2. Traditional CBNRM- Adapted Genius
Harvest of forest, fish and wildlife was
moderated by local customary rules
Mosaic burning
Crops were mixed, no till, integrated with
trees
Grazing was planned and communal to
reduce disease and give time for vegetation
to recover
ABUNDANCE & DIVERSITY !
Grassroots Trust- Shaping a Viable Future
2
3. Disruptive Invasion-Conquer
nature
Europeans introduced sport hunting, soon banning
customary hunting like the “Chila”
Ploughs, mono-cultures, fertilisers and chemicals
Clear felling, stumping and plantation while
Chitemene was banned and FMNR overlooked.
Early burning became policy
Access to vast lands restricted by Protected Areas
and large-scale farms introduced fencing & private
land.
Mass resettlement- decision-making structures
broken up
CONFUSION AND RESENTMENT SET IN!
Grassroots Trust- Shaping a Viable Future
3
4. Soil Economy in free fall
Bad practices spread, environments
degraded, over 70% of livestock and 90%
of large wildlife died, crop yields
plummeting
Nationalization further undermined local &
Traditional Authority responsibility over
land and resources-
Africans lost control of soil economy-
millions moved to cities straining services
Poverty cycle set in
Grassroots Trust- Shaping a Viable Future
4
5. Fortress conservation
Bunker resource management structures
Little or no meaningful involvement of
stakeholders
Elite capture
Political appeasement – corruption
‘Fya Boma’ attitudes- freedom became
the freedom to ignore common sense
Grassroots Trust- Shaping a Viable Future
5
6. Perfect storm
Fertilizer subsidies off and on, soil
damaged, yields finally collapsed to 1/4
Farmers clear for more crop land
Wildlife and fish finish quickly
Urban demand for cheap food and
energy rises
People turned to charcoal for livelihoods
Grassroots Trust- Shaping a Viable Future
6
7. Summary of decline
Sense of ownership and responsibility
transferred from local communities to
state
Rights and benefits given to general
public via state
New thinking undermined local
established CBNRM systems
New technologies replaced tried and
tested
Grassroots Trust- Shaping a Viable Future
7
10. Pockets of Regeneration
Landscape- consistent success
FMNR areas
Holistic Management areas- Namibian
Conservancies, livestock ranches, farms
Wildlife Conservancies- Campfire, some GMA,
Game Ranches, a few Pas
Farm level- erratic success
Conservation farming
Grassroots Trust- Shaping a Viable Future
10
11. Factors for regeneration
Secure rights and clarifying responsibilities
Organized community-owned decision-
making processes
Holistic management of resources
CBNRM business structures for commons
Focus on soil as robust base for growth
Regenerative technologies for biodiversity
Consistent and long-term mentorships
Grassroots Trust- Shaping a Viable Future
11
13. FMNR in Zambia
Still commonly used around homesteads-
motivation is ascetic
No academic or official recognition vs
tree planting
Currently low use of FMNR in commons
Increased use of FMNR with CBNRM
approach
Grassroots Trust- Shaping a Viable Future
13
19. Holistic Context: Environmental
regeneration, economic growth
and social stability
Soil, water and natural resources regenerating
Organized rural communities, once a drain on
public coffers now take responsibility for their lives,
turn profits and pay taxes
Government able to concentrate on public
services, security and infrastructure
THE FUTURE IS BRIGHT
Grassroots Trust- Shaping a Viable Future
19
