Case law is created by judgments in courts and establishes legal precedent. Only some cases are reported in law reports, which are organized hierarchically. Case citations identify judgments, while citators update whether judgments remain good law. Key methods to find case law include searching by party name or subject in print sources like the Digest or online databases, then checking citators to determine a judgment's current authority.
Code of civil procedure 1908 pleading plaint written statementDr. Vikas Khakare
This explains what is pleading, rules of pleading. Plaint, its contents, when it can be amended. Written Statement, its contents, set off and counter claim.
The Specific Relief of Act 1877
The Law of Limitation Act, 1908
ARNAB KUMAR DAS
Port City International University,
Chittagong, Bangladesh.
SID: LLB 00305037
Code of civil procedure 1908 pleading plaint written statementDr. Vikas Khakare
This explains what is pleading, rules of pleading. Plaint, its contents, when it can be amended. Written Statement, its contents, set off and counter claim.
The Specific Relief of Act 1877
The Law of Limitation Act, 1908
ARNAB KUMAR DAS
Port City International University,
Chittagong, Bangladesh.
SID: LLB 00305037
Know the difference between Judgement and decree as per CPC.
Helpful for students and law professionals.
You can also visit my YouTube channel: CS Bhuwan Taragi –The law talks
You can connect me on:
Telegram: https://t.me/TheLawTalks
Facebook Page: The Law Talks
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/csBhuwanTaragi
Instagram: the_law_talks
Podcast: https://anchor.fm/thelawtalks
You can watch these Company law topics as well:
Audit committee: https://youtu.be/3oRgCc5uZ-4
Related party transaction: https://youtu.be/p7pf8iW-gTk
Sweat equity shares: https://youtu.be/7vY59DdlPrE
Types of Directors: https://youtu.be/COWYEcZ-0Qo
Loan to Directors: https://youtu.be/oAcOSQJwNgY
Holding and subsidiary definition: https://youtu.be/_ttqn39IjNE
Director Identification no. : https://youtu.be/AGty3SqbOMM
Difference between MOA & AOA: https://youtu.be/TmnRc2TRxTw
Annual General Meeting: https://youtu.be/0Jxtegi2IGg
Requirement of MGT-14: https://youtu.be/6kYdXpbDABM
#CPC #llb #lawclass #reference #review #revision #civilprocedurecode #section113 #lawtopic #legalupdate #lawcollage #rajasthanuniversity #ccs #mdu #du #lawfaculty #clatexams #lawentenrance #legalknowledge #legal #lawupdate #llbexams #ll.bexams #lawexamination #llb3year #lawrevision #short #advocate #lawyer #lawpractise #courtprocedure #ICSI #CS #CA #ICAI #ICWAI #CMA #LAW #Companysecretary
If you face any problem regarding the research then you can communicate with me and I would appreciate your comments.
E-mail: devendrasrivastava36@gmail.com
divyashreenandini@gmail.com
presentation on law as an instrument of social engineering contains- WHAT IS LAW. Why Law Is Needed In Society. SOCIAL ENGINEERING. What Would Happen If There Are No Laws. ROSCOE POUND’S THEORY. Interests . • Law As Social Engineering Theory of Balancing of Interests. Law as Purposive Functional and Need- Based. Summary
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) [LLB -309] cpjcollege
Alternative Dispute Resolution has become the primary means by which cases are resolved now days, especially commercial, business disputes. It has emerged as the preferred method for resolving civil cases, with litigation as a last resort. Alternative Dispute Resolution provides an overview of the statutory, procedural, and case law underlining these processes and their interplay with litigation. A significant theme is the evolving role of
professional ethics for attorneys operating in non-adversarial settings. Clients and courts increasingly express a preference for attorneys who are skilled not only in litigation but in problem-solving, which costs the clients less in terms of time, money and relationship. The law of ADR also provides an introduction to negotiation and mediation theory.
Code of civil procedure 1908 reference, review, revisionDr. Vikas Khakare
This explains what is reference, review and revision. when and where it can be made. It also explains difference between reference, review and revision.
Know the difference between Judgement and decree as per CPC.
Helpful for students and law professionals.
You can also visit my YouTube channel: CS Bhuwan Taragi –The law talks
You can connect me on:
Telegram: https://t.me/TheLawTalks
Facebook Page: The Law Talks
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/csBhuwanTaragi
Instagram: the_law_talks
Podcast: https://anchor.fm/thelawtalks
You can watch these Company law topics as well:
Audit committee: https://youtu.be/3oRgCc5uZ-4
Related party transaction: https://youtu.be/p7pf8iW-gTk
Sweat equity shares: https://youtu.be/7vY59DdlPrE
Types of Directors: https://youtu.be/COWYEcZ-0Qo
Loan to Directors: https://youtu.be/oAcOSQJwNgY
Holding and subsidiary definition: https://youtu.be/_ttqn39IjNE
Director Identification no. : https://youtu.be/AGty3SqbOMM
Difference between MOA & AOA: https://youtu.be/TmnRc2TRxTw
Annual General Meeting: https://youtu.be/0Jxtegi2IGg
Requirement of MGT-14: https://youtu.be/6kYdXpbDABM
#CPC #llb #lawclass #reference #review #revision #civilprocedurecode #section113 #lawtopic #legalupdate #lawcollage #rajasthanuniversity #ccs #mdu #du #lawfaculty #clatexams #lawentenrance #legalknowledge #legal #lawupdate #llbexams #ll.bexams #lawexamination #llb3year #lawrevision #short #advocate #lawyer #lawpractise #courtprocedure #ICSI #CS #CA #ICAI #ICWAI #CMA #LAW #Companysecretary
If you face any problem regarding the research then you can communicate with me and I would appreciate your comments.
E-mail: devendrasrivastava36@gmail.com
divyashreenandini@gmail.com
presentation on law as an instrument of social engineering contains- WHAT IS LAW. Why Law Is Needed In Society. SOCIAL ENGINEERING. What Would Happen If There Are No Laws. ROSCOE POUND’S THEORY. Interests . • Law As Social Engineering Theory of Balancing of Interests. Law as Purposive Functional and Need- Based. Summary
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) [LLB -309] cpjcollege
Alternative Dispute Resolution has become the primary means by which cases are resolved now days, especially commercial, business disputes. It has emerged as the preferred method for resolving civil cases, with litigation as a last resort. Alternative Dispute Resolution provides an overview of the statutory, procedural, and case law underlining these processes and their interplay with litigation. A significant theme is the evolving role of
professional ethics for attorneys operating in non-adversarial settings. Clients and courts increasingly express a preference for attorneys who are skilled not only in litigation but in problem-solving, which costs the clients less in terms of time, money and relationship. The law of ADR also provides an introduction to negotiation and mediation theory.
Code of civil procedure 1908 reference, review, revisionDr. Vikas Khakare
This explains what is reference, review and revision. when and where it can be made. It also explains difference between reference, review and revision.
What Are The Different Primary And Secondary Sources Of Law UK Research? - Ph...PhD Assistance
Legal research can be defined as the process by which Law-related Information is discovered and collected which in turn helps in making legal decisions. In a legal research, each phase has a course of action that starts with an examination of the facts of an issue and ends with the implementation and presentation of the investigation results (Steven M. Barkan et al., 2015). In the beginning, gaining expertise in legal research is to attain understanding of the types of materials that constitute "the law," and the connections between these resources. While investigating a legal issue, it is also appropriate to examine laws (legislative enactments), cases (judicial opinions), and/or statutory documents (regulations and decisions of administrative agencies). All these resources are considered as "primary sources." However, most researchers look for at least one additional resource, called "secondary sources," to assist their investigation or research. Mostly, sources used in Legal Research are Primary Sources and Secondary Sources.
Visite : https://www.phdassistance.com/blog/
Contact Us:
UK NO: +44-1143520021
India No: +91-8754446690
Email: info@phdassistance.com
A class taught at Singapore Management University, teaching an introduction to United States legal research for international law students using Westlaw International, Lexis, and other online tools.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Session overview
• What is Case law
• Doctrine of precedent
• Court structure
• Reported case law
• Law reporting pre and post 1865
• Law report hierarchy
• Deciphering citations
• Unreported judgments
• Finding case law
• Updating case law
3. What is case law?
• Record of the judgment given in each case
• Court recorder and reporters
• „Handing down‟ of the judgment
Why is case law important?
• Becomes part of the body of law
• Doctrine of precedent
4. Doctrine of precedent
• A court is bound by the decisions of
a court above it and usually, by a
court of equivalent standing
• Superior courts have the power to
overrule decisions of lower courts
5. Court structure
A case can go
to appeal to the
EU if it concerns
a point of EU
law
The highest
court in the
UK is the
Supreme
Court
6. Reported case law
• Only small proportion of cases decided by
courts are reported
• Cases are selected by law report editors –
not the courts
7. Reporting criteria
• To be reported a case must:
– raise a point of legal significance
– materially modify an existing principle of law
or settle a doubtful question of law
– may include questions of interpretation of
statutes and important cases illustrating new
applications of accepted principles
8. Law reporting before 1865
• Nominate reports 1571-1865
• Commonly referred to by the name of the
reporter of the cases
• Reprinted in the English Reports and in
the All England Reports Reprint series
9. Law reporting after 1865
• 1865 watershed
• Incorporated Council of Law Reporting
– Not for profit organisation
– Authoritative reports
• All England Law Reports
• Subject specialist reports
• Newpapers and reports in journals
10. The Law Reports
• Appeal Cases (AC) or (App Cas),
Chancery Division (Ch), Queen‟s Bench
(QB), Family Division (Fam)
• Most authoritative report series
• Law report decisions are checked by a
judge prior to publication
11. Authority of law reports
Most
authoritative
The Law Reports: Chancery (Ch),
Appeal Cases (AC), Family (Fam),
Queens Bench (QB)
The Weekly Law Reports
All England Law Reports
Specialist series
e.g. Lloyd’s law Reports, Fleet Street
Reports
Least
authoritative
Journals and newspapers e.g. The
Times, The Independent, New Law
Journal, Solicitors Journal
12. Deciphering citations: breakdown
of the citation
Horton v Sadler [2007]1 AC 307
Case CitationCase name
Party names of both sides of
the case separated by a „v‟
Year and
volume
number
Legal abbreviation for
law report series
Page
number
13. Case names
• Usually 2 party names:
– Claimant v Defendant
– Appellent v Respondent
• Have to be a „legal entity‟
– Individuals, firms/companies, organisations,
The Crown.
• Criminal cases The Crown is the claimant
– R v Smith
– Rex or Reg v Smith (older cases)
14. Case names (2)
• Unusual case names
– Attorney General‟s References A-G Ref (No. 90 of 2009)
– Ex parte X ex parte Y
– Ship names “The South Star”
– Bankruptcy cases Re company no. x2005
– Family Proceedings Re D (a Minor) 2008
15. Square and round brackets
• Round brackets ( ) when the year is
additional information
– Derry v Peek (1989) 14 App Cas 337
• Square brackets [ ] when the year is
the primary means of identifying the
case
– Lloyd v McMahon [1987] 1 All ER 118
16. Deciphering citations: Law report
abbreviations
• Raistrick, D. Index to legal citations
and abbreviations.
• Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations
http://www.legalabbrevs.cardiff.ac.uk
17. Anatomy of a law report
(1) Names of
parties, dates
of hearing,
judge(s)(2)
Catchwords
(3)
Headnote
(4) List of
cases cited
18. Anatomy of a law report (2)
(5) Statement
of pleading
and facts
(facts may be
contained in
the judgment)
(6) Names of
counsel and
in the Law
Reports a
summary of
their
argument
19. Anatomy of a law report (3)
(7) The
judgment –
usually
indicated by
the name of
the judge.
Cur Adv
Vult
indicates
that the
judgment
has been
reversed
20. Anatomy of a law report (4)
(8) The
judgment
decision or
order
(9)
Solicitors
for each
party
(10) The
reporter
21. Unreported judgments
• Transcripts are the unreported version of a
judgment
• Although judgments are “published” on web
sites, they remain “unreported” unless published
in a law report series
• Can often be cited with a „neutral‟ citation
22. Neutral citations
• 1999 onwards
• Unique judgment number
[YEAR] COURT CASE NUMBER
[2001] EWCA Civ 101
[2006] EWHC 101 Admin
[2003] UKSC 5
23. Finding case law: sources
Online resources
• Commercial databases
– Westlaw (selected full text and citator)
– Lexis Library (selected full text and citator)
– Justis (selected full text)
• Free resources
– Bailii
– Supreme Court judgments
– House of Lords judgments
24. Finding case law: sources (2)
Hard copy
• Law reports series (full text)
• Halsburys Laws (index)
• The Digest (digest)
• Current Law (digest)
25. Searching by party name: hard
copy
• If you already have a citation - find the
case by citation
• If you have a year – Current Law Case
Citator
• If you just have the party names – The
Digest or Halsbury‟s Laws
26. Current Law Case Citator
Cases listed alphabetically with
law report citations – with most
authoritative first
27. The Digest: table of cases
Main table of cases
volumes – gives the
year and then a main
volume number
Table of cases
in Vol 28(1)
gives a
paragraph
number (not a
page)
28. The Digest: summary and citation
The paragraph
number relates to a
digest of a case and
this then gives a full
law report citation at
the end.
29. Searching by party name: online
• Most subscription databases as well as Bailli.org
have an option to search for party name.
• Remember that if it is a common name there
may be too many results coming up – if you
have a citation there may be an option to search
using that.
31. Bailii cases search screen
Use the box to put
in case names
If you scroll down the
page you will find
further options to
choose specific courts
32. Westlaw cases search screen
(subscription)
Just place the name in
the party names field
Search in the
cases database
33. Westlaw cases results screen
Full text of the reports available
on Westlaw are linked
A full list of where the case
has been reported in order
of authority
Case summary
and citator
34. Lexis Library search screen
(subscription)
Case names can be
entered from the front
page
If searching for full
reports then choose
„all subscribed cases‟
35. Lexis Library cases results screen
Each separate report is
classed as a result
The law report or „source‟ is
at the end. It is not in the
most authoritative order
36. Justis search screen (subscription)
In „Cases‟ there are options
to search by party name
38. Finding case law: by subject
Hard copy
– Use The Digest or Halsburys Laws
Online databases
– Use the subject, keyword or heading box to
enter search terms
39. Subject searching: The Digest
Search the subject
indexes and these will
give you both a volume
number and paragraph
number
41. Updating case law: Is it still good
law?
• Has the case been cited in later case law?
• Authority of a case may be strengthened
by being approved in a higher court
• Case may have been overruled
• Lexis Library, Westlaw, Justcite, Lawcite
(free site)
• Current Law Case Citator, The Digest
42. Terms used for citing
• Applied
• Considered
• Distinguished
• Overruled
• Followed
Principle from an earlier case applied
although facts materially different
Discussed, but no definite use in
decision
There are substantial differences to
earlier case
Principle from a lower court overruled
Court bound by precedents set in a
previous case
43. Checking citators: hard copy
This lists cases that have
cited Pepper v Hart. All it
gives is a Current Law
digest reference – you
need to use the relevant
volume of Current Law
Year Book to find the
name of the case
The citator covers a
set time span and
you should start with
the volume that
cover the year of the
case – you need to
look at later volumes
to keep updated
44. Checking citators: hard copy (2)
This is a later volume – if the case has
not been cited within these years it will
not appear in the list
Pepper v Hart has been cited and so you
can see there are the previous cases listed
plus a few later cases
45. Checking citators online: Lawcite (free
source)
You can search by party
name or citation and
then limit the results to a
jurisdiction if necessary
46. Lawcite: results screen
If there is more than one case it will
list them along with citations, dates
and a flag to indicate which country
the case was heard in. Click on the
case you are looking for to see the
citator information
47. Lawcite: citator screen
This lists cases referring to the
case searched for as well as a
citation, where you can get the
full text and jurisdiction.
You can check
which cases
have cited these
cases by clicking
on this symbol
52. Lexis Library Case Overview results
Symbols to
whether the case is
still „good‟
Case history through
the courts
Links to cases citing and cited by
this case: click on to see the list
53. Summary
• What‟s reported, precedent and hierarchy of
courts
• Case citations, party names and abbreviations
• Searching in print and searching online –
searching by name and searching by subject
• Checking citators: is it still good law?