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Fire Detection and Alarm System Basics

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Fire Detection and Alarm System Basics Hochiki America Corporation 7051 Village Drive, Suite 100 Buena Park, California 90621 www.hochiki.com
Fire Alarm Circuit Classes 2007 NFPA 72, 6.4.2.1 Class. Initiating device circuits, notification appliance circuits, and signaling line circuits shall be permitted to be designated as either Class A or Class B, depending on their performance during nonsimultaneous single circuit fault conditions as specified by the following: (1) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that transmit an alarm or supervisory signal, or notification appliance circuits that allow all connected devices to operate during a single open or a nonsimultaneous single ground fault on any circuit conductor, shall be designated as Class A (2) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that do not transmit an alarm or supervisory signal, or notification appliance circuits that do not allow all connected devices to operate beyond the location of a single open on any circuit conductor, shall be designated as Class B 2007 NFPA 72, 6.4.2.2. An open or ground fault condition shall result in the annunciation of a trouble signal at the protected premise within 200 seconds as required in 4.4.7
Class B Initiating Device Circuit 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Class B Notification Appliance Circuit Class B Circuits End of line supervision resistors are required to supervise the integrity of the loop.
Single open circuit condition causes a trouble on the panel and renders all devices beyond the fault inoperative. Class B Initiating Device Circuit 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Class B Notification Appliance Circuit Class B Circuits
Class A Initiating Device Circuit Class A Notification Appliance Circuit Class A Circuits End of line supervision resistors are not necessary as the loop returns to the panel and is driven from both ends.
Class A Initiating Device Circuit Class A Notification Appliance Circuit Class A Circuits Single open circuit condition causes a trouble on the panel. All devices on the loop remain operative.
Addressable Device - A fire alarm system component with discreet identification that can have its status individually identified or that is used to individually control other functions. Analog Addressable Sensor - An initiating device that transmits a signal indicating varying degrees of condition as contrasted with a conventional or addressable initiating device, which can only indicate an off/on condition. Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) - A circuit or path between any combination of circuit interfaces, control units, or transmitters over which multiple system input signals or out put signals or both are carried. SLC Interface - A system component that connects a signaling line circuit to any combination of initiating devices, initiating device circuits, notification appliances, notification appliance circuits, system control outputs and other signaling line circuits. Protocol - A language for communicating between control panels and their proprietary devices. Additional Fire Alarm Terminology
 Conventional control panels range in size from 1 zone to over 100 zones.  Zones typically consist of some or all of the initiating devices in an area or floor of a building.  Some control panels zone capacity is expandable while others are not, limiting its usefulness if a facility adds additional buildings or rooms. Comparing System Types To better understand today’s newer technology, a firm understanding of the types of systems available is necessary. The three most popular types of systems installed today are: •Conventional •Addressable •Analog Addressable Conventional Systems
Conventional Systems Zone 1 4.7K EOLR Zone 2 FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT FACP NAC 1 Multiple devices are combined into a single zone. Zones can contain 30 or more devices. 4.7K EOLR
Conventional Systems Care must be taken when laying out zones to comply with code requirements. Zone 1 4.7K EOLR Zone 2 FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT NAC 1 4.7K EOLR
Zone Considerations  2007 NFPA 72 6.8.5.5.2 Limits the number of waterflow switches in a single zone to 5.  2007 NFPA 72 6.8.5.6.2 Limits the number of supervisory devices in a single zone to 20.  2007 NFPA 72 Annex A.4.4.6.6 Suggests that the maximum number of square feet in a single zone be limited to no more than 22,500.
Conventional Systems Wiring must be installed in a supervised manner either Class A, or Class B with an EOLR. Zone #1 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Zone #2 NAC #1
Conventional Systems Alarm conditions are annunciated by zone only. Inspection is required to determine the device. Zone #1 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Zone #2 NAC #1 FIRE!
Conventional Systems Trouble conditions are annunciated by zone only. Inspection is required to determine the cause. 4.7K EOLR Zone #1 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Zone #2 NAC #1
Conventional Systems Information transmitted to the central station is by zone at best. Many panels send Alarm, Supv, Trbl only. RJ RJ Zone #1 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Zone #2 NAC #1
Addressable Systems  An addressable systems point capacity is determined by the amount of SLC “Signaling Line Circuits” it contains.  Each SLC circuit provides power, communication, & supervision for all of the devices connected to it.  Each SLC can accommodate over 100 addressable devices, depending upon the manufacturer. FACP
Addressable Systems FACP Each SLC loop can contain a variety of addressable devices. Non-addressable devices are connected via addressable module. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR NAC #1 Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
Addressable Systems Each point on the SLC loop is given a unique address when installed. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR NAC #1 Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector FACP NAC #1
Addressable Systems Supervision is accomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. < Replay 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Alarm conditions are annunciated by point allowing responding personnel to quickly find the fire. ALARM POINT 006 LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1 FIRE!
Addressable Systems Trouble conditions can be located more quickly by analyzing the affected points. TRBL POINT 006 DISCONNECTED LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems More detailed information can be sent to the central station aiding in a quick resolution to the problem. RJ RJ 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Since supervision is accomplished through polling, t-tapped wiring is permitted. (Class B wiring) 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
Addressable Systems Many systems support flexible input/output programming to link initiating devices to outputs. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1 FIRE!
Comparison  Conventional  Lower initial equipment costs.  Wide range of compatible devices.  Can be easier to program.  Limited expansion capability.  Addressable  Easier to install.  More system status information at the panel and central station.  Input/Output programming much more flexible.  Usually much more room available to expand.
Analog Addressable Systems  Detectors in an analog addressable systems become “sensors” relaying information to the control panel corresponding to how much smoke or heat that detector is sensing.  The control panel makes the decisions based on this information when to alarm etc.
Analog Addressable Systems Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor 10K EOLR Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 HEAT DETECTOR MECHANICAL ROOM POINT 001 A=062 NORMAL F=190 Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems SMOKE DETECTOR LOBBY NORTH POINT 002 A=060 NORMAL F=188 Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems RELAY MODULE FAN SHUTDOWN POINT 003 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems INPUT MODULE WATERFLOW POINT 004 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. INPUT MODULE MANUAL PULL POINT 005 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems SMOKE DETECTOR FRONT DESK POINT 006 A=061 NORMAL F=189 Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems HEAT DETECTOR MECHANICAL ROOM POINT 001 A=062 NORMAL F=190 Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems SMOKE DETECTOR LOBBY NORTH POINT 002 A=060 NORMAL F=188 Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems RELAY MODULE FAN SHUTDOWN POINT 003 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems INPUT MODULE WATERFLOW POINT 004 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. INPUT MODULE MANUAL PULL POINT 005 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems SMOKE DETECTOR FRONT DESK POINT 006 A=061 NORMAL F=189 < Replay Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems This analog value corresponds to the amount of heat or smoke in that detectors area of coverage. Higher = more. HEAT DETECTOR MECHANICAL ROOM POINT 001 A=062 NORMAL F=190 Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems If the analog value exceeds the alarm threshold, an alarm occurs. This alarm threshold is calculated by the panel. HEAT DETECTOR MECHANICAL ROOM POINT 001 A=062 NORMAL F=190 Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Systems INPUT MODULE WATERFLOW POINT 004 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Input/output modules do not relay analog values to the panel as they are monitoring or controlling on/off devices. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
Analog Addressable Features  An analog addressable control panel is capable of several enhanced features not available on conventional, and some addressable systems.  Drift Compensation / Maintenance Alert  Adjustable Detector Sensitivity  Day/Night Detector Sensitivity Adjustment  U.L. Calibrated Sensitivity Test Instrument
Drift Compensation  Drift compensation is the process by which an analog addressable control panel automatically adjusts an analog detectors alarm threshold to compensate for contaminants such as dust.  This ensures the detector maintains a consistent sensitivity level, helping to avoid false alarms due to dirty detectors.
Maintenance Alert  Drift compensation occurs until it is nearing a point where it can no longer compensate and remain within U.L. requirements. This point is called “Maintenance Alert”  Some systems handle a maintenance alert condition as a trouble while others flag the condition only, and continue to operate normally.
Calibration Trouble  A detector in a maintenance alert condition will eventually go into calibration trouble if not serviced.  A detector in calibration trouble is not functioning correctly and requires service immediately.
Adjustable (Day/Night) Sensitivity  In order to allow for varying environmental conditions or to provide quicker detection, analog systems typically allow you to change the sensitivity of a detector within a range of U.L. tolerances.  This is typically made user friendly by giving the installer choices such as high-medium-low.
Adjustable (Day/Night) Sensitivity  By changing a detectors sensitivity you are instructing the panel to adjust its alarm threshold (analog) value up or down accordingly.  Some systems allow this sensitivity adjustment to happen automatically on a day/night schedule.
U.L. Calibrated Sensitivity Test  1996 NFPA 72 7-3.2.1 Detector sensitivity shall be tested within 1 year after installation and every alternate year thereafter. After the second required calibration test, where sensitivity tests indicate that the detector has remained within its listed and marked sensitivity range, the length of time shall be permitted to be extended to a maximum of 5 years. …  Testing Methods  A calibrated test method; or  Manufacturers calibrated sensitivity test instrument; or  Listed control equipment arranged for the purpose; or  Smoke detector/control unit arrangement whereby the detector causes a signal at the control unit where its sensitivity is outside the acceptable range; or  Other approved calibrated method acceptable to AHJ
 Analog addressable control panels are UL listed for the purpose of performing the calibrated sensitivity testing internally.  A printout from the panel is usually available to provide evidence to the AHJ that the test was performed. U.L. Calibrated Sensitivity Test
Communication Protocols  Each manufacturer of (analog) addressable fire alarm systems utilize a unique communications protocol on the SLC loop to communicate between the control panel and the addressable devices.  Most protocols are developed by detector manufacturers.  Many manufacturers subtly modify standard protocols, developed by detector manufacturers, to provide a proprietary environment for their equipment & distributors.
Communication Protocols  Many of the panels installation requirements and operational parameters are based on the communication protocol used.  SLC Loop Length  SLC Loop Wire Type  SLC Loop Communications Speed  SLC Loop Alarm Response Time  Communication protocols can be broken down into two categories.  Non-Digital  Digital
Comparing Protocols To take a closer look at communication protocols we can look at non-digital and digital SLC Loops through an oscilloscope. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006
Non-Digital Protocol Each detector when polled responds to the panel with square wave pulses.
Non-Digital Protocol The panel reads these square wave pulses and determines the values by measuring the length (time) of each.
Non-Digital Protocol Various sources of interference can cause these square wave pulses to round off. This makes an accurate reading very difficult. ?
Non-Digital Protocol Most manufacturers that utilize a non-digital protocol will specify special requirements such as twisted or shielded wire to counteract this problem. ?
Digital Protocol Using a digital protocol the panel looks for for a series of “1” or “on” bits that are detected by looking for voltage rather than the length of a pulse. 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 24v
Digital Protocol Even if a source of interference causes rounding off of the digital pulses the voltage is still present for the panel to determine the digital value. 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 24v
Digital Protocol Digital protocol panels do not typically require special cabling since interference does not pose any substantial signal problems. Retrofits can be done using existing cable. 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 24v
Non-digital Loop Response  When an alarm occurs on many non-digital protocol systems, some panels must continue polling until it reaches the alarming device, before an alarm is initiated.  Larger systems with hundreds of points can cause delays initiating an alarm.
Non-Digital Loop Response FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 ABC FIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
Non-Digital Loop Response ABC FIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM FIRE! A fire erupts at the Heat Detector (Point 001) while the system is polling the Smoke Detector (Point 002). FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
Non-Digital Loop Response ABC FIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM An alarm is not initiated. The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
Non-Digital Loop Response ABC FIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM An alarm is not initiated. The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
Non-Digital Loop Response ABC FIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM An alarm is not initiated. The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
Non-Digital Loop Response ABC FIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM An alarm is not initiated. The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
Non-Digital Loop Response ALARM POINT 001 HEAT DETECTOR 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM ALARM! FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
Non-Digital Loop Response ALARM POINT 001 HEAT DETECTOR 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM Systems with hundreds of points can take 15 -20 seconds or longer to respond to alarm conditions. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE!
Digital Loop Response  When an alarm occurs on most digital protocol systems, an interrupt request from the device sensing the alarm interrupts the polling sequence to immediately handle the alarm.  Systems with hundreds of points will respond to alarms in the same amount of time that they would to smaller systems with very few points.
Digital Loop Response ABC FIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Input Module (Waterflow)
Digital Loop Response ABC FIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM A fire erupts at the Heat sensor (Point 001) while the system is polling the Smoke Detector (Point 002). Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Input Module (Waterflow)
Digital Loop Response ABC FIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM The Heat Sensor (Point 001) interrupts the polling process to handle the alarm immediately. Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Input Module (Waterflow)
Digital Loop Response ALARM! ALARM POINT 001 HEAT SENSOR 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Input Module (Waterflow)
THE END Hochiki America Corporation 7051 Village Drive, Suite 100 Buena Park, California 90621 www.hochiki.com

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Fire Detection and Alarm System Basics.pdf

  • 1.
    Fire Detection andAlarm System Basics Hochiki America Corporation 7051 Village Drive, Suite 100 Buena Park, California 90621 www.hochiki.com
  • 2.
    Fire Alarm CircuitClasses 2007 NFPA 72, 6.4.2.1 Class. Initiating device circuits, notification appliance circuits, and signaling line circuits shall be permitted to be designated as either Class A or Class B, depending on their performance during nonsimultaneous single circuit fault conditions as specified by the following: (1) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that transmit an alarm or supervisory signal, or notification appliance circuits that allow all connected devices to operate during a single open or a nonsimultaneous single ground fault on any circuit conductor, shall be designated as Class A (2) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that do not transmit an alarm or supervisory signal, or notification appliance circuits that do not allow all connected devices to operate beyond the location of a single open on any circuit conductor, shall be designated as Class B 2007 NFPA 72, 6.4.2.2. An open or ground fault condition shall result in the annunciation of a trouble signal at the protected premise within 200 seconds as required in 4.4.7
  • 3.
    Class B InitiatingDevice Circuit 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Class B Notification Appliance Circuit Class B Circuits End of line supervision resistors are required to supervise the integrity of the loop.
  • 4.
    Single open circuitcondition causes a trouble on the panel and renders all devices beyond the fault inoperative. Class B Initiating Device Circuit 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Class B Notification Appliance Circuit Class B Circuits
  • 5.
    Class A InitiatingDevice Circuit Class A Notification Appliance Circuit Class A Circuits End of line supervision resistors are not necessary as the loop returns to the panel and is driven from both ends.
  • 6.
    Class A InitiatingDevice Circuit Class A Notification Appliance Circuit Class A Circuits Single open circuit condition causes a trouble on the panel. All devices on the loop remain operative.
  • 7.
    Addressable Device -A fire alarm system component with discreet identification that can have its status individually identified or that is used to individually control other functions. Analog Addressable Sensor - An initiating device that transmits a signal indicating varying degrees of condition as contrasted with a conventional or addressable initiating device, which can only indicate an off/on condition. Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) - A circuit or path between any combination of circuit interfaces, control units, or transmitters over which multiple system input signals or out put signals or both are carried. SLC Interface - A system component that connects a signaling line circuit to any combination of initiating devices, initiating device circuits, notification appliances, notification appliance circuits, system control outputs and other signaling line circuits. Protocol - A language for communicating between control panels and their proprietary devices. Additional Fire Alarm Terminology
  • 8.
     Conventional controlpanels range in size from 1 zone to over 100 zones.  Zones typically consist of some or all of the initiating devices in an area or floor of a building.  Some control panels zone capacity is expandable while others are not, limiting its usefulness if a facility adds additional buildings or rooms. Comparing System Types To better understand today’s newer technology, a firm understanding of the types of systems available is necessary. The three most popular types of systems installed today are: •Conventional •Addressable •Analog Addressable Conventional Systems
  • 9.
    Conventional Systems Zone 1 4.7K EOLR Zone2 FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT FACP NAC 1 Multiple devices are combined into a single zone. Zones can contain 30 or more devices. 4.7K EOLR
  • 10.
    Conventional Systems Care mustbe taken when laying out zones to comply with code requirements. Zone 1 4.7K EOLR Zone 2 FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT NAC 1 4.7K EOLR
  • 11.
    Zone Considerations  2007NFPA 72 6.8.5.5.2 Limits the number of waterflow switches in a single zone to 5.  2007 NFPA 72 6.8.5.6.2 Limits the number of supervisory devices in a single zone to 20.  2007 NFPA 72 Annex A.4.4.6.6 Suggests that the maximum number of square feet in a single zone be limited to no more than 22,500.
  • 12.
    Conventional Systems Wiring mustbe installed in a supervised manner either Class A, or Class B with an EOLR. Zone #1 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Zone #2 NAC #1
  • 13.
    Conventional Systems Alarm conditionsare annunciated by zone only. Inspection is required to determine the device. Zone #1 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Zone #2 NAC #1 FIRE!
  • 14.
    Conventional Systems Trouble conditionsare annunciated by zone only. Inspection is required to determine the cause. 4.7K EOLR Zone #1 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Zone #2 NAC #1
  • 15.
    Conventional Systems Information transmittedto the central station is by zone at best. Many panels send Alarm, Supv, Trbl only. RJ RJ Zone #1 4.7K EOLR 4.7K EOLR Zone #2 NAC #1
  • 16.
    Addressable Systems  Anaddressable systems point capacity is determined by the amount of SLC “Signaling Line Circuits” it contains.  Each SLC circuit provides power, communication, & supervision for all of the devices connected to it.  Each SLC can accommodate over 100 addressable devices, depending upon the manufacturer. FACP
  • 17.
    Addressable Systems FACP Each SLCloop can contain a variety of addressable devices. Non-addressable devices are connected via addressable module. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR NAC #1 Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
  • 18.
    Addressable Systems Each pointon the SLC loop is given a unique address when installed. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR NAC #1 Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector
  • 19.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 20.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 21.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 22.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 23.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 24.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 25.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 26.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 27.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 28.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 29.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 30.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector FACP NAC #1
  • 31.
    Addressable Systems Supervision isaccomplished from the panel by polling the devices on the SLC loop. < Replay 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 32.
    Addressable Systems Alarm conditionsare annunciated by point allowing responding personnel to quickly find the fire. ALARM POINT 006 LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1 FIRE!
  • 33.
    Addressable Systems Trouble conditionscan be located more quickly by analyzing the affected points. TRBL POINT 006 DISCONNECTED LOBBY SMOKE DETECTOR 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 34.
    Addressable Systems More detailedinformation can be sent to the central station aiding in a quick resolution to the problem. RJ RJ 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 35.
    Addressable Systems Since supervisionis accomplished through polling, t-tapped wiring is permitted. (Class B wiring) 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1
  • 36.
    Addressable Systems Many systemssupport flexible input/output programming to link initiating devices to outputs. 001 002 003 004 005 006 FACP FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Pull Station Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector 4.7K EOLR Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) Addressable Smoke Detector NAC #1 FIRE!
  • 37.
    Comparison  Conventional  Lowerinitial equipment costs.  Wide range of compatible devices.  Can be easier to program.  Limited expansion capability.  Addressable  Easier to install.  More system status information at the panel and central station.  Input/Output programming much more flexible.  Usually much more room available to expand.
  • 38.
    Analog Addressable Systems Detectors in an analog addressable systems become “sensors” relaying information to the control panel corresponding to how much smoke or heat that detector is sensing.  The control panel makes the decisions based on this information when to alarm etc.
  • 39.
    Analog Addressable Systems Addressable RelayModule (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor 10K EOLR Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 HEAT DETECTOR MECHANICAL ROOM POINT 001 A=062 NORMAL F=190 Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. NAC #1
  • 40.
    Analog Addressable Systems SMOKEDETECTOR LOBBY NORTH POINT 002 A=060 NORMAL F=188 Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 41.
    Analog Addressable Systems RELAYMODULE FAN SHUTDOWN POINT 003 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 42.
    Analog Addressable Systems INPUTMODULE WATERFLOW POINT 004 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 43.
    Analog Addressable Systems Supervisionis still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. INPUT MODULE MANUAL PULL POINT 005 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 44.
    Analog Addressable Systems SMOKEDETECTOR FRONT DESK POINT 006 A=061 NORMAL F=189 Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 45.
    Analog Addressable Systems HEATDETECTOR MECHANICAL ROOM POINT 001 A=062 NORMAL F=190 Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 46.
    Analog Addressable Systems SMOKEDETECTOR LOBBY NORTH POINT 002 A=060 NORMAL F=188 Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 47.
    Analog Addressable Systems RELAYMODULE FAN SHUTDOWN POINT 003 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 48.
    Analog Addressable Systems INPUTMODULE WATERFLOW POINT 004 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Supervision is still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 49.
    Analog Addressable Systems Supervisionis still checked by polling. In addition an analog value is transmitted to the panel for processing. INPUT MODULE MANUAL PULL POINT 005 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 50.
    Analog Addressable Systems SMOKEDETECTOR FRONT DESK POINT 006 A=061 NORMAL F=189 < Replay Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 51.
    Analog Addressable Systems Thisanalog value corresponds to the amount of heat or smoke in that detectors area of coverage. Higher = more. HEAT DETECTOR MECHANICAL ROOM POINT 001 A=062 NORMAL F=190 Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 52.
    Analog Addressable Systems Ifthe analog value exceeds the alarm threshold, an alarm occurs. This alarm threshold is calculated by the panel. HEAT DETECTOR MECHANICAL ROOM POINT 001 A=062 NORMAL F=190 Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 53.
    Analog Addressable Systems INPUTMODULE WATERFLOW POINT 004 A=N/A NORMAL F=N/A Input/output modules do not relay analog values to the panel as they are monitoring or controlling on/off devices. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 10K EOLR NAC #1
  • 54.
    Analog Addressable Features  Ananalog addressable control panel is capable of several enhanced features not available on conventional, and some addressable systems.  Drift Compensation / Maintenance Alert  Adjustable Detector Sensitivity  Day/Night Detector Sensitivity Adjustment  U.L. Calibrated Sensitivity Test Instrument
  • 55.
    Drift Compensation  Driftcompensation is the process by which an analog addressable control panel automatically adjusts an analog detectors alarm threshold to compensate for contaminants such as dust.  This ensures the detector maintains a consistent sensitivity level, helping to avoid false alarms due to dirty detectors.
  • 56.
    Maintenance Alert  Driftcompensation occurs until it is nearing a point where it can no longer compensate and remain within U.L. requirements. This point is called “Maintenance Alert”  Some systems handle a maintenance alert condition as a trouble while others flag the condition only, and continue to operate normally.
  • 57.
    Calibration Trouble  Adetector in a maintenance alert condition will eventually go into calibration trouble if not serviced.  A detector in calibration trouble is not functioning correctly and requires service immediately.
  • 58.
    Adjustable (Day/Night) Sensitivity  Inorder to allow for varying environmental conditions or to provide quicker detection, analog systems typically allow you to change the sensitivity of a detector within a range of U.L. tolerances.  This is typically made user friendly by giving the installer choices such as high-medium-low.
  • 59.
    Adjustable (Day/Night) Sensitivity  Bychanging a detectors sensitivity you are instructing the panel to adjust its alarm threshold (analog) value up or down accordingly.  Some systems allow this sensitivity adjustment to happen automatically on a day/night schedule.
  • 60.
    U.L. Calibrated SensitivityTest  1996 NFPA 72 7-3.2.1 Detector sensitivity shall be tested within 1 year after installation and every alternate year thereafter. After the second required calibration test, where sensitivity tests indicate that the detector has remained within its listed and marked sensitivity range, the length of time shall be permitted to be extended to a maximum of 5 years. …  Testing Methods  A calibrated test method; or  Manufacturers calibrated sensitivity test instrument; or  Listed control equipment arranged for the purpose; or  Smoke detector/control unit arrangement whereby the detector causes a signal at the control unit where its sensitivity is outside the acceptable range; or  Other approved calibrated method acceptable to AHJ
  • 61.
     Analog addressablecontrol panels are UL listed for the purpose of performing the calibrated sensitivity testing internally.  A printout from the panel is usually available to provide evidence to the AHJ that the test was performed. U.L. Calibrated Sensitivity Test
  • 62.
    Communication Protocols  Eachmanufacturer of (analog) addressable fire alarm systems utilize a unique communications protocol on the SLC loop to communicate between the control panel and the addressable devices.  Most protocols are developed by detector manufacturers.  Many manufacturers subtly modify standard protocols, developed by detector manufacturers, to provide a proprietary environment for their equipment & distributors.
  • 63.
    Communication Protocols  Manyof the panels installation requirements and operational parameters are based on the communication protocol used.  SLC Loop Length  SLC Loop Wire Type  SLC Loop Communications Speed  SLC Loop Alarm Response Time  Communication protocols can be broken down into two categories.  Non-Digital  Digital
  • 64.
    Comparing Protocols To takea closer look at communication protocols we can look at non-digital and digital SLC Loops through an oscilloscope. Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006
  • 65.
    Non-Digital Protocol Each detectorwhen polled responds to the panel with square wave pulses.
  • 66.
    Non-Digital Protocol The panelreads these square wave pulses and determines the values by measuring the length (time) of each.
  • 67.
    Non-Digital Protocol Various sourcesof interference can cause these square wave pulses to round off. This makes an accurate reading very difficult. ?
  • 68.
    Non-Digital Protocol Most manufacturersthat utilize a non-digital protocol will specify special requirements such as twisted or shielded wire to counteract this problem. ?
  • 69.
    Digital Protocol Using adigital protocol the panel looks for for a series of “1” or “on” bits that are detected by looking for voltage rather than the length of a pulse. 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 24v
  • 70.
    Digital Protocol Even ifa source of interference causes rounding off of the digital pulses the voltage is still present for the panel to determine the digital value. 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 24v
  • 71.
    Digital Protocol Digital protocolpanels do not typically require special cabling since interference does not pose any substantial signal problems. Retrofits can be done using existing cable. 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 24v
  • 72.
    Non-digital Loop Response When an alarm occurs on many non-digital protocol systems, some panels must continue polling until it reaches the alarming device, before an alarm is initiated.  Larger systems with hundreds of points can cause delays initiating an alarm.
  • 73.
    Non-Digital Loop Response FIRE FIRE SILENTKNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 ABC FIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
  • 74.
    Non-Digital Loop Response ABCFIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM FIRE! A fire erupts at the Heat Detector (Point 001) while the system is polling the Smoke Detector (Point 002). FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
  • 75.
    Non-Digital Loop Response ABCFIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM An alarm is not initiated. The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
  • 76.
    Non-Digital Loop Response ABCFIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM An alarm is not initiated. The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
  • 77.
    Non-Digital Loop Response ABCFIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM An alarm is not initiated. The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
  • 78.
    Non-Digital Loop Response ABCFIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM An alarm is not initiated. The system continues polling until it reaches the point in alarm. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
  • 79.
    Non-Digital Loop Response ALARM POINT001 HEAT DETECTOR 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM ALARM! FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown)
  • 80.
    Non-Digital Loop Response ALARM POINT001 HEAT DETECTOR 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM Systems with hundreds of points can take 15 -20 seconds or longer to respond to alarm conditions. FIRE FIRE SILENT KNIGHT Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Heat Detector Addressable Smoke Detector Addressable Input Module (Waterflow) 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Detector 006 FIRE!
  • 81.
    Digital Loop Response When an alarm occurs on most digital protocol systems, an interrupt request from the device sensing the alarm interrupts the polling sequence to immediately handle the alarm.  Systems with hundreds of points will respond to alarms in the same amount of time that they would to smaller systems with very few points.
  • 82.
    Digital Loop Response ABCFIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Input Module (Waterflow)
  • 83.
    Digital Loop Response ABCFIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM A fire erupts at the Heat sensor (Point 001) while the system is polling the Smoke Detector (Point 002). Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Input Module (Waterflow)
  • 84.
    Digital Loop Response ABCFIRE SYSTEMS ALL SYSTEMS NORMAL 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM The Heat Sensor (Point 001) interrupts the polling process to handle the alarm immediately. Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Input Module (Waterflow)
  • 85.
    Digital Loop Response ALARM! ALARM POINT001 HEAT SENSOR 15-Jan-00 3:10 PM Addressable Heat Sensor Addressable Smoke Sensor 001 002 003 004 005 Addressable Pull Station Addressable Smoke Sensor 006 FIRE! Addressable Relay Module (Fan Shutdown) Addressable Input Module (Waterflow)
  • 86.
    THE END Hochiki AmericaCorporation 7051 Village Drive, Suite 100 Buena Park, California 90621 www.hochiki.com