Flowers have been used as symbols to represent feelings and concepts in literature and culture. In Shakespeare's works, different flowers represented different meanings and helped convey themes. For example, in Hamlet, Ophelia uses rosemary to represent remembrance of her recently deceased father. Shakespeare also used flowers like the red rose to symbolize passionate love in works like Venus and Adonis. More broadly, different flower types and colors traditionally symbolize concepts like love, beauty, innocence. An appendix lists many flowers and their symbolic meanings.

1. Flowers and their Hidden Meanings By Katrina Caro Period 2 12/8/09

2. Symbol Symbol: * One that represents something else by association,, resemblance, or convention Material or an object used to represent something else Symbolize: * To serve as a symbol of Symbolism: * Practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships. * From The American Heritage High School dic-tion-ar-y Flowers are used as symbols of what people feel to show one another. The type, color and quantity all used to express their feelings.

3. Elizabethan Flowers In the Elizabethan era Shakespeare was famous for his plays, sonnets, and poems. If his audience couldn't understand what he originally wrote for the play he had the characters speak slower and use flowers to simplify what he was trying to say. This was used in the play “Hamlet”, Ophelia used rosemary in her lines to describe the recent death of her father, rosemary was used in funerals because it symbolized remembrance.

4. Shakespeare’s Literature In Shakespeare's sonnets he uses flowers to describe people and the time passing. He describes love in his sonnets. The passion, lust, physical and emotional consequences. In his love sonnets he describes the complicatedness that people go through even today. Cockscomb- Silliness , absurdity Coriander-lust Blackthorn-Difficulty

5. Venus and Adonis Venus and Adonis by William Shakespeare 'Witness this primrose bank whereon I lie; These forceless flowers like sturdy trees support me; Two strengthless doves will draw me through the sky, From morn till night, even where I list to sport me: Is love so light, sweet boy, and may it be That thou shouldst think it heavy unto thee? Primrose — I can’t live without you Venus and Adonis by William Shakespeare 'Thrice-fairer than myself,' thus she began, 'The field's chief flower, sweet above compare, Stain to all nymphs, more lovely than a man, 10 More white and red than doves or roses are; Nature that made thee, with herself at strife, Saith that the world hath ending with thy life. Red Rose —passionate love White Rose — purity, innocence

6. The Rape of Lucrece The Rape of Lucrece by William Shakespeare “ Their silent war of lilies and of roses ,Which Tarquin view'd in her fair face's field,In their pure ranks his traitor eye encloses;Where, lest between them both it should be kill'd,The coward captive vanquished doth yieldTo those two armies that would let him go,Rather than triumph in so false a foe.” Lily—hatred, pride Rose—love, beauty

7. A- Flowers Abutilon — Meditation Acacia — (Rose, White)-Friendship, Elegance Acacia — (Yellow) Concealed love Acanthus — Fine arts, Artifice Achilleac — State of war Aconite (Monkshood) — Hatred, Misanthropy words, Be cautious Adam's — Needle Best friends Adonis — Patience, Humility, Sad memories Agrimony — Gratitude Alliums — Patience, Unity, Humility Almond Blossom — Hope, Contemplation Aloe — Sorrow, Grief Alstroemeria — Aspiring, Devotion, Friendship Amaranth (Globe) — Immortal love Amaryllis — Splendid beauty Ambrosia — Reciprocated love AnemoneFragile, Anticipation Angelica Inspiration Anthurium Hospitality Apple Blossom Hope, Good fortune Apricot Blossom Diffident love Arbor Vitae True friendship ArbutusI love thee only Asphodel Regret, Lassitude Aster Love, Contentment, Patience Azalea Fragile, Patience, Chinese symbol for womanhood

8. B-Flowers Baby's Breath-Innocence, Gladness Bachelor Button (Bluebottle Cornflower)-Celibacy, Anticipation, Delicacy, Perfection Balm- Sympathy Balsam (Impatiens)- Impatience Barberry- Hot Temperament Bay Wreath-Glory, Reward for goodness Begonia- Be cautious, Deep thinking Bells of Ireland- Good Luck, Best Wishes Bellwort- Hopelessness Betony-Surprise Bindweed (Convolvulus)- Perseverance Bird of Paradise- Festivity, Celebration Bitter Sweet Flower- Truth, Fact Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia)- Difficulty Blue Bell (Harebell, Campanula)-Constancy, Never ending love Bouvardia- Excitement Burdock- Boredom Buttercup- Childness Butterfly Weed- Leave Me

9. C-P Flowers Cactus- Maternal affection and love Caladium Leaves- Ravish, Joyfulness Calendula (Pot Marigold)- Happiness Calycanthus- Benvolence Camellia (White)-Adorable, Lovable Camellia (Pink)-Strong desire Camellia (Red-)-Excellence, Perfection Chamomile (or Camomile)-Enterprisingness, Energy in adversity Candytuft (Iberis)-Indifference Cardinal Flower-Eminence Carnation (White)-Sweetness, Innocence, Pure love Dahlia- Dignity, Elegance Daisy- Innocence Daphne Flower- Glory, Fame Dew Plant-Serenade Elderberry Blossom- Kindness Endive-Frugality Eucalyptus- Safeguard, Protection Fern-Sincerity Fig-ArgumentFir- Evaluation, Time Foxglove- Inscincerity Fuchsia- Anger Gardenia-Secret admiration and love Geranium- Comfort Grass- Submission Hazel Flower- Reconciliation Hemlock- You will kill me Hibiscus- Delicate beauty Hop- injustice Houseleek- Domestic Economy Iris- Faith Ivy- Friendship Jasmine-Cheerfulness Lady’s Slipper-Capricious beauty Lilac- First love Maple- Retirement Mint- Suspicion Narcissus-Formality Nightshades- Dark thoughts Oleander-Beauty and grace Orchid-Long lasting impression Pear Blossom- Good health Petunia- Resentment, Anger

10. Holiday Flowers Cinnamon-Beauty Clove-Dignity Cypress- Mourning , Despair Eucalyptus- Safeguard, protection Fir- Evaluation, Time Ginger Flower- Proud, Majestic Holly- Coming of joys Pine- Pity, Hope Poinsettia- Always cheerful Snowdrop- Friendship in trouble Star of Bethlehem- Atonement, Satisfaction

11. Works Cited Flowers and their meanings II . 5 Jul. 2009. 3 Dec. 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dt5f62kz65g&feature=related . &quot;Symbol, Symbolism, Symbolize.&quot; The American Heritage High School dic-tion-ar-y . 4th ed. 2002. Sparknote Editors. SparkNote on Shakespeare’s Sonnets . 17 Nov. 2009. 4 Dec. 2009 <http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/shakesonnets/themes.html>. Trinity, Arin. Arts and Entertainment &quot;Ophelia Letting the Flowers do the talking . 11 May 2008. 6 Dec. 2009 <http://www.articleclick.com/article/ophelia-letting-the-flowers-do-the-talking/993451>. William Shakespeare. The Full Text of Shakespeare's :VENUS AND ADONIS&quot; (1593). . . 4 Dec. 2009 <www.shakespeare-w.com/english/shakespeare/w_venus.html>. William Shakespeare. The Rape of Lucrece by William Shakespeare . . 4 Dec. 2009 <http://www.online-literature.com/shakespeare/331/>. Buzzle.com. Flower Meanings - List of Flowers and Their Meaning . . 6 Dec. 2009 <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/flower-types-list-of-different-types-of-flowers-with-pictures.html>. . Provencal red flowers . . 7 Dec. 2009 <http://images-2.redbubble.net/img/art/size:large/view:main/834122-3-provencal-red-flowers.jpg>. . Single lavender flower . . 7 Dec. 2009 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/single_lavendar_flower02.jpg>.

12. Works Cited Wild Ginger Farm. Lavender . . 7 Dec. 2009 <http://www.wildgingerfarm.com/images/serphydflyonlavenderhidcotesuperior.jpg>. . Red Rose . . 6 Dec. 2009 <http://beautifulwallpapers.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/red-rose.jpg>. . One Orange Lily . . 6 Dec. 2009 <http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3362/3637312014_f30290eb6e.jpg>. JanBran. Coriander Flower . 22 Sep. 2007. 7 Dec. 2009 <http://www.flickr.com/photos/abbiton/1426051295/>. . Roman Christendom &quot;White Flower Day&quot; . 10 june 2009. 6 Dec. 2009 <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://ysanames.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/white-rose1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://romanchristendom.blogspot.com/2009/06/white-rose-day.html&usg=__hldggbhwpbydzu9erfrekpcc8hm=&h=382&w=396&sz=25&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=cblskvtct5ez2m:&tbnh=120&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3fq%3dwhite%2brose%26hl%3den%26client%3dfirefox-a%26rls%3dorg.mozilla:en-us:official%26sa%3dn%26um%3d1>. Haarnaald. Red Rose 01 . 26 Dec. 2007. 7 Dec. 2009 <http://www.flickr.com/photos/19915489@n00/2137922477/>.