Food health society ashoka 210918
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Food is the most important component of the planet, human society, and every individual. However, our current thinking about food is filled with disinformation and siloed thinking. Can we use technology to unify the silos and counter disinformation?
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Food health society ashoka 210918
- 1. Food, Health, and Society Ramesh Jain Institute for Future Health University of California, Irvine (jain@ics.uci.edu) 1
- 2. Thompsma, CC BY 3.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0>, via Wikimedia Commons Food = Life Different Life forms create a food web.
- 3. Food = Money The Science of Nutrition is the most effective tool for Business of Marketing.
- 4. Food = Power Food is the most basic need of all humans.
- 5. Maslow Pyramid of Basic Human Needs 5 Food is the most important basic Need for Humans Food = Energy & Nutrients & Enjoyment
- 6. (Mis)(Dis)Information is Rampant in Food Combination of essential life requirement, money, and power are fertile ground for (mis)(dis)information.
- 7. Reductionism in Food leads to Dis-Information • Reductionism is always tricky in complex systems. • Nutrition and Food are so complex that reductionist approaches can and do significantly harm society. • Special interests always misuse reductionism for propaganda and financial interests. • Food related headlines are filled with misleading reductionist statements • X causes cancer • Y cures cancer • “Our arguments over food are so polarized because they are not only about evidence: they are about values”. 7 https://aeon.co/essays/will-we-ever-get-a-clear-idea-about-what-foods-we-should-eat
- 8. Planetary Health Societal Health Food For Health 8 Personal Health • Health is best taken care of at Individual level. • Societal health depends on the aggregate of the individuals that form the society. • Planetary health is affected by what people do for their health and affects strongly people’s and society’s health.
- 9. Natural Food System 9 Humans, like other live forms, started as Hunter Gatherers. Consumption Production
- 10. Food System after Agriculture 10 Consumption Production Processing Distribution
- 12. A Food System is a tightly intertwined System of Systems. 12
- 13. Food Systems: Three major concerns of the world. 13 Hunger Malnutrition Obesity Food systems touch every aspect of human existence. The health of our food systems profoundly affects the health of our bodies, as well as the health of our environment, our economies and our cultures. When they function well, food systems have the power to bring us together as families, communities and nations. https://www.un.org/en/food-systems-summit/about Planetary Health Societal Health Individual Health Understanding Food Systems is very important for solving these issues.
- 14. Computing is used for unifying knowledge silos Computing infrastructure and tools facilitate crossing disciplinary barriers to develop wholistic framework for solving complex intertwined problems. Application focused approach is essential to solve the problem. Every domain has their data, information, and knowledge. Food systems can be understood better by considering a common food example.
- 15. * Source: CDC The Effect of Chronic Diseases, 2016* 7 of 10 Deaths Due to chronic diseases 86% of Costs Driven by treating chronic diseases Heart Disease Cancer Type 2 Diabetes Brain Diseases Lung Diseases Bone Diseases Chronic Diseases are the most serious health problem. How do we prevent them? 15
- 17. 17 Person Centric Food Systems
- 18. The Dilemma I face: Joy or Health? 18 What I like to eat is not what my body wants me to eat!
- 19. Food Recommendation Food Recommendation System Food Items Context Personal Model List and volumes of Food Items and How to get them. Current recommendations are based on Nutrition. Enjoyment, nutrition, societal/environmental factors must be balanced in recommendations.
- 20. Millions of Books on Food are Available! Most non-fiction books in a bookstore are on Food. 20
- 21. Problem with Food Recommendation Books: Old Technology. • Books are not Location Dependent • Books are not Personal • Books are not Situational • Books are not Actionable • Do you still use maps? People want Personalized and Right Information, at Right Time, in Right (Actionable) form. 21
- 22. Society exists only as a mental concept; in the real world there are only individuals. -- Oscar Wilde Personalization: You are Unique!
- 23. • Building a personalized Food Model. • Creating a detailed World Food Atlas. • Building a comprehensive Food Knowledge Graph. 23 Food Recommendation: Three Major Challenges!
- 24. Food Recommendation: Personal Food Model Solution: • Capture data about different aspects of food intake, biomarkers like heart rate, and glucose level, and • Identify contextual factors like time, location, and environment. • Use event mining to discover patterns which represents the person. • Preferential: Models how the user’s taste preference profile changes in different contexts. • Biological: Models how different food affect the body of the individual, chronic disease, sleep, overall health.
- 25. Personal Food Model requires Food Logs • FoodLog project by Profs. Kiyo Aizawa and Yoko Yamamoto. • UCI Open Source Food Log available soon • Food Recognition systems: Very active research. • Many wellness companies provide semiautomatic approaches. • Challenges: • Automatic food logging • More direct sensors • Use all sources Logs are essential for building personal food models.
- 26. Food Logger 26
- 27. Computational Gastronomy • Gastronomy: the study of the relationship between food and culture, the art of preparing and serving rich or delicate and appetizing food, the cooking styles of particular regions, and the science of good eating. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomy ) • Computational Gastronomy blends food and data with the power of computation for achieving data-driven food innovations. (Ganesh Bagler; https://www.foodhospitality.in/latest-updates/prof-ganesh- bagler-computational-gastronomy-is-the-future-of-food/421442/ ) 27
- 28. 28 Simplified Version of the Taste Space: US4B Tastes: • Umami • Salty • Sweet • Sour • Spicy • Bitter
- 29. Nutrition: Most Confusing (Mis)Information Less than 20 hours of total training on nutrition in 4 years of medical school. Nutrition is the most important element for health. Food is medicine. Most food recommendations (including books) have little, if any, grounding in science.
- 30. Pattern Mining High-level Pattern Formulation Pattern Query … Data Streams Event Streams Semi-interval Event Sequences Data-Driven Analysis Hypothesis-Driven Analysis While air pressure is high, pollution starts increasing gradually, within T time units asthma outbreak happens. ((pollution_inc_steadily ;ωT asthma_outbreak ) || airpressure_stayshigh) Example: Interactive Visualization Event Mining: Going from Logs to Models Bottom Up Top Down 30
- 31. Event Mining for Personal Food-Health Model 31
- 32. Personal Food Model: Health + Preference 32
- 33. Food Recommendation: Context Solution: • Crawling and analyzing each dish on the menu of every restaurant. • Understanding recipes used at home to analyze dishes. • Think dish level rather than restaurant level • Available dishes near a location • Finding local variations in dishes and their effect on taste and nutrition • Weather and other conditions
- 34. Food Knowledge Graph A network containing information on food relations and attributes from different perspectives
- 35. Challenges for World Food Atlas: Dish/Food Items • Ingredients • Volume • Taste • Nutritional Value • Environmental Impact • Transportation • Waste/recycle • Other costs 35 Can we build a World Food Atlas that contains all relevant information for every dish at every possible location in the world? http://worldfoodatlas.org/
- 36. Event Mining for Food-Based Actionable Insights Having difficulty sleeping well on several nights. Warn him when he is at a Sichuan restaurant. Personicle Food Stream Sleep Spicy food and 2 glasses of wine result in sleepless nights. 36
- 37. Food and India 37 https://www.humanium.org/en/indian-food-diversity/ • Indian food is one of the tastiest and subtlest in the world. • Heavily influenced by religions. • The Ayurvedic diet: a recommendation system for when, how, and what you should eat.
- 38. Three major concerns of the world. 38 Hunger Malnutrition Obesity
- 39. Unique India • We are making rapid progress in Obesity. We are now in top 5 in obesity. • We are top in malnutrition. We face serious Stunting problem. 39
- 40. Key Factors in Food System 40 • Social Equity and Human Health • Environmental Health • Economic Vitality Lukášková, Eva & Pitrova, Katerina & Taraba, Pavel & Helena, Velichová. (2015). Food Security Management in Security Strategy of the Czech Republic. Sustainability
- 41. Inclusive Food Systems in India • UN Food Systems Summit: to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 • Ensure access to safe and nutritious food for all; • shift to sustainable consumption patterns; • boost nature-positive production; • advance equitable livelihoods; • build resilience to vulnerabilities, shocks and stress. • India should also aim for a food systems transformation, which can be inclusive and sustainable, ensure growing farm incomes and nutrition security. 41 https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/how-indias-food-systems-must-respond-to-the-climate-crisis-7497410/
- 42. Time is Right to Form a Community Addressing Wholistic Aspects of Food •Inclusive of all relevant knowledge. •Facilitated by modern technology. •Supported for the wellbeing of people and the planet. •Done at the global level.
- 43. Thanks. jain@ics.uci.edu Towards Healthy Enjoyable Food for People and the Planet. 43
Editor's Notes
- In this talk we will address a topic of interest to almost every body. Good food has been of interest to people always. But now technology may make a remarkable difference in this important area of interest for humans for long time. Food is important for people but what we eat is very important for the planet also. A wholistic approach to food systems is required urgently for our health and for sustainable food environment.
- Food is life. Literally. Our life depends on food. Did you eat today? All life forms depend on food derived from other life forms. We form a food web. This web is very delicate and changes it it affect the environment.
- Since food is so important to everybody, it is a big business. Some of the most famous companies are related to food.
- If some thing is so important to each living individual, and businesses make so much money – who will be attracted to this honey? Governments and religions. And history is the proof of that. As Kissinger said: Control food and you control the people.
- Every person wants to have balanced life to achieve high Quality of Life. Maslow proposed pyramid of needs that has become very influential. It presents needs in 5 levels – from basic to the highest level. He clearly articulated that lower levels are essential precondition for a higher level. Notice that the most important element in the lowest level. So food is the most important basic need of humans.
- Society always had attraction to ‘bad’ information. Always. Religions and politicians made effective use of did-information and modern world has seen ris of Fake News or Fake Information. In food, almost all popular information is either dis-information or mis-information. This is very explicitly pointed our in several places including the books mentioned here.
- One of the reasons for the bad information is that food is very complex and reductionism leads to gold mines for people who love to create dis-information.
- Health exists at three levels: Individual, society, and planetary. All of these are closely related.
- To understand food and its effects, the most important thing is to consider food as a wholistic system. The two most important components of this are Consumption and Production.
- The second aspect of food is related to health. In the last 70 years, the nature of diseases that result in most serious problems in human society has changed significantly. Earlier most damage was due to infectious diseases. But now the most serious health problems are chronic diseases. More than 70% deaths and 86% costs of health care are related to chronic diseases like cardiac problems, diabetes, Dementia, cancer, and such. Most of these diseases are can be managed much better using lifestyle.
- Let’s look at interesting aspects of what makes us healthy. This diagram shows that for our health only 10% factors are related to access to health care. Around 20% of our health is controlled by genetics, 20% by environment and rest 50% is determined by our lifestyle. Thus, about total of 70% of our health is controlled by us in environment and lifestyle. Now let’s see how much we spend on being healthy. We spend 88% on medical services while only 4% on healthy behaviors. So we spend disproportionate amounts on medical and on remaining healthy. For healthy behaviors, food is the dominant factor of lifestyle. About 2500 years ago, Hippocrates made the famous observation ” Let food be your medicine”. Almost all ancient medical systems, including the Chineses Medicine and Ayurveda also believed in food as medicine.
- Lets look at Food from an individual person’s perspective. For a person there are two important aspects of food: Joy and sustenance of the body. A person looks at food as a dish that gets prepared from recipes using ingredients at home or at a restaurant or some other similar place. These ingredients come from a food chain. Ultimately the food chain affects our environment.
- So what is the problem? We face a serious dilemma. We want to enjoy food or we want to use food for health? So we want to eat tasty food or do we want to eat healthy food? This is a serious problem for most of us. For most of us the problem is that what I like to eat is usually not what my body will like me to eat. So, do I listen to me or to my body?
- Millions of books and coaches are not very helpful. They are not really relevant. We need to capture their knowledge and make it actionable to provide right information in right situation.
- Let’s consider dishes first. There are millions of books available about characteristics of dishes and their nutritional contents. In fact in most book stores, food is the most popular topic. For example there are as many books on diabetes written as diabetes patients today.
- But there is a serious problem with books: Not actionable, not personal, and not situational. They are not actionable because they do not provide you right information at the right time, in the right form.
- There are two major challenges in solving this problem: Personal food model and tastes and nutritional characteristics of each food item available at every place in the world. Let’s call them Personal food model and world food atlas. Each person is unique in their liking of food items and their body is unique in responding to different food items. SO general rules do not work for individuals. Similarly, each dish in the world available at a location is unique. The same dish, say Kung-Pao Chicken has different taste and different nutritional characteristics at different restaurants even in the same city ot in different houses of the same city. So both these problems are serious challenges. To solve this problem – let me remind you of the famous phrase that is true for these also: Rome was not build in a day.
- How do we determine taste? Well that is complex. It involves smell taste, as well as visual appearance, in addition to the taste. But here we can start with simple representation. As we know, each color is represented by its three components: RGB. Red, Green, Blue. Let’s represent taste by 6 basic tastes Umami, Salty, Sweet, Sour, Spicy, and Bitter. We can look at this Taste Space and represent each dish by it’s tase in it. As shown here Wine occupies a hypervolume in this space – and so do all other dishes pike pie, Zucchini, cucumber, or hamburger. Each dish will occupy usually a hypervolume.
- Fundamentally people can’t glean insights from machine data when they don’t know where to look or what to look for. GOAL: Study the problem of event-driven causality from a general and rigorous point of view. CONTRIBUTIONS: Design and implementation of a framework that facilitates qualitative causal inference on event-based multimedia data streams. Define meaningful event streams. Define a high level pattern formulation language. Design fast algorithms to find causal patterns. User interfaces that enable analyst to interact smoothly with data, ask better questions, and make better decisions.
- One can derive the health model of the person using event mining framework. Described in this diagram. Starting with event streams obtained from the logs, we can form hypothesis for a model that can be further refined using external knowledge and event streams.
- Personal Food Model has two components: Health and Preference. Health related model is captured in rule based system and preference model is captured in taste space in terms of tastes liked that can then be interpreted using Food Atlas in terms of dishes.
- For building a World Food Atlas, the real challenge is to develop technology for each dish at each location at each preparation – approach to find taste and nutrition? This is what is needed for building the Food Atlas.
- An example of this kind of event mining in a specific situation is shown in this slide.