This document discusses oral and intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement. Oral rehydration solutions containing water, potassium, sodium and glucose can correct mild deficits, while IV therapy is needed to treat more severe imbalances. IV solutions are classified as hypotonic, isotonic or hypertonic based on their tonicity. Central venous access devices like central lines and ports provide long-term IV access but carry infection risks requiring strict sterile technique for dressings and flushing.
Fluids & electrolytes seminar [autosaved]Avinash Rathore
This document provides an overview of fluids and electrolytes. It begins with definitions of key terms like fluid, electrolyte, osmolality, and tonicity. It then discusses body fluids and fluid balance, regulation of fluids, and principles of fluid therapy. The document classifies intravenous fluids as crystalloids or colloids and describes common crystalloid solutions like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose solutions. It provides indications, pharmacological properties, and limitations of these intravenous fluids. The document concludes with a brief discussion of acid-base and electrolyte disorders.
The document provides information on fluid and electrolyte imbalance. It discusses the composition of body fluids, electrolytes, regulation of body fluid compartments, intravenous fluids, fluid volume disturbances including hypovolemia and hypervolemia, and electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Causes, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and management are described for various fluid and electrolyte disorders.
Intravenous (IV) therapy provides fluids, electrolytes, nutrients, and medications directly into the bloodstream. IV solutions consist of dextrose or electrolytes mixed with water. Several types of IV fluids exist including isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Isotonic fluids maintain electrolyte balance while hypotonic fluids provide free water and hypertonic fluids pull fluid from tissues into the bloodstream. IV therapy requires selecting the appropriate solution and administration method based on the patient's needs. Complications can include phlebitis and infiltration which require discontinuing the IV and monitoring the site.
The document discusses the body's fluid management and intravenous (IV) therapy. It defines different types of body fluids and their roles in homeostasis. It also explains the uses of IV therapy and classifications of IV fluids, including crystalloids, colloids, and blood/blood products. The document discusses electrolytes, their functions, and imbalances. It provides information on potential complications of IV therapy and guidelines for fluid management.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management. It covers fluid compartments in the body, reasons for fluid prescription including resuscitation, maintenance and replacement. It describes different types of intravenous fluids including crystalloids like normal saline and Hartmann's solution, and colloids. Factors to consider when prescribing fluids like daily requirements, fluid status assessment, correcting deficits and replacing ongoing losses are outlined. Close monitoring of fluid balance is emphasized.
Intended Learning Outcomes:
Describe the physiology of human fluid dynamics.
Define Intravenous therapy.
List the aims of adult perioperative fluid therapy.
Recognize the commonly used fluid preparations.
Describe the properties and indications of widely used IV solutions.
Describe the side effects and precautions of widely used IV solutions.
Explain the (NICE) principles and protocols for intravenous fluid therapy.
Discuss the assessment and management of hydration and volume status of surgical patients.
Describe the type, rate, and volume of fluid administered to surgical patients.
Recognize the different types of venous access.
Explain the potential local complications of peripheral IV therapy.
Identify the universal equations used by nurses to calculate the IV flow rate and medication dosage.
Intravenous (IV) therapy involves infusing liquid substances directly into the vein. It is used to replace fluids and electrolytes, maintain fluid balance, administer medications and blood products, provide nutrition, and monitor cardiac function. There are several types of IV fluids based on their tonicity - isotonic fluids like saline maintain fluid balance, hypotonic fluids hydrate cells by pulling fluid into them, and hypertonic fluids draw fluid out of cells. Buffers are used to correct acid-base imbalances, while other IV medications and nutrients cannot be given orally. Careful monitoring is needed with IV therapy to prevent complications like fluid overload, electrolyte disturbances, or circulatory issues.
Intravenous (IV) therapy involves infusing liquid substances directly into the vein. It is used to replace fluids and electrolytes, maintain fluid balance, administer medications and blood products, provide nutrition, and monitor cardiac function. There are several types of IV fluids including isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions which move fluid in and out of cells differently based on their concentrations. Isotonic solutions like 0.9% saline maintain fluid balance, while hypotonic solutions hydrate cells and hypertonic solutions draw fluid out of cells. Nurses must carefully monitor patients for complications like fluid overload when administering IV fluids and therapies.
Fluids & electrolytes seminar [autosaved]Avinash Rathore
This document provides an overview of fluids and electrolytes. It begins with definitions of key terms like fluid, electrolyte, osmolality, and tonicity. It then discusses body fluids and fluid balance, regulation of fluids, and principles of fluid therapy. The document classifies intravenous fluids as crystalloids or colloids and describes common crystalloid solutions like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose solutions. It provides indications, pharmacological properties, and limitations of these intravenous fluids. The document concludes with a brief discussion of acid-base and electrolyte disorders.
The document provides information on fluid and electrolyte imbalance. It discusses the composition of body fluids, electrolytes, regulation of body fluid compartments, intravenous fluids, fluid volume disturbances including hypovolemia and hypervolemia, and electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Causes, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and management are described for various fluid and electrolyte disorders.
Intravenous (IV) therapy provides fluids, electrolytes, nutrients, and medications directly into the bloodstream. IV solutions consist of dextrose or electrolytes mixed with water. Several types of IV fluids exist including isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Isotonic fluids maintain electrolyte balance while hypotonic fluids provide free water and hypertonic fluids pull fluid from tissues into the bloodstream. IV therapy requires selecting the appropriate solution and administration method based on the patient's needs. Complications can include phlebitis and infiltration which require discontinuing the IV and monitoring the site.
The document discusses the body's fluid management and intravenous (IV) therapy. It defines different types of body fluids and their roles in homeostasis. It also explains the uses of IV therapy and classifications of IV fluids, including crystalloids, colloids, and blood/blood products. The document discusses electrolytes, their functions, and imbalances. It provides information on potential complications of IV therapy and guidelines for fluid management.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management. It covers fluid compartments in the body, reasons for fluid prescription including resuscitation, maintenance and replacement. It describes different types of intravenous fluids including crystalloids like normal saline and Hartmann's solution, and colloids. Factors to consider when prescribing fluids like daily requirements, fluid status assessment, correcting deficits and replacing ongoing losses are outlined. Close monitoring of fluid balance is emphasized.
Intended Learning Outcomes:
Describe the physiology of human fluid dynamics.
Define Intravenous therapy.
List the aims of adult perioperative fluid therapy.
Recognize the commonly used fluid preparations.
Describe the properties and indications of widely used IV solutions.
Describe the side effects and precautions of widely used IV solutions.
Explain the (NICE) principles and protocols for intravenous fluid therapy.
Discuss the assessment and management of hydration and volume status of surgical patients.
Describe the type, rate, and volume of fluid administered to surgical patients.
Recognize the different types of venous access.
Explain the potential local complications of peripheral IV therapy.
Identify the universal equations used by nurses to calculate the IV flow rate and medication dosage.
Intravenous (IV) therapy involves infusing liquid substances directly into the vein. It is used to replace fluids and electrolytes, maintain fluid balance, administer medications and blood products, provide nutrition, and monitor cardiac function. There are several types of IV fluids based on their tonicity - isotonic fluids like saline maintain fluid balance, hypotonic fluids hydrate cells by pulling fluid into them, and hypertonic fluids draw fluid out of cells. Buffers are used to correct acid-base imbalances, while other IV medications and nutrients cannot be given orally. Careful monitoring is needed with IV therapy to prevent complications like fluid overload, electrolyte disturbances, or circulatory issues.
Intravenous (IV) therapy involves infusing liquid substances directly into the vein. It is used to replace fluids and electrolytes, maintain fluid balance, administer medications and blood products, provide nutrition, and monitor cardiac function. There are several types of IV fluids including isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions which move fluid in and out of cells differently based on their concentrations. Isotonic solutions like 0.9% saline maintain fluid balance, while hypotonic solutions hydrate cells and hypertonic solutions draw fluid out of cells. Nurses must carefully monitor patients for complications like fluid overload when administering IV fluids and therapies.
Intravenous (IV) therapy involves administering liquid substances directly into the veins and circulation. IV fluids can be used for fluid replacement, medication delivery, blood products, and diagnostic testing. There are two main types of IV fluids - crystalloids like saline that distribute throughout the body, and colloids like gelatin that remain in the blood vessels longer. Providing too much or too little IV fluid, or giving the wrong type of fluid, can cause complications like fluid overload, hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalances, and changes in sodium levels that impact cell function. Careful monitoring of fluid intake and outputs, serial lab tests, and targeting circulatory parameters can help optimize IV therapy and avoid potential harms
This document provides an overview of intravenous (IV) infusion, including definitions, purposes, types of solutions, equipment used, flow rate calculation, factors affecting flow rate, nursing considerations, and potential complications. Specifically, it defines IV infusion as administering medication or solution into a patient's vein using gravity. It describes various solutions like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose that can be used and factors like viscosity and tubing length that influence flow rate. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing patients, maintaining sterile technique, and monitoring for signs of infection, air embolism, or fluid overload during IV therapy.
This document discusses fluid imbalances and their management. It defines fluid balance and types of fluid imbalances including fluid volume deficit and excess. Fluid volume deficit can result from loss of fluids and causes symptoms like weight loss and decreased skin turgor. Treatment involves replacing fluids intravenously with crystalloid or colloid fluids. Fluid volume excess, seen in conditions like heart failure, causes symptoms like respiratory distress. Treatment focuses on improving oxygenation through positioning and oxygen therapy, administering diuretic medications, and monitoring the patient's response.
This document discusses fluid and blood resuscitation. It begins by outlining the body's fluid compartments, then discusses causes of hypovolemia including hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic causes. The aim of fluid resuscitation is to restore tissue oxygenation while minimizing biochemical disturbance and preserving renal function. Types of fluids discussed include crystalloids like lactated Ringer's, 0.9% saline, D5W as well as colloids like albumin, dextrans, hetastarch, and gelatins. Isotonic fluids like 0.9% saline are used to treat volume deficits while hypotonic fluids can treat conditions causing intracellular dehydration. Precautions for fluid
Fluid therapy is important for treating various medical conditions and involves selecting the appropriate fluid based on the patient's needs, including volume, rate, composition, and location of fluid administration. Therapy must be tailored to each individual patient and constantly re-evaluated as the patient's status changes. The key aspects of fluid therapy involve assessing and addressing any changes in the patient's fluid volume, content, or distribution. Fluid selection and therapy are dictated by the condition being treated, such as dehydration, hypovolemia, or fluid imbalances.
Fluid management is essential for peri-operative patient care and impacts outcomes. Three key considerations for fluid prescription include the purpose of the fluid, the patient's weight and comorbidities, and laboratory values. Crystalloids are commonly used for volume resuscitation while colloids provide more sustained plasma expansion but risk allergic reactions. Proper fluid status assessment and strict input-output monitoring are important to avoid overhydration or dehydration.
- Fluid therapy requires selecting the appropriate intravenous fluid based on the patient's condition, including their electrolyte and acid-base disorders.
- In hypovolemic shock, isotonic saline is preferred, while colloids are most effective but costly. Ringer's lactate is preferred if larger volumes are needed.
- In diarrhea, Ringer's lactate is preferred. In vomiting, isotonic saline with potassium is used. For combined losses, isotonic saline with potassium works best.
- In hepatic encephalopathy and stroke, maintenance of euvolemia is key, avoiding hypotonic fluids and electrolyte imbalances that could worsen the conditions.
1) IV fluids are used to restore or maintain fluid and electrolyte balance when the oral route is not possible. They are categorized based on their tonicity as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.
2) Isotonic fluids like normal saline and lactated ringer's solution maintain the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma. Hypotonic fluids like D5W cause fluid to shift into cells while hypertonic fluids like 3% saline cause fluid to shift out of cells.
3) The appropriate fluid must be selected based on the patient's condition and fluid needs to avoid complications like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and cell swelling or shrinkage. Close monitoring is needed
Hemodialysis is a process used to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure. During hemodialysis, blood is pumped out of the body and into a dialyzer, where it passes through a semi-permeable membrane that removes toxins and fluid before returning clean blood to the body. Key aspects of hemodialysis include diffusion of wastes out of the blood, osmosis which removes excess water, and ultrafiltration of water under pressure. Patients typically require hemodialysis treatments lasting 4 hours, 3 times per week, either at a dialysis center or at home. Lifestyle management and monitoring for complications are important for patients on chronic hemodialysis
Fluid therapy is important for perioperative care to maintain hemodynamic stability. Factors to consider include maintenance fluid requirements, NPO deficits, third space losses, blood loss replacement, and other ongoing losses. The goal is to replace all fluid volume deficits to prevent hypoperfusion of vital organs like the heart, liver, brain, and kidneys. Proper fluid management can help prevent complications.
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) refers to life-supporting treatments for renal failure and includes hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy. The choice of RRT depends on factors like the patient's cardiovascular status, availability of resources, and clinical considerations. Common complications include those related to vascular access and electrolyte imbalances. RRT aims to correct fluid overload, metabolic abnormalities, and remove waste through diffusion or convection.
This document discusses intravenous (IV) therapy, including the types of IV fluids used and their indications. It describes crystalloid fluids as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic depending on their osmolarity and effect on fluid shifts. Isotonic fluids like 0.9% NaCl are used for dehydration while hypotonic fluids help with hypertonic dehydration. Hypertonic fluids shift fluid out of cells. Colloid fluids also shift fluid out of cells and are used for shock. The document stresses avoiding too much or too little IV fluid and cautions about fluid overload, electrolyte disturbances, and rapid changes in sodium levels that can harm patients.
Renal dialysis is a process that artificially performs the functions of the kidneys for patients with kidney failure. There are two primary types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which uses an external dialysis machine to filter blood outside the body, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen as a filter. Dialysis removes waste and regulates fluid and electrolyte levels by processes of diffusion, ultrafiltration, and osmosis across a semi-permeable membrane. Dialysis is a life-sustaining treatment for end-stage kidney disease.
This document provides information on intravenous (IV) fluids and therapy. It defines IV fluids and discusses routes of administration. It describes the fluid compartments in the body and electrolyte composition. Common types of IV fluids are discussed, including crystalloids like normal saline, lactated Ringer's, and dextrose 5%. Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic fluids are defined. Advantages and disadvantages of IV therapy are outlined. Adverse effects like infection, phlebitis, and fluid overload are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of fluid therapy, including the classification, composition, and effects of intravenous fluids. It discusses crystalloids like normal saline and Ringer's lactate, as well as dextrose solutions. Normal saline is commonly used but can cause acidosis due to its strong ion difference of zero. Ringer's lactate more closely matches plasma composition. Dextrose solutions provide calories but can increase lactate levels in critically ill patients. The document also covers the indications, mechanisms of action, and limitations of different IV fluid types.
This document provides information about intravenous (IV) fluids and solutions. It discusses the different types of IV fluids including crystalloids, colloids, isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Crystalloid solutions contain small molecules like sodium chloride, dextrose, lactated ringers. Colloid solutions contain larger molecules like albumin, dextrans, gelatin. The document outlines the composition and indications for common IV fluid types and important nursing considerations for administering IV fluids and monitoring for complications.
Renal replacement therapy is used to remove waste and fluid when kidney function is severely impaired and life is at risk. There are four main forms: hemodialysis, hemofiltration, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodiafiltration. Hemodialysis involves removing blood from the body, passing it through a dialyzer to filter out waste and fluid before returning it. Hemofiltration is similar but uses convection rather than diffusion and does not require dialysate. Peritoneal dialysis infuses fluid into the abdomen to draw out waste. Hemodiafiltration combines hemodialysis and hemofiltration for enhanced waste and fluid control.
This document provides information on fluid therapy. It begins by classifying fluids as crystalloids or colloids based on their ability to diffuse. Crystalloids like normal saline (NS) diffuse freely while colloids do not pass as readily. NS is commonly used but can cause acidosis due to its chloride content. Ringer's lactate is more physiological with an electrolyte profile similar to plasma. Dextrose solutions like 5% dextrose provide calories but excess can cause hyperglycemia and lactate production in critical illness. The document discusses the properties, indications, and limitations of various intravenous fluids.
This document provides information on fluid therapy. It begins by classifying fluids as crystalloids or colloids based on their ability to diffuse. Crystalloids like normal saline (NS) diffuse freely while colloids do not pass as readily. NS is commonly used but can cause acidosis due to its chloride content. Ringer's lactate is more physiological with an electrolyte profile similar to plasma. Dextrose solutions like 5% dextrose provide calories but can increase lactate levels in critical illness. The document discusses the properties, indications, and limitations of various intravenous fluids.
Intravenous (IV) therapy involves administering liquid substances directly into the veins and circulation. IV fluids can be used for fluid replacement, medication delivery, blood products, and diagnostic testing. There are two main types of IV fluids - crystalloids like saline that distribute throughout the body, and colloids like gelatin that remain in the blood vessels longer. Providing too much or too little IV fluid, or giving the wrong type of fluid, can cause complications like fluid overload, hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalances, and changes in sodium levels that impact cell function. Careful monitoring of fluid intake and outputs, serial lab tests, and targeting circulatory parameters can help optimize IV therapy and avoid potential harms
This document provides an overview of intravenous (IV) infusion, including definitions, purposes, types of solutions, equipment used, flow rate calculation, factors affecting flow rate, nursing considerations, and potential complications. Specifically, it defines IV infusion as administering medication or solution into a patient's vein using gravity. It describes various solutions like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose that can be used and factors like viscosity and tubing length that influence flow rate. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing patients, maintaining sterile technique, and monitoring for signs of infection, air embolism, or fluid overload during IV therapy.
This document discusses fluid imbalances and their management. It defines fluid balance and types of fluid imbalances including fluid volume deficit and excess. Fluid volume deficit can result from loss of fluids and causes symptoms like weight loss and decreased skin turgor. Treatment involves replacing fluids intravenously with crystalloid or colloid fluids. Fluid volume excess, seen in conditions like heart failure, causes symptoms like respiratory distress. Treatment focuses on improving oxygenation through positioning and oxygen therapy, administering diuretic medications, and monitoring the patient's response.
This document discusses fluid and blood resuscitation. It begins by outlining the body's fluid compartments, then discusses causes of hypovolemia including hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic causes. The aim of fluid resuscitation is to restore tissue oxygenation while minimizing biochemical disturbance and preserving renal function. Types of fluids discussed include crystalloids like lactated Ringer's, 0.9% saline, D5W as well as colloids like albumin, dextrans, hetastarch, and gelatins. Isotonic fluids like 0.9% saline are used to treat volume deficits while hypotonic fluids can treat conditions causing intracellular dehydration. Precautions for fluid
Fluid therapy is important for treating various medical conditions and involves selecting the appropriate fluid based on the patient's needs, including volume, rate, composition, and location of fluid administration. Therapy must be tailored to each individual patient and constantly re-evaluated as the patient's status changes. The key aspects of fluid therapy involve assessing and addressing any changes in the patient's fluid volume, content, or distribution. Fluid selection and therapy are dictated by the condition being treated, such as dehydration, hypovolemia, or fluid imbalances.
Fluid management is essential for peri-operative patient care and impacts outcomes. Three key considerations for fluid prescription include the purpose of the fluid, the patient's weight and comorbidities, and laboratory values. Crystalloids are commonly used for volume resuscitation while colloids provide more sustained plasma expansion but risk allergic reactions. Proper fluid status assessment and strict input-output monitoring are important to avoid overhydration or dehydration.
- Fluid therapy requires selecting the appropriate intravenous fluid based on the patient's condition, including their electrolyte and acid-base disorders.
- In hypovolemic shock, isotonic saline is preferred, while colloids are most effective but costly. Ringer's lactate is preferred if larger volumes are needed.
- In diarrhea, Ringer's lactate is preferred. In vomiting, isotonic saline with potassium is used. For combined losses, isotonic saline with potassium works best.
- In hepatic encephalopathy and stroke, maintenance of euvolemia is key, avoiding hypotonic fluids and electrolyte imbalances that could worsen the conditions.
1) IV fluids are used to restore or maintain fluid and electrolyte balance when the oral route is not possible. They are categorized based on their tonicity as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.
2) Isotonic fluids like normal saline and lactated ringer's solution maintain the same osmotic pressure as blood plasma. Hypotonic fluids like D5W cause fluid to shift into cells while hypertonic fluids like 3% saline cause fluid to shift out of cells.
3) The appropriate fluid must be selected based on the patient's condition and fluid needs to avoid complications like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances, and cell swelling or shrinkage. Close monitoring is needed
Hemodialysis is a process used to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure. During hemodialysis, blood is pumped out of the body and into a dialyzer, where it passes through a semi-permeable membrane that removes toxins and fluid before returning clean blood to the body. Key aspects of hemodialysis include diffusion of wastes out of the blood, osmosis which removes excess water, and ultrafiltration of water under pressure. Patients typically require hemodialysis treatments lasting 4 hours, 3 times per week, either at a dialysis center or at home. Lifestyle management and monitoring for complications are important for patients on chronic hemodialysis
Fluid therapy is important for perioperative care to maintain hemodynamic stability. Factors to consider include maintenance fluid requirements, NPO deficits, third space losses, blood loss replacement, and other ongoing losses. The goal is to replace all fluid volume deficits to prevent hypoperfusion of vital organs like the heart, liver, brain, and kidneys. Proper fluid management can help prevent complications.
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) refers to life-supporting treatments for renal failure and includes hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy. The choice of RRT depends on factors like the patient's cardiovascular status, availability of resources, and clinical considerations. Common complications include those related to vascular access and electrolyte imbalances. RRT aims to correct fluid overload, metabolic abnormalities, and remove waste through diffusion or convection.
This document discusses intravenous (IV) therapy, including the types of IV fluids used and their indications. It describes crystalloid fluids as isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic depending on their osmolarity and effect on fluid shifts. Isotonic fluids like 0.9% NaCl are used for dehydration while hypotonic fluids help with hypertonic dehydration. Hypertonic fluids shift fluid out of cells. Colloid fluids also shift fluid out of cells and are used for shock. The document stresses avoiding too much or too little IV fluid and cautions about fluid overload, electrolyte disturbances, and rapid changes in sodium levels that can harm patients.
Renal dialysis is a process that artificially performs the functions of the kidneys for patients with kidney failure. There are two primary types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which uses an external dialysis machine to filter blood outside the body, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen as a filter. Dialysis removes waste and regulates fluid and electrolyte levels by processes of diffusion, ultrafiltration, and osmosis across a semi-permeable membrane. Dialysis is a life-sustaining treatment for end-stage kidney disease.
This document provides information on intravenous (IV) fluids and therapy. It defines IV fluids and discusses routes of administration. It describes the fluid compartments in the body and electrolyte composition. Common types of IV fluids are discussed, including crystalloids like normal saline, lactated Ringer's, and dextrose 5%. Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic fluids are defined. Advantages and disadvantages of IV therapy are outlined. Adverse effects like infection, phlebitis, and fluid overload are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of fluid therapy, including the classification, composition, and effects of intravenous fluids. It discusses crystalloids like normal saline and Ringer's lactate, as well as dextrose solutions. Normal saline is commonly used but can cause acidosis due to its strong ion difference of zero. Ringer's lactate more closely matches plasma composition. Dextrose solutions provide calories but can increase lactate levels in critically ill patients. The document also covers the indications, mechanisms of action, and limitations of different IV fluid types.
This document provides information about intravenous (IV) fluids and solutions. It discusses the different types of IV fluids including crystalloids, colloids, isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Crystalloid solutions contain small molecules like sodium chloride, dextrose, lactated ringers. Colloid solutions contain larger molecules like albumin, dextrans, gelatin. The document outlines the composition and indications for common IV fluid types and important nursing considerations for administering IV fluids and monitoring for complications.
Renal replacement therapy is used to remove waste and fluid when kidney function is severely impaired and life is at risk. There are four main forms: hemodialysis, hemofiltration, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodiafiltration. Hemodialysis involves removing blood from the body, passing it through a dialyzer to filter out waste and fluid before returning it. Hemofiltration is similar but uses convection rather than diffusion and does not require dialysate. Peritoneal dialysis infuses fluid into the abdomen to draw out waste. Hemodiafiltration combines hemodialysis and hemofiltration for enhanced waste and fluid control.
This document provides information on fluid therapy. It begins by classifying fluids as crystalloids or colloids based on their ability to diffuse. Crystalloids like normal saline (NS) diffuse freely while colloids do not pass as readily. NS is commonly used but can cause acidosis due to its chloride content. Ringer's lactate is more physiological with an electrolyte profile similar to plasma. Dextrose solutions like 5% dextrose provide calories but excess can cause hyperglycemia and lactate production in critical illness. The document discusses the properties, indications, and limitations of various intravenous fluids.
This document provides information on fluid therapy. It begins by classifying fluids as crystalloids or colloids based on their ability to diffuse. Crystalloids like normal saline (NS) diffuse freely while colloids do not pass as readily. NS is commonly used but can cause acidosis due to its chloride content. Ringer's lactate is more physiological with an electrolyte profile similar to plasma. Dextrose solutions like 5% dextrose provide calories but can increase lactate levels in critical illness. The document discusses the properties, indications, and limitations of various intravenous fluids.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
Fluid therapy-1.pptx
1. ORAL FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
•Oral rehydration solutions containing water, potassium, sodium
and glucose may be used to correct mild fluid & electrolyte
deficits
Glucose not only provides calories but also promotes sodium
and water absorption in the small intestine
•Cola drinks are avoided because they do not contain adequate
electrolyte replacement & sugar content may lead to osmotic
diuresis
2. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
• IV fluid and electrolyte therapy is necessary to treat many different fluid
& electrolyte imbalances
Many patients need maintenance IV fluid therapy while they cannot
take oral fluids (e.g. during and after surgery)
Other patients need corrective or replacement therapy for losses that
have already occurred
• Amount and type of solution are determined by the normal daily
maintenance requirements & by imbalances identified by laboratory
results
• IV replacement solutions are classified by their concentration or tonicity
Tonicity is an important factor in determining the appropriate solution
to correct water and solute imbalances
3. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
• Hypotonic IV Fluids
A hypotonic solution provides more water than electrolytes (dilutes the
ECF)
Water moves from ECF to ICF via osmosis
ICF and ECF will have the same osmolality after achieving osmotic
equilibrium (both compartments are expanded)
Maintenance fluids are usually hypotonic solutions (e.g. 0.45% NaCl)
because normal daily losses are hypotonic
Additional electrolytes (e.g. KCl) may be added to maintain normal
levels
Hypotonic solutions have the potential to cause cellular swelling
Monitor patients for changes in mentation that may indicate cerebral
edema
4. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
•Hypotonic IV Fluids
5% dextrose in water
Dextrose is quickly metabolized
Net result is administration of free water (hypotonic) with
proportionately equal expansion of ECF & ICF
1L of 5% dextrose solution provides 50g of dextrose (170
calories)
Helps prevent ketosis associated with starvation
5. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
• Isotonic IV Fluids
Administration of an isotonic solution expands only ECF
There is no net loss or gain from ICF
An isotonic solution is ideal fluid replacement for a patient with an
ECF volume deficit
Examples of isotonic solutions include lactated Ringer’s solution & 0.9%
NaCl
Lactated Ringer’s solution - contains sodium, potassium, chloride,
calcium and lactate (the precursor of bicarbonate) in about the same
concentrations as those of ECF
It is contraindicated in patients with hyperkalemia & lactic acidosis
(associated with a decreased ability to convert lactate to bicarbonate)
6. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
Isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) - has a sodium concentration (154
mEq/L) higher than that of plasma (135 to 145 mEq/L) and a
chloride concentration (154 mEq/L) significantly higher than
the plasma chloride level (96 to 106 mEq/L)
Excessive administration of isotonic saline can result in elevated
sodium and chloride levels
Isotonic saline may be used when a patient has experienced
both fluid and sodium losses or as vascular fluid replacement
in hypovolemic shock
7. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
• Hypertonic IV Fluid
A hypertonic solution initially raises the osmolality of ECF & expands it
Higher osmotic pressure draws water out of the cells into ECF
Useful in the treatment of hypovolemia & hyponatremia
Hypertonic solutions require frequent monitoring of BP, lung sounds and
serum sodium levels because of the risk for intravascular fluid volume excess
Concentrated dextrose and water solutions (10% dextrose or greater) are
hypertonic solutions
Dextrose is metabolized and the net result is the administration of water
The free water provided by these solutions ultimately expands both ECF
and ICF
The primary use of these solutions is the provision of calories as part of
parenteral nutrition
8. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
•Parenteral nutrition
Composed of concentrated dextrose solutions with amino
acids, electrolytes, vitamins & trace elements
•Solutions containing 10% dextrose or less can be administered
through a peripheral line
•A central line is (however) recommended to administer
solutions with concentrations greater than 10% dextrose
9. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
•Intravenous Additives
A basic solution typically provide water, electrolytes and a
minimum amount of calories
Additives are used to replace specific losses e.g. KCl, CaCl,
MgSO4, HCO3
−
10. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
• Plasma Expanders
Plasma expanders stay in the vascular space and increase the
osmotic pressure
Plasma expanders include colloids, dextran and hetastarch
Colloids are protein solutions such as plasma, albumin &
commercial plasmas
Albumin is available in 5% and 25% solutions
The 5% solution has an albumin concentration similar to that of
plasma (results in plasma volume expansion equal to the volume
infused)
Makes the 5% concentration useful in treating hypovolemic
patients
11. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
25% albumin solution is hypertonic and draws additional fluid from
the interstitial space
Main use of the 25% concentration is as a volume expander
following a paracentesis for ascites
Dextran is a complex synthetic sugar
Dextran metabolizes slowly (remains in the vascular system for a
prolonged period)
Its action in the intravascular space is not as long as the colloids
It pulls additional fluid into the intravascular space
Hetastarch is a synthetic colloid that works similarly to dextran to
expand plasma volume
12. IV FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT
Whole blood or packed RBCs are necessary if the patient has lost
blood
Packed RBCs have the advantage of giving the patient primarily
RBCs
Packed RBCs also increase oncotic pressure and pull fluid into the
intravascular space
Whole blood (with its additional fluid volume) may cause
circulatory overload
Particularly in patients who are susceptible to complications from
excess circulating volume (e.g. heart failure)
Loop diuretics may be administered with blood to prevent
manifestations of fluid overload
13. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
•Central venous access devices (CVADs) - catheters placed
in large blood vessels (e.g. subclavian vein, jugular vein) of
people who require frequent or special access to the vascular
system
Useful with patients who have limited peripheral vascular
access or who have a projected need for long-term vascular
access (e.g. renal failure, shock, burns, heart failure)
•There are three main types of CVADs
Centrally inserted catheters
Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs)
Implanted ports
14. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
• Advantages of CVADs
Immediate access to the central venous system (permits frequent,
continuous, rapid or intermittent administration of IVFs and
medications)
A reduced need for multiple venipunctures and associated discomfort
Decreased risk of extravasation injury
Allow for the administration of drugs that are potential vesicants, blood
and blood products, parenteral nutrition
Provide a means to perform hemodynamic monitoring and obtain
venous blood samples
Safe for injections of radiopaque contrast media at high pressures and
controlled rates
15. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
•Major disadvantages of CVADs
Increased risk of systemic infection
Invasiveness of the procedure
Extravasation can still occur if there is displacement of or
damage to the device
16. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
• Centrally Inserted Catheters (also called central venous
catheters [CVCs]) - inserted into a vein in the neck or chest
(subclavian or jugular) or groin (femoral) with the tip resting in the
distal end of the superior vena cava
Do not use a newly place CVAD until the tip position is verified
with a chest x-ray
These catheters are single-, double-, triple-, or quad-lumen
catheters
Multi-lumen catheters are useful in the critically ill patient
All of the lumens can provide a different therapy simultaneously e.g.
incompatible drugs infuse in separate lumens without mixing while a
third lumen provides access for blood sampling
19. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
•Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICCs) - central
venous catheters inserted into a vein in the arm (cephalic or
basilic) rather than a vein in the neck or chest
They are inserted at or just above the antecubital fossa and
advanced to a position with the tip ending in the distal one
third of the superior vena cava
PICCs are single- or multiple-lumen
They are used with patients who need vascular access for 1
week to 6 months but can be in place for longer periods
21. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
•Advantages of the PICC over a central venous catheter are
Lower infection rate
Fewer insertion-related complications
Decreased cost and insertion at the bedside or outpatient area
22. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
• Implanted Infusion Ports
Implanted infusion ports consist of a central venous catheter connected
to an implanted, single or double subcutaneous injection port
The catheter tip lies in the desired vein and the other end is connected
to a port that is surgically implanted in a subcutaneous pocket on the
chest wall
The port consists of a metal sheath with a self-sealing silicone septum
Implanted ports are good for long-term therapy and have a low risk of
infection
Regular flushing is required to avoid the formation of “sludge” (clotted
blood and drug precipitate) within the port septum
25. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
• NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Catheter and insertion site assessment
Inspection of the site for redness, edema, warmth, drainage and
tenderness or pain
Observation of the catheter for misplacement or slippage is important
Perform a comprehensive pain assessment, particularly noting any
complaints of chest or neck discomfort, arm pain, or pain at the
insertion site
Perform hand hygiene before manipulating a catheter for any reason
26. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
• Cleansing and dressing changes
Perform dressing changes and cleanse the catheter insertion site using
strict sterile technique
Typical dressings include transparent semipermeable dressings or gauze
and tape
A gauze dressing may be preferable if the site is bleeding
Transparent dressings are preferred otherwise (allow observation of
the site without having to remove the dressing)
Transparent dressings may be left in place for up to 1week if clean,
dry and intact
Change any dressing immediately if it becomes damp, loose or visibly
soiled
27. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
• Cleansing and dressing changes
Cleanse the skin around the catheter insertion site according to institution
policy
A chlorhexidine-based preparation is the cleansing agent of choice
Its effects last longer than either povidone-iodine or isopropyl alcohol
(offers improved killing of bacteria)
Cleansing the skin with friction is critical to infection prevention when
using chlorhexidine
Allow the area to air dry completely before application of a new dressing
for chlorhexidine to be effective
Secure the lumen ports to the skin above the dressing site
Document the date and time of dressing change and initial the dressing
28. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
•Injection cap changes
Change injection caps at regular intervals according to
institution policy or if they are damaged from excessive
punctures
Use strict sterile technique
Teach the patient to turn the head to the opposite side of the
CVAD insertion site during cap change
Instruct the patient to lie flat in bed and perform the Valsalva
maneuver whenever the catheter is open to air to prevent an
air embolism (if the catheter cannot be clamped)
31. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
• Maintenance of catheter patency
Flushing is one of the most effective ways to maintain lumen patency
and to prevent occlusion of the CVAD
It also keeps incompatible drugs or fluids from mixing
Use a normal saline solution in a syringe that has a barrel capacity of
10 mL or more to avoid excess pressure on the catheter
Do not apply force if resistance is felt
This could result in a ruptured catheter or create an embolism if a
thrombus is present
Prefilled syringes or single-dose vials are preferred over multiple-dose
vials (because of the risk of contamination and infection)
Clamp any unused lines after flushing
32. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
•Maintenance of catheter patency
Use the push-pause technique when flushing all catheters
Push-pause creates turbulence within the catheter lumen
(promote the removal of debris that adheres to the catheter
lumen and decreasing the chance of occlusion)
Remove the syringe before clamping the catheter to allow the
positive pressure valve to work correctly
33. CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES
• REMOVAL OF CVADs
Removal of CVADs is done according to institution policy and the
nurse’s scope of practice
The procedure involves removing any sutures and then gently
withdrawing the catheter
Instruct the patient to perform the Valsalva maneuver as the last 5 to
10 cm of the catheter is withdrawn
Immediately apply pressure to the site with sterile gauze to prevent air
from entering and to control bleeding
Inspect the catheter tip to determine that it is intact
Apply an antiseptic ointment and sterile dressing to the site after
bleeding has stopped