The document summarizes the design process of a distributed amplifier (DA) with the goals of 10 dB gain across 2-20 GHz bandwidth, VSWR less than 2, and noise figure less than 4 dB. The report describes optimizing a 6-stage DA design in ADS by adjusting transistor sizes, biasing points, and resistor values to achieve the goals. Key steps included increasing stages from 3 to 6, reducing transistor widths to control gain flatness, and selecting resistor combinations to maximize power compression above 15 dB. The final DA simulation results met all goals except noise figure, which was below 4 dB from 5-20 GHz due to a compromise to improve power compression.
1. The STRIDS 8.9 release notes summarize updates to the preprocessor, including adding consideration of rigid floor diaphragm action, compatibility with seismic standards, and options for importing/exporting DXF files.
2. Updates to the post-processor include improved slab design for partially continuous edges and corrected steel schedules. Beam design was updated with options for bar diameter selection and added HTML reports.
3. Updates in footing design include combined effects of pressures considered for moment and shear calculations in combined footings, and steel calculated for shear. Drafting changes allow DXF output of footing plans and sections.
This document provides guidance on writing reports by outlining the key sections that should be included and examples of each section. It discusses the following main report sections:
1. Title page - Includes the title and relevant details about the report.
2. Abstract/Executive Summary - Summarizes the background, purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations in 100-200 words.
3. Table of Contents - Lists the headings and subheadings to help readers locate information.
4. Introduction - Provides background on the topic and outlines what the report will cover.
5. Body - Presents the findings, discusses them and relates them to relevant theories.
6. Conclusion - Sum
The document outlines the design process which includes technology practice, empowerment practice, and using tools like SWOT analysis. It discusses:
1) Technology practice involves investigation, ideation, production, and evaluation to meet design challenges.
2) Empowerment practice is used to create change and promote wellbeing through collecting information, setting goals, and taking action.
3) A SWOT analysis determines strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats when analyzing ideas.
4) Maintaining a process journal is important to document ideas, research, challenges, and reflect on progress.
The Value of User Experience (from Web 2.0 Expo Berlin 2008)Niko Nyman
Companies and brands should think about (user) experience to find new competitive edge for their business. Better experiences create more value for users, which can be in turn transformed into business value for the company.
User experiences are your everyday experiences--anything from operating a car, to making a pot of coffee, to ordering a pair of shoes online. User experience is the result of your interactions with a product or service, specifically how it's delivered and its related artifacts according to the design.
In this presentation Nick Finck and Raina Van Cleave will explore the ten characteristics of a great user experience. They will cover all aspects of user experience design such as user research, information architecture, information design, technical writing, interaction design, visual design, brand identity design, accessibly, usability and web analytics. Nick and Raina will also explain how following the ten commandments can boost your web sites, web app, or mobile app's ease of use, appeal, conversion rates, and more.
A High Speed Successive Approximation Pipelined ADC.pdfKathryn Patel
This document is a thesis submitted by Pushpak Dagade for the degree of Master of Technology in Integrated Electronics & Circuits at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, under the guidance of Prof. G. S. Visweswaran. The thesis presents the design of a high-speed successive approximation pipelined (SAP) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Chapter 1 introduces successive approximation algorithms and different types of successive approximation ADCs. The aim of the project is to design an 8-bit SAP ADC and demonstrate its potential for high-speed conversion applications.
Delta-sigma ADC modulator for multibit data converters using passive adder en...journalBEEI
This paper introduces a multi-bit data converters (MDC) modulator of the 2nd order delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter use the passive adder proposed. The noise shaping quantizer can provide feedback that has generated quantization noise and perform additional shaping noise first-order by coupling noise method.Thus, two Integrator's with ring amplifier and the MDC is shaped by noise coupling quantizer know the 2nd-order noise coupled with somewhat of a DAC modulator. At a summing point, the inputs are summed and then filtered with a low pass filter. A cyclic second order response is generated with a data weighted averaging (DWA) technique in which the DACs ' outputs are limited to one of two states in the noise shaping responses. Mainly as a result of the harmonic distortion in circuits of amplifier. Transistor rate is equipped for the fully differential switched condenser integrator used, a comparator and DWA. The modulator with proposed DWA design, almost quarterly improved timing margin. A simulated SNDR of 92dB is obtained at 20 MHz sampling frequency; while a sinusoidal output of 4.112 dBFS is tested at 90µs besides 20 MHz as the bandwidth. The power consumption is 0.33 mW while the voltage of the supply is 1.2V.
Design and Implementation of 8 Bit Multiplier Using M.G.D.I. TechniqueIJMER
In this paper we have implemented Radix 8 High Speed Low Power Binary Multiplier using
Modified Gate Diffusion Input(M.G.D.I) technique. Here we have used “Urdhva-tiryakbhyam”(
Vertically and crosswise ) Algorithm because as compared to other multiplication algorithms it shows
less computation and less complexity since it reduces the total number of partial products to half of it.
This multiplier at gate level can be design using any technique such as CMOS, PTL and TG but design
with new MGDI technique gives far better result in terms of area, switching delay and power
dissipation. The radix 8 High Speed Low Power Pipelined Multiplier is designed with MGDI technique
in DSCH 3.5 and layout generated in Microwind tool. The Simulation is done using 0.12μm technology
at 1.2 v supply voltage and results are compared with conventional CMOS technique. Simulation result
shows great improvement in terms of area, switching delay and power dissipation.
1. The STRIDS 8.9 release notes summarize updates to the preprocessor, including adding consideration of rigid floor diaphragm action, compatibility with seismic standards, and options for importing/exporting DXF files.
2. Updates to the post-processor include improved slab design for partially continuous edges and corrected steel schedules. Beam design was updated with options for bar diameter selection and added HTML reports.
3. Updates in footing design include combined effects of pressures considered for moment and shear calculations in combined footings, and steel calculated for shear. Drafting changes allow DXF output of footing plans and sections.
This document provides guidance on writing reports by outlining the key sections that should be included and examples of each section. It discusses the following main report sections:
1. Title page - Includes the title and relevant details about the report.
2. Abstract/Executive Summary - Summarizes the background, purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations in 100-200 words.
3. Table of Contents - Lists the headings and subheadings to help readers locate information.
4. Introduction - Provides background on the topic and outlines what the report will cover.
5. Body - Presents the findings, discusses them and relates them to relevant theories.
6. Conclusion - Sum
The document outlines the design process which includes technology practice, empowerment practice, and using tools like SWOT analysis. It discusses:
1) Technology practice involves investigation, ideation, production, and evaluation to meet design challenges.
2) Empowerment practice is used to create change and promote wellbeing through collecting information, setting goals, and taking action.
3) A SWOT analysis determines strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats when analyzing ideas.
4) Maintaining a process journal is important to document ideas, research, challenges, and reflect on progress.
The Value of User Experience (from Web 2.0 Expo Berlin 2008)Niko Nyman
Companies and brands should think about (user) experience to find new competitive edge for their business. Better experiences create more value for users, which can be in turn transformed into business value for the company.
User experiences are your everyday experiences--anything from operating a car, to making a pot of coffee, to ordering a pair of shoes online. User experience is the result of your interactions with a product or service, specifically how it's delivered and its related artifacts according to the design.
In this presentation Nick Finck and Raina Van Cleave will explore the ten characteristics of a great user experience. They will cover all aspects of user experience design such as user research, information architecture, information design, technical writing, interaction design, visual design, brand identity design, accessibly, usability and web analytics. Nick and Raina will also explain how following the ten commandments can boost your web sites, web app, or mobile app's ease of use, appeal, conversion rates, and more.
A High Speed Successive Approximation Pipelined ADC.pdfKathryn Patel
This document is a thesis submitted by Pushpak Dagade for the degree of Master of Technology in Integrated Electronics & Circuits at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, under the guidance of Prof. G. S. Visweswaran. The thesis presents the design of a high-speed successive approximation pipelined (SAP) analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Chapter 1 introduces successive approximation algorithms and different types of successive approximation ADCs. The aim of the project is to design an 8-bit SAP ADC and demonstrate its potential for high-speed conversion applications.
Delta-sigma ADC modulator for multibit data converters using passive adder en...journalBEEI
This paper introduces a multi-bit data converters (MDC) modulator of the 2nd order delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter use the passive adder proposed. The noise shaping quantizer can provide feedback that has generated quantization noise and perform additional shaping noise first-order by coupling noise method.Thus, two Integrator's with ring amplifier and the MDC is shaped by noise coupling quantizer know the 2nd-order noise coupled with somewhat of a DAC modulator. At a summing point, the inputs are summed and then filtered with a low pass filter. A cyclic second order response is generated with a data weighted averaging (DWA) technique in which the DACs ' outputs are limited to one of two states in the noise shaping responses. Mainly as a result of the harmonic distortion in circuits of amplifier. Transistor rate is equipped for the fully differential switched condenser integrator used, a comparator and DWA. The modulator with proposed DWA design, almost quarterly improved timing margin. A simulated SNDR of 92dB is obtained at 20 MHz sampling frequency; while a sinusoidal output of 4.112 dBFS is tested at 90µs besides 20 MHz as the bandwidth. The power consumption is 0.33 mW while the voltage of the supply is 1.2V.
Design and Implementation of 8 Bit Multiplier Using M.G.D.I. TechniqueIJMER
In this paper we have implemented Radix 8 High Speed Low Power Binary Multiplier using
Modified Gate Diffusion Input(M.G.D.I) technique. Here we have used “Urdhva-tiryakbhyam”(
Vertically and crosswise ) Algorithm because as compared to other multiplication algorithms it shows
less computation and less complexity since it reduces the total number of partial products to half of it.
This multiplier at gate level can be design using any technique such as CMOS, PTL and TG but design
with new MGDI technique gives far better result in terms of area, switching delay and power
dissipation. The radix 8 High Speed Low Power Pipelined Multiplier is designed with MGDI technique
in DSCH 3.5 and layout generated in Microwind tool. The Simulation is done using 0.12μm technology
at 1.2 v supply voltage and results are compared with conventional CMOS technique. Simulation result
shows great improvement in terms of area, switching delay and power dissipation.
A High Speed Successive Approximation Pipelined ADCPushpak Dagade
This document describes a thesis submitted by Pushpak Dagade for the degree of Master of Technology in Integrated Electronics & Circuits. The thesis proposes a new successive approximation pipelined (SAP) ADC architecture to overcome speed limitations of traditional SAR ADCs. It presents the design of a 8-bit SAP ADC including components like a D flip-flop, comparator, and DAC. Simulation results demonstrating the SAP ADC's operation are also included. The thesis concludes with proposals for further work on the schematic, layout, and post-fabrication testing.
Design and Implementation of 8 Bit Multiplier Using M.G.D.I. TechniqueIJMER
In this paper we have implemented Radix 8 High Speed Low Power Binary Multiplier using
Modified Gate Diffusion Input(M.G.D.I) technique. Here we have used “Urdhva-tiryakbhyam”(
Vertically and crosswise ) Algorithm because as compared to other multiplication algorithms it shows
less computation and less complexity since it reduces the total number of partial products to half of it.
This multiplier at gate level can be design using any technique such as CMOS, PTL and TG but design
with new MGDI technique gives far better result in terms of area, switching delay and power
dissipation. The radix 8 High Speed Low Power Pipelined Multiplier is designed with MGDI technique
in DSCH 3.5 and layout generated in Microwind tool. The Simulation is done using 0.12μm technology
at 1.2 v supply voltage and results are compared with conventional CMOS technique. Simulation result
shows great improvement in terms of area, switching delay and power dissipation.
The document describes the Mismatch Noise Cancellation (MNC) architecture. The key components of the MNC architecture are:
1. A pseudo-random number generator that generates random binary sequences.
2. A mismatch estimation block that estimates mismatches.
3. A noise cancellation block that corrects the effects of mismatches.
4. Synchronization elements that synchronize data flow.
Designed a microwave amplifier circuit with a required bandwidth of 250MHz at a center frequency of 3.7GHz experiencing 6.5dB gain within Keysight ADS.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of 12-Bit Current Steering DACIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a 12-bit current steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC). It begins with an abstract that outlines the need to convert analog signals to digital for processing and then back to analog. It then discusses the objectives of designing a 12-bit segmented current steering DAC using a 180nm process with 3V supply at 2GHz speed. The document reviews current steering DAC architecture and its advantages of speed and accuracy. It then provides details on the design of a 3-bit current steering DAC segment including a binary-to-thermometer decoder, switch driver, differential switch, and cascode current mirror.
The document describes the design of a 12-bit digital to analog converter (DAC). It includes a binary weighted resistor ladder circuit to convert the digital input to an analog voltage, and an operational amplifier circuit to drive the output load. Simulation results show the DAC can operate at up to 25MHz with good linearity and accuracy. Layout design considerations are discussed to optimize circuit performance and minimize parasitics.
A power efficient delta-sigma ADC with series-bilinear switch capacitor volta...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In low-power VLSI design applications non-linearity and harmonics are a major dominant factor which affects the performance of the ADC. To avoid this, the new architecture of voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) was required to solve the non-linearity issues and harmonic distortion. In this work, a 12-bit, 200MS/s low power delta-sigma analog to digital converter (ADC) VCO based quantizer was designed using switched capacitor technique. The proposed technique uses frequency to current conversion technique as a linearization method to reduce the non-linearity issue. Simulation result show that the proposed 12-bit delta-sigma ADC consumes the power of 2.68 mW and a total area of 0.09 mm² in 90 nm CMOS process.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new multiplier-accumulator (MAC) architecture for high-speed performance in digital signal processing applications. The proposed MAC architecture improves performance by combining the accumulator with the carry save adder tree, reducing the critical path. It also uses a modified Booth algorithm to reduce the number of partial products and a carry look-ahead adder to decrease the number of bits to the final adder. Experimental results show the proposed MAC architecture achieves a 35% reduction in delay compared to existing architectures.
Integration of the natural cross ventilation in the CFD software UrbaWindStephane Meteodyn
Nowadays, a lot of energy is spent for air-conditioning in the cities for offices and private-housing. A good knowledge of the urban micro climate around the buildings could allow using the wind for natural air ventilation. UrbaWind is an automatic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code developed in 2008 by Meteodyn to model the wind in urban environment. A module was recently added to assess the buildings air ventilation. First UrbaWind integrates climatology according to the geographic location of the site. Giving the influence of the shape and urban planning on the wind behaviors, UrbaWind solves the equations of fluid mechanics with a specific model which allows taking into account the urban environment effects such as vortexes, venturi or wise effects. Finally, the software is able to compute the wind flow inside each internal volume according to the openings of the buildings.This paper presents this software that has been designed for energy engineers to optimize the energy consumption inside a building. This is also an important tool for architects and project managers to make a building. The shape of the building as well as the orientation and the location of the openings can be designed with the awareness of the wind-induced natural air ventilation.
UrbaWind, a Computational Fluid Dynamics tool to predict wind resource in urb...Stephane Meteodyn
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is already a necessary tool for modeling the wind over complex country side terrains. Indeed to maximize energetic yield and optimize the costs, before installing the wind systems, a good knowledge of wind characteristics at the site is required. Meteodyn has developed UrbaWind, which is an automatic CFD software for computing the wind between buildings for small wind turbines. Compared to rural open spaces, the geometry in urban areas is more complex and unforeseeable. The effects created by the buildings, such as vortexes at the feet of the towers, Venturi effect or Wise effect, make the modeling of urban flows more difficult. The model used in UrbaWind allows to take these effects into account by solving the equations of Fluid Mechanics with a specific model which can represent the turbulence and the wakes around buildings as well as the porosity of the trees. In order to validate UrbaWind’s results, different study cases proposed by the Architectural Institute of Japan have been set up. The three selected cases have an ascending complexity, from the simple block to the complete rebuilding of a quarter of the Japanese city of Niigata. The results validate UrbaWind as well for theoretical cases as for real cases by offering a minor error margin on the wind speed prediction.
http://meteodyn.com/en
Simulation of 3 bit Flash ADC in 0.18μmTechnology using NG SPICE Tool for Hig...ijsrd.com
This paper provides the basic simulation result for the 3 bit flash type ADC in 0.18μm technology using the NG Spice device simulator tool. It includes two stages, first stage includes 7 comparators and second stage has a thermometer encoder. The simulation is done in NG spice tool developed by university of California at Berkeley (USA).The response time of the comparator and ADC are 3.7ns and 4.9ns respectively with 50.01μw power dissipation which makes the ADC more suitable for high speed application with lower power devices.
Cmos Full Adder and Multiplexer Based Encoder for Low Resolution Flash AdcIOSRJECE
The present investigation proposed a low power encoding scheme of thermometer code to binary code converter for flash analog to digital conversion by the design of different circuits. In this paper, we have proposed three encoding techniques for the conversion of analog to digital signal using Multiplexer based encoder, heterogeneous encoder and encoding technique using dynamic logic circuits providing low power of operation and we compare the results obtained from each technique based on power consumption. The multiplexer based encoder was designed with the help of multiplexers which consumes less amount of power comparing with other designs.
This document presents the design of a phased array antenna system using phase shifters. A group of 4 students designed and simulated a 1x4 microstrip patch antenna array fed by a Wilkinson power divider in ADS software. They first designed a single rectangular patch antenna, then a 1:4 Wilkinson power divider and combined them into an antenna array. Phase shifters using varactor diodes were also designed and simulated for different voltage biases. The phase and insertion loss characteristics of the phase shifters were analyzed to verify their performance in the phased array system.
This document provides a summary of a progress report on the design of a 3-bit flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It describes the architecture and design of a comparator, which acts as a 1-bit ADC, and a 3-bit flash ADC. It also discusses characterization of the ADC's DC performance by measuring differential nonlinearity and integral nonlinearity from histograms. The document covers comparator design techniques, reference voltage generation using diode-connected transistors, and layout of the 3-bit flash ADC.
An approach to design Flash Analog to Digital Converter for High Speed and Lo...VLSICS Design
This paper proposes the Flash ADC design using Quantized Differential Comparator and fat tree encoder. This approach explores the use of a systematically incorporated input offset voltage in a differential amplifier for quantizing the reference voltages necessary for Flash ADC architectures, therefore eliminating the need for a passive resistor array for the purpose. This approach allows very small voltage comparison and complete elimination of resistor ladder circuit. The thermometer code-to-binary code encoder has become the bottleneck of the ultra-high speed flash ADCs. In this paper, the fat tree thermometer code to-binary code encoder is used for the ultra high speed flash ADCs. The simulation and the implementation results shows that the fat tree encoder performs the commonly used ROM encoder in terms of speed and power for the 6 bit CMOS flash ADC case. The speed is improved by almost a factor of 2 when using the fat tree encoder, which in fact demonstrates the fat tree encoder and it is an effective solution for the bottleneck problem in ultra-high speed ADCs.The design has been carried out for the 0.18um technology using CADENCE tool.
IRJET- Implementation of 16-Bit Pipelined ADC using 180nm CMOS TechnologyIRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a 16-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) using 180nm CMOS technology. A 4-stage pipelined architecture is used, with each stage having a 4-bit resolution enabled by a successive approximation register (SAR) based sub-ADC. SAR ADCs consume low power but have speed and resolution limitations. To overcome these, a pipelined ADC is proposed that achieves high speed and low power consumption. Key blocks include SAR sub-ADCs, digital-to-analog converters, comparators, sample-and-hold circuits, and flip-flops. The design achieves medium sampling rate and 16-bit resolution for applications such as
The document describes 5 PC sessions on advanced coding. Session 1 details implementing a BER meter class in C++ to simulate a communication system and calculate bit error rate for different QAM modulations. Results show the simulated BER curves match theoretical curves and higher order QAM requires higher Eb/N0 to achieve a target BER due to smaller symbol distances. Session 2 analyzes constrained signal sets and finite block length effects. Session 3 implements a SISO decoder. Session 4 details a PCCC decoder implementation. Session 5 covers an LDPC decoder.
This report details the design of a two-stage operational amplifier (op-amp) in Cadence. It begins with hand calculations of component parameters. A schematic is plotted and simulated for DC and AC analysis. The initial design does not meet specifications, so component parameters are modified through several iterations until specifications are met. Finally, geometry optimization using Mosek in MATLAB is presented, though long calculation times prevented results. The report demonstrates the op-amp design process from initial calculations through simulation and optimization to meet specifications.
The goal of this project for the course COEN 6511 is to design a 4-bit comparator, aiming to master the techniques of ASIC design.
The details of designing a 4-bit comparator are given in this report. It involves the methodology, circuit implementation, schematic simulation, layout and packaging.
We start from logic gate level, go up to the circuit level and then draw the layout in the environment of CMOSIS5 in which the minimum drawing layout size is 0.6μ. Finally we extract the layout as a symbol in the schematic for re-simulation to obtain the results of the performance measure. In designing, propagation delay, Area (A) and power are considered. All parameters of circuit are decided and the circuit plot and waveform are produced, and we would test and verify every part of the CMOS circuit developed by Cadence development tools . The test results from simulation can meet the requirement. It means that the logic design, schematic and layout are correct, and our project can satisfy the requirements.
1. The document discusses the architecture of programmable digital signal processors. It covers basic architectural features, computational building blocks like multipliers, barrel shifters, and multiply-accumulate units.
2. Multipliers can be parallel or serial, and designs are discussed for signed and unsigned numbers. Barrel shifters allow multiple shifts in one cycle. Multiply-accumulate units are used to compute sums of products.
3. Guard bits and saturation logic can prevent overflow and underflow in multiply-accumulate units. Shifters before and after operations also help avoid overflow.
A High Speed Successive Approximation Pipelined ADCPushpak Dagade
This document describes a thesis submitted by Pushpak Dagade for the degree of Master of Technology in Integrated Electronics & Circuits. The thesis proposes a new successive approximation pipelined (SAP) ADC architecture to overcome speed limitations of traditional SAR ADCs. It presents the design of a 8-bit SAP ADC including components like a D flip-flop, comparator, and DAC. Simulation results demonstrating the SAP ADC's operation are also included. The thesis concludes with proposals for further work on the schematic, layout, and post-fabrication testing.
Design and Implementation of 8 Bit Multiplier Using M.G.D.I. TechniqueIJMER
In this paper we have implemented Radix 8 High Speed Low Power Binary Multiplier using
Modified Gate Diffusion Input(M.G.D.I) technique. Here we have used “Urdhva-tiryakbhyam”(
Vertically and crosswise ) Algorithm because as compared to other multiplication algorithms it shows
less computation and less complexity since it reduces the total number of partial products to half of it.
This multiplier at gate level can be design using any technique such as CMOS, PTL and TG but design
with new MGDI technique gives far better result in terms of area, switching delay and power
dissipation. The radix 8 High Speed Low Power Pipelined Multiplier is designed with MGDI technique
in DSCH 3.5 and layout generated in Microwind tool. The Simulation is done using 0.12μm technology
at 1.2 v supply voltage and results are compared with conventional CMOS technique. Simulation result
shows great improvement in terms of area, switching delay and power dissipation.
The document describes the Mismatch Noise Cancellation (MNC) architecture. The key components of the MNC architecture are:
1. A pseudo-random number generator that generates random binary sequences.
2. A mismatch estimation block that estimates mismatches.
3. A noise cancellation block that corrects the effects of mismatches.
4. Synchronization elements that synchronize data flow.
Designed a microwave amplifier circuit with a required bandwidth of 250MHz at a center frequency of 3.7GHz experiencing 6.5dB gain within Keysight ADS.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of 12-Bit Current Steering DACIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of a 12-bit current steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC). It begins with an abstract that outlines the need to convert analog signals to digital for processing and then back to analog. It then discusses the objectives of designing a 12-bit segmented current steering DAC using a 180nm process with 3V supply at 2GHz speed. The document reviews current steering DAC architecture and its advantages of speed and accuracy. It then provides details on the design of a 3-bit current steering DAC segment including a binary-to-thermometer decoder, switch driver, differential switch, and cascode current mirror.
The document describes the design of a 12-bit digital to analog converter (DAC). It includes a binary weighted resistor ladder circuit to convert the digital input to an analog voltage, and an operational amplifier circuit to drive the output load. Simulation results show the DAC can operate at up to 25MHz with good linearity and accuracy. Layout design considerations are discussed to optimize circuit performance and minimize parasitics.
A power efficient delta-sigma ADC with series-bilinear switch capacitor volta...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In low-power VLSI design applications non-linearity and harmonics are a major dominant factor which affects the performance of the ADC. To avoid this, the new architecture of voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) was required to solve the non-linearity issues and harmonic distortion. In this work, a 12-bit, 200MS/s low power delta-sigma analog to digital converter (ADC) VCO based quantizer was designed using switched capacitor technique. The proposed technique uses frequency to current conversion technique as a linearization method to reduce the non-linearity issue. Simulation result show that the proposed 12-bit delta-sigma ADC consumes the power of 2.68 mW and a total area of 0.09 mm² in 90 nm CMOS process.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new multiplier-accumulator (MAC) architecture for high-speed performance in digital signal processing applications. The proposed MAC architecture improves performance by combining the accumulator with the carry save adder tree, reducing the critical path. It also uses a modified Booth algorithm to reduce the number of partial products and a carry look-ahead adder to decrease the number of bits to the final adder. Experimental results show the proposed MAC architecture achieves a 35% reduction in delay compared to existing architectures.
Integration of the natural cross ventilation in the CFD software UrbaWindStephane Meteodyn
Nowadays, a lot of energy is spent for air-conditioning in the cities for offices and private-housing. A good knowledge of the urban micro climate around the buildings could allow using the wind for natural air ventilation. UrbaWind is an automatic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code developed in 2008 by Meteodyn to model the wind in urban environment. A module was recently added to assess the buildings air ventilation. First UrbaWind integrates climatology according to the geographic location of the site. Giving the influence of the shape and urban planning on the wind behaviors, UrbaWind solves the equations of fluid mechanics with a specific model which allows taking into account the urban environment effects such as vortexes, venturi or wise effects. Finally, the software is able to compute the wind flow inside each internal volume according to the openings of the buildings.This paper presents this software that has been designed for energy engineers to optimize the energy consumption inside a building. This is also an important tool for architects and project managers to make a building. The shape of the building as well as the orientation and the location of the openings can be designed with the awareness of the wind-induced natural air ventilation.
UrbaWind, a Computational Fluid Dynamics tool to predict wind resource in urb...Stephane Meteodyn
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is already a necessary tool for modeling the wind over complex country side terrains. Indeed to maximize energetic yield and optimize the costs, before installing the wind systems, a good knowledge of wind characteristics at the site is required. Meteodyn has developed UrbaWind, which is an automatic CFD software for computing the wind between buildings for small wind turbines. Compared to rural open spaces, the geometry in urban areas is more complex and unforeseeable. The effects created by the buildings, such as vortexes at the feet of the towers, Venturi effect or Wise effect, make the modeling of urban flows more difficult. The model used in UrbaWind allows to take these effects into account by solving the equations of Fluid Mechanics with a specific model which can represent the turbulence and the wakes around buildings as well as the porosity of the trees. In order to validate UrbaWind’s results, different study cases proposed by the Architectural Institute of Japan have been set up. The three selected cases have an ascending complexity, from the simple block to the complete rebuilding of a quarter of the Japanese city of Niigata. The results validate UrbaWind as well for theoretical cases as for real cases by offering a minor error margin on the wind speed prediction.
http://meteodyn.com/en
Simulation of 3 bit Flash ADC in 0.18μmTechnology using NG SPICE Tool for Hig...ijsrd.com
This paper provides the basic simulation result for the 3 bit flash type ADC in 0.18μm technology using the NG Spice device simulator tool. It includes two stages, first stage includes 7 comparators and second stage has a thermometer encoder. The simulation is done in NG spice tool developed by university of California at Berkeley (USA).The response time of the comparator and ADC are 3.7ns and 4.9ns respectively with 50.01μw power dissipation which makes the ADC more suitable for high speed application with lower power devices.
Cmos Full Adder and Multiplexer Based Encoder for Low Resolution Flash AdcIOSRJECE
The present investigation proposed a low power encoding scheme of thermometer code to binary code converter for flash analog to digital conversion by the design of different circuits. In this paper, we have proposed three encoding techniques for the conversion of analog to digital signal using Multiplexer based encoder, heterogeneous encoder and encoding technique using dynamic logic circuits providing low power of operation and we compare the results obtained from each technique based on power consumption. The multiplexer based encoder was designed with the help of multiplexers which consumes less amount of power comparing with other designs.
This document presents the design of a phased array antenna system using phase shifters. A group of 4 students designed and simulated a 1x4 microstrip patch antenna array fed by a Wilkinson power divider in ADS software. They first designed a single rectangular patch antenna, then a 1:4 Wilkinson power divider and combined them into an antenna array. Phase shifters using varactor diodes were also designed and simulated for different voltage biases. The phase and insertion loss characteristics of the phase shifters were analyzed to verify their performance in the phased array system.
This document provides a summary of a progress report on the design of a 3-bit flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It describes the architecture and design of a comparator, which acts as a 1-bit ADC, and a 3-bit flash ADC. It also discusses characterization of the ADC's DC performance by measuring differential nonlinearity and integral nonlinearity from histograms. The document covers comparator design techniques, reference voltage generation using diode-connected transistors, and layout of the 3-bit flash ADC.
An approach to design Flash Analog to Digital Converter for High Speed and Lo...VLSICS Design
This paper proposes the Flash ADC design using Quantized Differential Comparator and fat tree encoder. This approach explores the use of a systematically incorporated input offset voltage in a differential amplifier for quantizing the reference voltages necessary for Flash ADC architectures, therefore eliminating the need for a passive resistor array for the purpose. This approach allows very small voltage comparison and complete elimination of resistor ladder circuit. The thermometer code-to-binary code encoder has become the bottleneck of the ultra-high speed flash ADCs. In this paper, the fat tree thermometer code to-binary code encoder is used for the ultra high speed flash ADCs. The simulation and the implementation results shows that the fat tree encoder performs the commonly used ROM encoder in terms of speed and power for the 6 bit CMOS flash ADC case. The speed is improved by almost a factor of 2 when using the fat tree encoder, which in fact demonstrates the fat tree encoder and it is an effective solution for the bottleneck problem in ultra-high speed ADCs.The design has been carried out for the 0.18um technology using CADENCE tool.
IRJET- Implementation of 16-Bit Pipelined ADC using 180nm CMOS TechnologyIRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a 16-bit pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) using 180nm CMOS technology. A 4-stage pipelined architecture is used, with each stage having a 4-bit resolution enabled by a successive approximation register (SAR) based sub-ADC. SAR ADCs consume low power but have speed and resolution limitations. To overcome these, a pipelined ADC is proposed that achieves high speed and low power consumption. Key blocks include SAR sub-ADCs, digital-to-analog converters, comparators, sample-and-hold circuits, and flip-flops. The design achieves medium sampling rate and 16-bit resolution for applications such as
The document describes 5 PC sessions on advanced coding. Session 1 details implementing a BER meter class in C++ to simulate a communication system and calculate bit error rate for different QAM modulations. Results show the simulated BER curves match theoretical curves and higher order QAM requires higher Eb/N0 to achieve a target BER due to smaller symbol distances. Session 2 analyzes constrained signal sets and finite block length effects. Session 3 implements a SISO decoder. Session 4 details a PCCC decoder implementation. Session 5 covers an LDPC decoder.
This report details the design of a two-stage operational amplifier (op-amp) in Cadence. It begins with hand calculations of component parameters. A schematic is plotted and simulated for DC and AC analysis. The initial design does not meet specifications, so component parameters are modified through several iterations until specifications are met. Finally, geometry optimization using Mosek in MATLAB is presented, though long calculation times prevented results. The report demonstrates the op-amp design process from initial calculations through simulation and optimization to meet specifications.
The goal of this project for the course COEN 6511 is to design a 4-bit comparator, aiming to master the techniques of ASIC design.
The details of designing a 4-bit comparator are given in this report. It involves the methodology, circuit implementation, schematic simulation, layout and packaging.
We start from logic gate level, go up to the circuit level and then draw the layout in the environment of CMOSIS5 in which the minimum drawing layout size is 0.6μ. Finally we extract the layout as a symbol in the schematic for re-simulation to obtain the results of the performance measure. In designing, propagation delay, Area (A) and power are considered. All parameters of circuit are decided and the circuit plot and waveform are produced, and we would test and verify every part of the CMOS circuit developed by Cadence development tools . The test results from simulation can meet the requirement. It means that the logic design, schematic and layout are correct, and our project can satisfy the requirements.
1. The document discusses the architecture of programmable digital signal processors. It covers basic architectural features, computational building blocks like multipliers, barrel shifters, and multiply-accumulate units.
2. Multipliers can be parallel or serial, and designs are discussed for signed and unsigned numbers. Barrel shifters allow multiple shifts in one cycle. Multiply-accumulate units are used to compute sums of products.
3. Guard bits and saturation logic can prevent overflow and underflow in multiply-accumulate units. Shifters before and after operations also help avoid overflow.
1. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Report on
Design of Distributed Amplifier
(Travelling Wave Amplifier)
By
Rahul Ekhande
U37692717
May 7, 2016
2. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Table of Contents:
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Design Procedure
4. LVS Rule Check
5. DRC Rule
6. Conclusion
7. Learning from the Project
3. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Abstract:
We designed the Broadband Distributed Amplifier using TQPED (GaAs) block in ADS. The goal
parameters are to design Travelling Wave Amplifier with bandwidth 2 – 20 GHz, VSWR (IN/OUT) to be
less than 2 and noise figure to be less than 4 with flat gain of 10 dB along whole bandwidth. The critical
parameter is to have Pin (dB) to be more than 15 dB. Various design stages with different transistor
dimension and biasing point have been studied and optimized to get the given specification.
4. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
List of Figures:
Figure 1: Intrinsic Parameter Calculation in ADS..........................................................................................7
Figure 2: Ideal 3 Stage TWA..........................................................................................................................7
Figure 3: 3-Stage TWA: Stage 2.....................................................................................................................8
Figure 4: 3-Stage TWA: Final Stage...............................................................................................................8
Figure 5:Results for 3- Stage TWA ................................................................................................................9
Figure 6: Gain Compression for 3-Stage TWA...............................................................................................9
Figure 7: Ideal Schematic for 4- Stage TWA................................................................................................10
Figure 8: TQPED Schematic for 4 stage TWA..............................................................................................11
Figure 9: Results for 4 stage TWA...............................................................................................................11
Figure 10:Power Compression for 4 Stage TWA.........................................................................................12
Figure 11: Biasing point selection for 6- stage TWA...................................................................................13
Figure 12:Ideal Schematic for 6- Stage TWA...............................................................................................13
Figure 13:Results for Ideal 6- Stage TWA....................................................................................................14
Figure 14:Gain Compression for 6-Stage TWA............................................................................................15
Figure 15: Meander modelling of Drain Inductor.......................................................................................16
Figure 16:Drain Inductance Meander Modelling plots...............................................................................16
Figure 17:Gate Inductor to EM Model Flow ...............................................................................................17
Figure 18: Final Schematic 6- Stage TWA....................................................................................................17
Figure 19: Final Schematic: Top Side ..........................................................................................................18
Figure 20:Final Schematic:Top Left.............................................................................................................18
Figure 21:Final Schematic -Top Left............................................................................................................18
Figure 22:Final Schematic: Center ..............................................................................................................19
Figure 23:Final Schematic-Bottom Gate Inductance ..................................................................................19
Figure 24:Final Schematic-Bottom Right ....................................................................................................19
Figure 25:Final Schematic -Bottom Right.................................................................................................20
Figure 26: Final Layout................................................................................................................................20
Figure 27:3D view of Layout .......................................................................................................................21
Figure 28:Final Simulation Results..............................................................................................................21
Figure 29:Final gain Compression (Pin dB) .................................................................................................22
5. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
List of Tables:
Table 1: Design Specifications.......................................................................................................................6
Table 2: Design Achieved in Stage 1 Design................................................................................................10
Table 3:Design Achieved in Stage 2 Design ................................................................................................12
Table 4:Design Achieved in Stage 3: Ideal Design.......................................................................................15
Table 5: Transistor Size variation from Ideal to Final Schematic................................................................22
Table 6: 50-ohm Load resistor combination for Optimum Pin...................................................................23
6. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Introduction:
The design of Distributed amplifier (DA)is done in this report. Distributed Amplifier consists of pair of
transmission lines with impedances of Z0 which are connected to the active device (amplifier) on each stage.
The input RF signal is introduced in through the source of the transistor, the active device responds to the
input RF signal and amplify the signal at each stage in respond to the input coming wave. Thus this the
signal is amplified at each stage and we can get the signal of high gain over high bandwidth.
Here the goal to design an DA is given below:
Target Specifications
Bandwidth 2-20 GHz
Gain >10 dB
Gain Flatness < (+/-1)
VSWR(in/out) < 2:1
K factor >1
Noise figure(max) 4 dB
Gain compression +15 dB
Table 1: Design Specifications
The aim is to design of DA with above specification using Keysight Advanced Design System(ADS) with
Triquint TQPED (GaAs) blocks. Below report show the details flow of work done. Different stages and
transistor dimensions are used to achieve the above specifications.
7. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Design Procedure:
Stage 1: 3- Stage TWA
The design of Distributed Amplifier was started with the 3 stages following specifications:
Transistor Parameter Biasing Point
Width Number VGS(Volts) VDS(Volts)
30 3 3 1
The intrinsic parameters we calculated using ADS, its formula and the Ideal 3 stage TWA amplifier
Schematic was created, which is shown below: (ideal_3stage.dsn)
Figure 1: Intrinsic Parameter Calculation in ADS
Figure 2: Ideal 3 Stage TWA
8. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Calculated Lg Cgs and Cds using the biasing point was used to create the Ideal 3 stage TWA shown above in
Figure. 2. The Ideal Circuit was then converted into TQPED transmission line with VIA model in the
following two stages:
Figure 3: 3-Stage TWA: Stage 2
Figure 4: 3-Stage TWA: Final Stage
Initially, the Gate inductance was converted into EM model in the 2nd
stage, but in Final stage the
transmission line model was used. The cut-off frequency used to calculate the parameters was 20 GHz.
(tqped_model_3stage_TWA.dsn)
The Ground via was connected in order to check he effect of adding inductance due to it. The results for
the Final 3-Stage TWA are shown below:
9. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Figure 5:Results for 3- Stage TWA
AS we can see the above design was stable, had VSWR in and out less than 2 with stable gain and flat with
±0.5 dB variation in given bandwidth. But the Noise figure nf(2) was not below in given bandwidth. More
importantly the Gain compression. The gain compression for the above design was 6 dB less than the
required.
The current consumption for each stage was 27 mA with Vds=3.5 volts. Therefore, the power consumption
for the design was 283.5 mW
Figure 6: Gain Compression for 3-Stage TWA
10. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
The designed TWA fulfilled the following:
Target Specifications Simulation results
Bandwidth 2-20 GHz 2-20 GHz
Gain >10 dB >10 dB
Gain Flatness < (+/-1) < (+/-1)
VSWR(in/out) < 2:1 < 2:1
K factor >1 >1
Noise figure(max) 4 dB No
Gain compression +15 dB 9.371
Table 2: Design Achieved in Stage 1 Design
Stage 2: 4- Stage TWA
In this the number of stages was increased from 3 to 4 with the following biasing points:
Transistor Parameter Biasing Point
Width Number VGS(Volts) VDS(Volts)
50 6 3 0.75
Since most of the specification were achieved in the above design, now the Gain Compression and Noise
figure was the aim. Increasing the dimensions can increase the current drawing capacity of transistor which
increases the power compression of the transistor which increases the gain compression. So the figures
numbers and width was increased along with one stage. Below are the figures for designed schematic and
results for 4 stage TWA. (cell_4.dsn)
Figure 7: Ideal Schematic for 4- Stage TWA
11. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
tl_042516.dsn
Figure 8: TQPED Schematic for 4 stage TWA
Figure 9: Results for 4 stage TWA
12. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Figure 10:Power Compression for 4 Stage TWA
The designed TWA fulfilled the following:
Target Specifications Simulation results
Bandwidth 2-20 GHz 2-20 GHz
Gain >10 dB >10 dB
Gain Flatness < (+/-1) < (+/-1)
VSWR(in/out) < 2:1 > 2:1
K factor >1 >1
Noise figure(max) 4 dB No
Gain compression +15 dB 13.124
Table 3:Design Achieved in Stage 2 Design
The increase in stage and the dimension of the transistor increased the power consumption:
Stages Idss Vdc Power
4 44 mA 3 528 mW
The gain compression was increased by 4 dB, but the design degraded the VSWR making no improvement
in the Noise figure. The next aim was to increase the gain compression and to improve VSWR and noise
figure. The increase in figure dimension had not only degraded the VSWR, but also varied the gain stability
in given bandwidth. In order to achieve all specifications, the following idea was implemented.
13. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Stage 3: 6- Stage TWA with less transistor dimension
Initially, the biasing points are selected for the transistor W=30 and finger number N=3
(biasing_network.dsn)
Figure 11: Biasing point selection for 6- stage TWA
Transistor Parameter
Biasing
Point
Width Number VGS(Volts) VDS(Volts)
Biasing
Network 30 3 3.5 0.88
Intrinsic parameter calculation was done (figure.1). The ideal schematic is shown as below
Figure 12:Ideal Schematic for 6- Stage TWA
14. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
In previous stages, the ground termination of source of the transistor was not done by the via, because of
which the additional inductance which adds up was not considered in Ideal stages. This causes the
degradation in the performance of the design. To avoid that the ground vias are added in the Ideal model
itself. The drain capacitance (Cadd)are also neglected in the Ideal schematic as they are removed in later
stages. (6_stage_ideal.dsn)
A transmission line is connected between the drain and the drain inductances in order to consider the
later addition inductance which will add. The results for the design is shown below:
Figure 13:Results for Ideal 6- Stage TWA
15. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Figure 14:Gain Compression for 6-Stage TWA
As we can see all the required specification we fulfilled, so above biasing point and transistor dimensions
were used for final design. Below table shows the specification table required and fulfilled by above Ideal
design:
Target Specifications Simulation results
Bandwidth 2-20 GHz 2-20 GHz
Gain >10 dB >10 dB
Gain Flatness < (+/-1) < (+/-1)
VSWR(in/out) < 2:1 < 2:1
K factor >1 >1
Noise figure(max) 4 dB 4 dB
Gain compression +15 dB 17.324
Table 4:Design Achieved in Stage 3: Ideal Design
Gate Inductor EM Modelling:
Meander Model:
As we go from Ideal to TQPED schematic, the gate and drain inductor we replace it by TQPED transmission
lines. As the TL inductor model needs more length, we bend them into Meander lines. This decreases the
size of the design model.
16. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
The inductor is tuned and optimized with its transmission line model(Meander Model) shown below:
Figure 15: Meander modelling of Drain Inductor
The design is optimized and tuned in order to behave like inductor. As we know Tl inductor model have
less width and high length, so care must be taken during modelling for dimension of Meander model. The
S11 and S21 response of the inductor and model are compared and optimized to become same as shown
below. (innductor_tuning.dsn)
Figure 16:Drain Inductance Meander Modelling plots
Similarly, the half gate inductance is modeled and they are connected to form a Hai pin like model. The
model is then used to create the layout. While optimizing care is taken that the width of all the connections
(TL and M-corns) are same, in order to have proportionate design of the inductance model.
17. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
The layout is then used to create the EM model of the layout which can be used in Schematic for further
design. The flow of inductance to it EM model is shown below:
Figure 17:Gate Inductor to EM Model Flow
Final Schematic: (6_stage_ideal_WITHVIA_final.dsn)
Figure 18: Final Schematic 6- Stage TWA
18. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Top side:
Figure 19: Final Schematic: Top Side
Top Left:
Figure 20:Final Schematic:Top Left
Top Right:
Figure 21:Final Schematic -Top Left
Center:
19. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Figure 22:Final Schematic: Center
Bottom Gate Inductance:
Figure 23:Final Schematic-Bottom Gate Inductance
Bottom Right:
Figure 24:Final Schematic-Bottom Right
20. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Bottom Left:
Figure 25:Final Schematic -Bottom Right
Layout:
Figure 26: Final Layout
21. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
3-D view of Layout:
Figure 27:3D view of Layout
Final Simulation Results:
Figure 28:Final Simulation Results
22. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Final Power Compression:
Figure 29:Final gain Compression (Pin dB)
Transition of Transistor Dimension from Biasing to Final Schematic:
Transistor Parameter
Biasing
Point
Sr No. Width Number VGS(Volts) VDS(Volts) Power
1
Biasing
Network 30 3 3.5 0.88
294
mW
2 Ideal Schematic 30 3 3.5 0.88
294
mW
3 Final Schematic 17 3 3.5 0.88
294
mW
Table 5: Transistor Size variation from Ideal to Final Schematic
23. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
Finally, in order to meet the gain compression, the 50Ω resistor were also optimized and from the
following the best combination was selected:
Resistor Gain(dB)
Sr.No I/P O/P
Power
Compression 2 GHz
20
GHz
1 50 35 14.136 10.33 9.65
2 50 30 14.3 9.456 9.72
3 45 35 14.14 10.065 9.65
4 45 30 14.323 9.19 9.729
5 40 40 14.261 10.797 9.609 Transistor
6 40 35 14.388 9.743 9.68 width number
7 40 30 14.474 8.87 9.738 15 3
8 35 40 14.124 10.078 9.651
9 35 35 14.214 9.351 9.696
40 30 14.474 8.87 9.738 17 3 Final
Table 6: 50-ohm Load resistor combination for Optimum Pin
The below is the table showing comparison between the specification required and specification meet:
Target Specifications Final Results
Bandwidth 2-20 GHz 2-20 GHz
Gain >10 dB >10 dB
Gain Flatness < (+/-1) < (+/-1)
VSWR(in/out) < 2:1 < 2:1
K factor >1 >1
Noise figure(max) 4 dB 4 Db (5 to 20 GHz)
Gain compression +15 dB 15.149
Table 7:Goals Achieved
The Nosie figure goal I could not achieve, as I was trying to improve my noise figure my Pin (dB) was
getting low. So compromised my NF for Gain and P(in).
24. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
LVS Rule Check Report:
LVS Report
Advanced Design System 2016.01
Copyright 2004 - 2015 Keysight Technologies 1989-2016
May 7 2016
Design
Schematic:
MMIC_project_lib:6_stage_ideal_WITHVIA_final:schematic
Layout:
MMIC_project_lib:6_stage_ideal_WITHVIA_final:layout
LVS Analysis
LVS Analysis: Components with Pin Nets
Hierarchy Check: All levels - dissimilar hierarchy
Elapsed time 9.934 (seconds)
Component Mapping
Component mapping Component name and pin
connections only
Settings
Check Parameters Mismatch: On
Use instance name mapping: Off
Use parameter value mapping: Off
Summary:
Components Not in Schematic: 0
Components Not in Layout: 0
Nodal Mismatches: 0
Nodal Mismatches: 0
Parameter Mismatches: 0
Component Count Schematic: 214
Component Count Layout: 214
Wires/Flight-lines in layout: 0
Physical/Nodal mismatches: 0
Errors 0
Components not in schematic 0
Components not in layout 0
Nodal Mismatches 0
Parameter Mismatches 0
Warnings 0
Wires/Flight-lines in layout 0
25. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
DRC Check Report:
TOTAL DRC VIOLATIONS = 283
TOTAL OFF-GRID WARNINGS = 5436
====================================================================================
======
#_OF GDS_DRC
ERRS FLAG_ID LDR DESCRIPTION
====================================================================================
======
4 101 5.2.2A.1 NiCr Resistor Width must be 2.0 <= width <= 250.0
4 102 5.2.2A.2 NiCr Resistor Width or Length < 2.0
63 103 5.4.1 Via1 contact area larger than 10% of MIM plate area
18 104 6.2K.3 Metal0 to Ohmic Exclusion < 1.0 (intra Device)
1 105 6.2S MIM to NiCr Exclusion < 4.0
22 106 7.2_stack_via1 stacked via1 area < 20.0 square um
6 107 7.3C.2 Via1 can not straddle MIM
42 108 7.3E.1 Inclusion of Via2 within Metal1 (per edge) must be >= 0.5
67 109 7.3F Inclusion of Via2 within Metal2 (per edge) must be >= 1.0 (Tolerance <= 0.049)
48 110 5.6J.NOTE.1 Metal outside Cell Boundary (layer 63)
8 111 5.6J.NOTE.2 ERROR, Cell Boundary (layer 63) missing, NO Substrate Via or BPIL to Cell Edge
Check Performed
====================================================================================
======
= OFF_GRID WARNINGS LDR DESCRIPTION
LAYER AND COORDINATES OF OFFGRID POINTS
( DATA IS CURRENTLY NOT PROVIDED IN GDSII DRC OUTPUT )
26. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
====================================================================================
======
144 OFFGRID.2 WARNING, Offgrid (90 or 45 degree) w_recs Polygons
72 OFFGRID.3 WARNING, Offgrid (90 or 45 degree) iso_imp Polygons
4 OFFGRID.4 WARNING, Offgrid (90 or 45 degree) NiCr Polygons
200 OFFGRID.5 WARNING, Offgrid (90 or 45 degree) ohmic Polygons
144 OFFGRID.7 WARNING, Offgrid (90 or 45 degree) e_gate Polygons
12 OFFGRID.9 WARNING, Offgrid (90 or 45 degree) MIM Polygons
1124 OFFGRID.10 WARNING, Offgrid (90 or 45 degree) via1 Polygons
192 OFFGRID.12 WARNING, Offgrid (90 or 45 degree) via2 Polygons
60 OFFGRID.13 WARNING, Offgrid (90 or 45 degree) metal2 Polygons
56 OFFGRID.14 WARNING, Offgrid (90 or 45 degree) passivation_via Polygons
1192 OFFGRID.OTHER.11 WARNING, Offgrid metal1 Edges
1147 OFFGRID.OTHER.12 WARNING, Offgrid via2 Edges
1089 OFFGRID.OTHER.13 WARNING, Offgrid metal2 Edges
OFF GRID VERIFICATION
The following warnings are of horizontal / vertical / 45 degree geometries with vertexes
off-grid, or geometries specified to be placed on a .1u or .5u grid. Circles, arcs and
like geometries are excluded from off-grid verification.
Please follow instructions provided in the attached document 'grid_ADS_offgrid_how_to.pdf'
for off-grid verification. Currently TQHIP, TQRLC and TQTRX do not have Offgrid
checks define for the Qorvo kits.
====================================================================================
======
27. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
maildrc EXECUTED BY Rahul Ekhande ON 2016-05-07_19:53:19
assura PROCESSING TIME (in seconds) = 22 REPORTED CPU TIME (in seconds) = 2.23
PROCESSING TIME from receipt of eMail to transmission of eMail results (in seconds) = 25
GOLDEN DRC RULE FILE: ver2.24 for TQPED 2015_09_02 mailDRC rev: 1.108 16.03.08
VERIFICATION SERVER : tqolvsserver1 Assura (tm) Physical Verification Version
av4.1:Production:dfII5.1.41:5.10.41.500.6.144
-------------- eMail SPECIFIED DIRECTIVES --------------
drccellname = 6_stage_ideal_WITHVIA_final
processname = TQPED
switches =
streamfile = 6_stage_ideal_WITHVIA_final.gds
DATABASE UNITS: 1000
EDA SOFTWARE VERSION: ADS 2009
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| |
| >>> QORVO mailDRC UPDATE ANNOUNCEMENTS <<< |
| VERIFICATION QUEUE STATUS AND REFERENCE INFORMATION IS NOW AVAILABLE
FROM |
| http://triconnect.triquint.com/sites/CADEng/Apps/SitePages/LICENSE%20MONITOR.aspx |
| (located lower right corner of SharePoint page) |
| |
| If you have any issues with the your requests please contact eda@qorvo.com |
| |
28. MMIC 2016 Final Term Project
| |
| NEW FEATURES: |
| |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| The current DRC rule deck is a best effort to check current LDR specifications |
| |
| IF FALSE OR UNDISCOVERED DRC VIOLATION(S) EXIST AND THEY ARE NOT DOCUMENTED
WITHIN THE PDK KIT |
| THEN PLEASE REPORT THE PROBLEM(S) TO foundry@qorvo.com |
| |
| Qorvo "all around you" |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conclusion:
The Distributed Amplifier(TWA) was studied in detail. Different stages and transistor dimensions
(Width and Finger Number) were used to achieve the given goals. Biasing point plays vital role in
the design of broadband TWA along with the transistor dimensions. Number of stages stabilized
the gain over high frequency and increases the power consumption. Gain and noise cannot be
optimized together; trade-off have been made in this design. To get stable gain and high Pin (dB),
the Nosie (nf2) is compromised.
Learning form this Project:
Design of TWA with different stages and different transistor dimensions with various
biasing points.
Effect of replacing Ideal DC feed and DC block with real lumped elements.
Generation on an EM model, Meander Model (Gate Inductance) an efficient method to
decrease the overall area consumption.
Connection of different layers of TL with various vias.
Effect of ground vias (additional inductance introduction) (Drain grounding).