability in the Muslim world. Pakistan being a neighboring
country of Iran and close ties with Saudi Arabia can mediate between them. In this
mission, Turkish support to Pakistan can boost its confidence.
 Establishing institutional linkages whether it is political, economic or cultural.
 Turkey should learn the consequences of going into proxy wars from Pakistan.
 They should increase their trade in order to strengthen their bilateral relations.
CONCLUSION:
Ankara believes that extending strategic and military ties with Pakistan has helped to increase its
influence in Asia and provided new options for its foreign-policy ambitions. It sees the European
Union as too inwardly focused, dealing with Brexit and an aggressive Russia, and ignoring
Turkey’s claims. Pakistan sees itself as a key player in Afghanistan and as a mediator with Iran,
as well as a strategic partner helping Turkey to maintain a balance between the East and West.
BY SYEDA MAHNOOR FATIMA

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PAKISTAN FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH INDONESIA
Introduction
Relations between the two states date back to the pre-independence subcontinent when Indonesia
was passing through similar struggle against the Dutch Colonial rule, leaders of All India
Muslim League extended their support to the country supporting its path to freedom. Indonesia-
Pakistan relations began with the signing of the Treaty of Friendship in Jakarta on March 3,
1951. The treaty laid the groundwork for mutually beneficial cooperation. Pakistan and
Indonesia stood by each other at every platform and continued supporting each other for
common future of peace, progress, prosperity, stability, development and territorial integrity.
Both countries celebrated 70 years of establishment of diplomatic relations in 2020.
FOREIGN RELATIONS
Pakistan and Indonesia have a long history of friendly relations. In terms of economic and
agricultural commerce, tourism, and defense, Pakistan and Indonesia have strong ties. During the
time of Mr. Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, and Gen. Ayoub Khan, Pakistan's relationship
with Indonesia grew significantly. Pakistan's aim to create a connection with ASEAN has
suffered in recent decades as Islamabad's internal security situation has deteriorated (Ghani,
2018). For more than a decade, Pakistan has been fighting a full-fledged domestic insurgency. In
1997, ASEAN designated Pakistan as a Sectoral Dialogue Partner (SDP). Trade, industry,
investment, the environment, research and technology, drugs and narcotics, tourism, and human
resource development were all covered.
Pakistan established its Vision East Asia policy in 2003 to strengthen ties with Southeast Asia
and East Asia. For the next few years, however, little happened to support the goal as Pakistan
became engulfed in domestic militancy. Southeast Asia is now referred to in Pakistan as a "non-
traditional commercial region," indicating that cooperation is still lacking. Joko Widodo, the
President of Indonesia, visited Pakistan in January 2018 and signed a series of agreements in the
fields of education, energy, trade, and defence cooperation.
Current relations

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From last few years government is attempting to diversify its foreign policy in order to minimise
its reliance on Washington and Beijing. This includes strengthening trade and diplomatic
connections with ASEAN members. Pakistan is now working on Malaysian and Indonesian
Muslim links and communities in order to obtain the support of the two largest Muslim countries
in Southeast Asia. (dr, 2021). It is the world's fastest expanding region. It is responsible for 60%
of global GDP and two-thirds of all economic growth during the last five years. More over half
of the world's population lives there, as do many of the world's greatest economies. (Darmawan,
2022) Since the implementation of the Preferential Commerce Agreement in 2013, which
expanded economic connections and increased trade to 3.1 billion US dollars, the two countries'
trade relations have progressed significantly. The bilateral trade balance has swung substantially
in Indonesia's favour, rising from US$ 466.5 million in 2004 to almost US$ 2.6 billion in 2020.
Indonesia and Pakistan have boosted their military personnel exchange for training. In 2018, the
two sides agreed to use all relevant platforms to improve, develop, and diversify military
cooperation. (bilateral relations, n.d.) According to the Indonesian ambassador to Pakistan,
Pakistan is strategically placed at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle
East, and has enormous potential to develop as a regional and economic centre. CPEC might
assist enhance Pakistan's exports to ASEAN and attract investment if it offers a variety of
attractive offerings to all ASEAN nations. Pakistan is nearing completion of a deep-water port in
Gwadar, which might serve as a gateway to Central Asian countries that are landlocked. Pakistan
has the potential to connect South, West, and Central Asian countries. Tourism is another large
untapped area between Pakistan and Indonesia . Pakistan has a lot more to offer than many
Southeast Asian countries, including Malaysia and Singapore which have yet been able to
develop a thriving and profitable tourist trade. (khan, 2021)
Future prospects
The foreign policies of Pakistan and Indonesia are mutually beneficial, but there is a rivalry
between China and the United States, and the assertion is based on the fact that Indonesia is a
critical actor if the United States wants to maintain its influence in the region against China.
Between China and the United States, Indonesia plays a critical role. Pakistan and China have
excellent economic and trade links. China is offering Indonesia more investment opportunities
than the US. Indonesia is today more interested in Chinese chances since China's options have

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simply provided more economic gain. Indonesia is a non-aligned country with an unknown
future trajectory. If Indonesia's foreign policy shifts toward the west or China in the future,
Pakistan must prioritize its own national interests and adjust its foreign policy accordingly.
CHALLENGES
 Pakistan's foreign policy was gradual and limited in scope. Domestic, socioeconomic,
and sociopolitical upheavals, unwelcome participation in the fight on terrorism, and
pressure from masters who professed to be allies could all be factors.
 Internal compulsions, settled border disputes, Pakistan's concern with geopolitics, and,
last but not least, its leadership role in the war on terror have all been roadblocks for
successive governments in developing a solid and successful foreign policy in regional
and global contexts.
 Religious fanaticism, terrorism, drug trafficking, human smuggling, and violent
extremism are all issues that Pakistan and Indonesia face.
 Pakistan must pursue its own national interests through a balanced and neutral foreign
policy.
 Economic stabilization and enhanced politicization and democratization have also
enabled Pakistan to form an effective foreign policy to attract investments into the
country.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Pakistan need to support Indonesia in achieving her long-aimed goals through establishing
connections.
 People-to-people contacts such as academic exchanges and cultural programs should be
promoted between Pakistan and Indonesia
 Pakistan to become an attractive partner for ASEAN states, it will have to become a more
competitive in trade and offer value as a bilateral partner.
 Pakistan could do so by manufacturing products or offering military expertise that may not
be available in the ASEAN market already.
 we should also make effective and solid efforts to strengthen relationship amongst Islamic
countries to solve problems of this region as well as of Muslims worldwide.
BY MALYKA SAFDAR

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PAKISTAN FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH UAE
 Pakistan–UAE ties are the close connections between Pakistan and the United Arab
Emirates.
 These ties extend back to 1971, when the UAE was founded, and have since expanded to
include wide-ranging cooperation in a variety of industries.
 Pakistan was the first country to recognize the United Arab Emirates, and the UAE remains
Pakistan's largest source of economic and financial support.
 The UAE values Pakistan's contribution to the development of major UAE institutions, while
Pakistan values the UAE's investment in Pakistan's economy and infrastructure.
 Both nations' inhabitants are predominantly Muslim and share the same faith.
 Multiple institutions, bridges, airports, and hospitals in Pakistan are named after Sheikh
Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the UAE's founding father and first president, including the
Sheikh Zayed Bridge in Swat Valley and the Sheikh Zayed Medical Complex in Lahore, in
recognition of the UAE's humanitarian assistance to Pakistan.
HISTORY:
 Pakistan has played an important role in the establishment of Emirati businesses throughout
the years.
 The United Arab Emirates has become one of Pakistan's most important economic and trade
allies.
 In the United Arab Emirates, about 1.2 million Pakistani expats are employed.
 The United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Pakistan are two of the world's most important trading
nations, with $9 billion in commerce between them in 2014.
 During the COVID-19 outbreak, the UAE began offering free testing to Pakistani residents. "
 Everyone aboard UAE repatriation planes was tested before departure, and those found to be
infectious were not allowed to leave," the UAE Foreign Ministry said.
Support Program for Pakistan in the UAE:
 On January 12, 2011, the UAE Pakistan Assistance Program (UAE-PAP) was
inaugurated.

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 The initiative intends to aid efforts to combat poverty, improve education, improve
healthcare, and help to the establishment of new job possibilities for Pakistanis.
 Hundreds of millions of polio vaccines have been distributed to Pakistan's 71 million
youngsters since 2014.
MILITARY RELATIONS:
 Relations between the two nations date back to before the United Arab Emirates was
founded in 1971, when Pakistani troops provided training to members of the Abu Dhabi
defense forces.
 In the mid-1970s, a protocol was signed, and defense cooperation lasted for decades.
 According to Pakistani novelist Shahid Amin, the UAEAF was formerly "an extension of
the Pakistan Air Force."
ECONOMY RELATIONS:
 The UAE has provided Pakistan with a $2 billion emergency loan, helping the Pakistan
Tehreek-e-Insaaf government to weather the harsh economic conditions that hit the
country in August 2018.
 The UAE's foreign ministry has indicated that it will look into the suspension of work
permits for Pakistanis in November 2020.
 In March 2021, remittances from the United Arab Emirates reached $590 million, up
15% from March 2020.
 The country's exports to Dubai alone were $1.3 billion, up 14% from the previous year.
 Imports from the UAE to Pakistan totaled $6.4 billion in FY20.
FUTURE RECOMMANDATION:
 Qureshi emphasized the need of regular high-level visits from both sides, "which help to
consistently give momentum for expanding and broadening bilateral ties," recalling his
successful visit to the UAE in December 2020.
 The foreign office stated in a statement that the foreign minister "looking forward to
increasing high-level exchanges with the UAE as soon as the global health situation
stabilized," alluding to the continuing coronavirus epidemic.

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 Qureshi paid respect to the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, saying he
"contributed enormously" to the building of bilateral ties between the two nations.
 He noted that the UAE and its leadership have "steadfastly" stood behind Pakistan during
its difficult times.
 "He emphasized that the relationship benefited from warm feelings between the two
nations' leaders, as well as strong people-to-people ties built in common faith, values, and
culture," according to the foreign office.
 Qureshi also expressed gratitude for the UAE's assistance for Pakistan's pavilion at
Exhibition 2020, an international expo to be held in Dubai from October 20, 2020, to
April 10, 2021, but postponed because to the COVID-19 epidemic.
 Pakistan's pavilion at the Expo will occupy around 3,500 square meters and will
showcase Pakistani culture, financial prospects, and tourist potential at the Arab world's
largest exhibition, which is projected to attract 190 countries and 25 million visitors.
 "The robust UAE-Pakistan relations and cooperation" were praised by the UAE
ambassador.
PAKISTAN FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH BANGLADESH
Brief History:
Pakistan and Bangladesh have a history, but the sorrow and violence of the 1971 war has
overshadowed it. Identity politics were at the basis of the demand for a separate country from
Bangladesh. The Bengali identity was stronger and dearer to those living in Pakistan's east wing
than the Muslim identity; anger was increased when the results of the 1970 general elections
showed the Awami League winning a clear majority of seats from East Pakistan. President
Yahaya Khan and the Pakistan People's Party, on the other hand, did not want an East Pakistani
party to establish the government. This sparked a massive uprising in East Pakistan, sparking the
independence movement. Bangladesh's common people witnessed unimaginable human misery.
Three million people were killed in the 1971 genocide in East Pakistan, in Operation Searchlight.
Pakistani military, Razakars, Al-Badr, and Al-Shams militias raped between two and four lakh
women. Bangladeshi society and nation are still feeling the impact. After Pakistan recognized
Bangladesh in 1976, the two nations have not had any disputes. However, the subject of war
crimes and culpability for the atrocities committed against civilian Bangladeshis continues to
resurface. Bangladesh has repeatedly demanded an apology, and this is a major point of dispute
between the two countries. (Chauhan, 2020)
BY MAHNOOR BHATTI

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Past Relations:
 In 1974 the Prime Minister Sheikh Mujib was invited to meeting of the Organization of
Islamic Countries in Lahore. Pakistan agreed to officially recognize Bangladesh. The
countries agreed to view each other as Muslim friends and to resolve their differences.
 In 1975/6 there was an exchange of ambassadors and an agreement was reached to cooperate
on trade, tourism and the media.
 In 1986 trade between the two countries reached a value of $40 million.
 In 1985 and 1988 Pakistan was the first country to provide aid to Bangladesh due to severe
weather.
 Some non-Bengalis reported facing persecution and deprivation in Bangladesh. There was
disagreement over the role of non-Bengalis in Bangladesh for which Tripartite Agreement
was signed. (Kelly, 2019)
 Pervez Musharraf, the former President of Pakistan, visited Bangladesh in 2002 and showed
remorse for the events of 1971 although he did not tend an apology.
 The Hamdoor Rehman Commission Report, which was leaked to the Pakistani mainstream
media in 2000, included details about Pakistani military officials' brutalities and crimes
against Bangladeshi people, yet no action was done in response to the report. (Chauhan,
2020)
Current Scenario:
 The recent diplomatic events may help to resolve the long-running conflict between Pakistan
and Bangladesh.
 In a rare phone call earlier in December 2020, Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan invited
Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to visit Islamabad.
 A quiet meeting between Pakistan's High Commissioner to Dhaka Imran Ahmed Siddiqui
and Bangladesh Foreign Minister AK Abdul Momen took place just days before the phone
chat.
 In August 2021, we witnessed Pakistan-Bangladesh mango diplomacy.
 In October 2021, the Pakistani envoy to Bangladesh met with Bangladesh Prime Minister
Sheikh Hasina. During this meeting, she hoped to boost bilateral trade connections with
Pakistan.
 There were signs that the ice between the two strained ties was melting. However, these must
be maintained in order to strengthen relations.
 Pakistan's trade with Bangladesh saw a surplus of 46.65% in the first six months of the
financial year (2021-22). (Khan, 2022)

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Future Relations:
If the past was unpleasant and the present is unclear, the two countries must focus on the future
by proving their willingness, determination, and political realism in order to achieve a paradigm
change in relations. Pakistan and Bangladesh cannot progress without a forward-thinking
attitude, particularly in terms of maximising their trade, commercial, cultural, educational, and
scientific ties. (Ahmar, 2021)
Challenges:
The historical hangover has been obstructing the normalisation process since 1971. Positive
change in the two countries' ties is challenging but not impossible, and it requires consideration
from three angles.
 The three problems that Dhaka has discussed with Pakistan are the apologies for the
'genocide' of the Bengali community during the military operation in March-December 1971,
which Bangladesh deems "genocide." The demand for asset partition and repatriation of
stranded Pakistanis, or 'Biharis,' follows.
 Pakistan's position on the three issues is clear. These issues were settled in the April 1974
tripartite agreement, in which Pakistan expressed sincere regret for the tragic events of 1971
and pledged to accept 140,000 Pakistanis trapped in Bangladesh. Asset division is a difficult
issue for Pakistan because it must contain liabilities. However, Pakistan cannot ignore
Bangladesh's sensitivity to resolving the three concerns that, according to Dhaka, continue to
hinder the normalization process.
 The textbooks from both nations foster either indifference or hatred towards one another.
There is a blackout in Pakistani textbooks about a united Pakistan, and the responsibility for
the country's split in 1971 is fully placed on India. The books ignore Bengalese feelings of
hardship and unjust handling of matters, particularly the West Pakistan-dominated ruling
elite's refusal to acknowledge the results of the 1970 general elections.
 India will certainly not allow any action in Pakistan-Bangladesh ties that could lead to
mending bridges and a paradigm shift. India has made it a point to remind Dhaka that it owes
New Delhi a debt of gratitude for the help and assistance it provided in their freedom from
Pakistan. RAW's deep impact in Bangladesh, particularly among its elites, is undeniable.
(Ahmar, 2021)
Recommendations:
 To avoid India's policy of denying Pakistan any room in Bangladesh, Islamabad must
address Dhaka's concerns, including issuing an official apology. This will relieve future
generations of both countries of the burden of carrying the anguish of the past. The
partition of East Pakistan has caused enough tears in the last 50 years, and it is time to
move on. (Ahmar, 2021)

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 When it comes to relations with Bangladesh, political rivalries must be kept at bay so that
the benefits of economic collaboration may be realized. Bangladesh might become
Pakistan's largest export market in Asia if trade facilitation and new trade channels are
explored.
 Potential sectors include people-to-people contact, religious tourism, and scholarship
exchange. Reconnecting ports (air and sea) between the two countries is critical to
strengthening ties. Using Pakistan's seaports can benefit Bangladesh (Karachi port,
Gwadar port, Keti Bandar, port Qassim, CPEC). On the other hand, Bangladesh is a
gateway between South Asia and Southeast Asia, Pakistan can gain access to markets in
Nepal, Bhutan, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere. (Bhanu, 2022)
 The Pakistani government should concentrate on track I and track II diplomacy. The
success of track I diplomacy is based on a diplomat's or statesman's strong diplomatic
skills. Track II diplomacy aims to bridge the gap between countries' publics, establish
collaborations, and strengthen inter-state ties. (Batool, 2016)
 The pro-India lobby uses the 1971 card to disrupt efforts for reconciliation and
normalisation with Pakistan whenever there is some progress. However, it is now up to
Bangladesh's people and administration to demonstrate their sovereignty and political
will, and to defy New Delhi's pressures. (Ahmar, 2021)
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BY SYEDA MAHNOOR FATIMA
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https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/955043-pakistan-uae-reaffirm-resolve-to-bolster-economic-and-trade-
ties
https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1795626/pakistan
BY MAHA LAQA NAVEED
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