Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Grade 11

2. Fire
- Is the perceptible phase of burning or combustion, which is the chemical
reaction between oxygen, fuel, and heat.
- A state, process, or instance of combustion in which fuel or other material is
ignited and combined with oxygen, giving off light, heat, and flame.

3. FIRE TETRAHEDON
For combustion to occur, four
components are necessary:
• Oxygen (oxidizing agent)
• Fuel
• Heat
• Self-sustained chemical reaction

4. • Oxygen or Oxidizing agents are those materials that yield oxygen or other
oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical reaction.
• Fuel is the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion
process.
• Heat is the energy component of the fire tetrahedron. When heat comes into
contact with a fuel, the energy supports the combustion reaction.
• Combustion is a complex reaction that requires a fuel (in the gaseous or vapor
state), an oxidizer, and a heat energy to come together in a very specific way.
ELEMENTS OF FIRE

5. TIME
TEMPERATURE
RISE
IGNITION
GROWTH
FLASH-OVER
FULLY DEVELOPED
FIRE
POST FLASH-OVER
DECAY

6. CAUSE OF FIRE AND FIRE HAZARDS
1.Cooking
Cooking is the #1 cause of
home fires, and unattended
cooking is the top contributing
factor
Since kitchen is the most used
part of the house and is most
vulnerable to fire, it is very
important to know the most
appropriate actions to be done
when kitchen fire starts.

7. These are the following things to do and not to do in dealing with
cooking fire:
Things to do to prevent cooking fire:
 Do not leave your cooking
unattended.
 Keep handles of pots and pans
turned in.
 Don’t put anything that catches
fire near your stove or burner
Things to do to control cooking fire:
 Cover the fire by placing a lid over the
pan.
 Turn off the burner or stove.
 In case of oven fire, turn off the heat
and keep the door closed.
 In case of microwave fire, unplug the
power source and keep the door
closed.

8. 2. Cigarettes
Cigarettes are the leading causes of fire
deaths in city, state, and national level.
The fire victims include not only the
smokers but their families, friends and
neighbors. Mostly, cigarette fires are due
to improper disposal of cigarette butts
that are still lit.
In some cases, house fire due to
cigarettes is caused by human negligence
like falling asleep while smoking or
smoking near flammable materials.

10. 3. Electrical
Electrical problem is one of the
causes of structure fires and
fire deaths. Fire incidents due
to electrical wiring are caused
by faulty wiring and faulty
equipment or appliances.

12. 4. Candle
During brown out or power outage, candles are the most popular
source of light because it is always available even in sari-sari stores.

13. 5. Spontaneous Combustion
Spontaneous combustion happens when a material can produce or
accumulate its own heat and can cause increase in temperature without
drawing heat from its surroundings.
If the material reaches its ignition temperature, it will start to burn
without any source of fire and that is called spontaneous combustion.
Examples of materials that are prone to spontaneous combustion
include: oily rags, hay, and other agricultural products.

15. The table below shows the classification of fire and their respective
sources and symbols.

16. Types of Fire Extinguisher
1. Water and Foam – only used to put out class A fires
2. Carbon Dioxide – can be used to put out class B and C fires
3. Dry Chemical – can be used to put out class A, B and C fires
4. Wet Chemical – can be used to put out class A and K fires
5. Clean Agent – also known as halogenated extinguishers, can be used to
put out class A, B and C fires
6. Dry Powder – only used to put out class D fires
7. Water Mist - can be used to put out class A and C fires

19. Fire Safety Signs
Are color coded for easier identification
and determination which is mandatory
and which should be avoided. It is very
important to be knowledgeable or to be
familiar with the color and the
corresponding meaning of the picture
presented.
 Fire exit signs are colored green and
white as this color combination means
a safe condition. Normally fire exit
signs show rapidly walking man and an
arrow. However, some fire exit signs
just show ‘fire exit’ text in lower case
letters.

20.  Blue fire safety signs are used to
indicate a mandatory action or a must
do action. These blue signs mean that
you need to do the appropriate action
for your safety. Blue fire safety signs
are circular in shape and feature a
white graphic or white text.
 Red fire safety signs are used to
indicate prohibition or you must not go
on that location because it might pose
danger or harm. It also signifies the
location of fire equipment and
supplementary information.

21.  Fire equipment signs are square with
red background and white images and
are used to tell you where to find the
location of fire-fighting equipment.

23. 6 STEPS TO SAFETY
S- o u n d t h e a l a r m
A- dvice the fire brigade
F- i g h t t h e f i r e
E- v a c u a te
T- e l l o t h e r s
Y- o u g e t c l e a r

24. The Rules for Fighting Fires
Remember the three A’s
ACTIVATE the building fire alarm or dial 911 or notify the
local fire department
ASSIST anybody who is in need of help to escape the
building, without putting your own life at risk.
ATTEMPT to put out the fire only after doing these.