This document provides an overview of Northern Africa and Southwestern Asia. It begins with introductions to the regions and includes country lists. It then discusses the natural environments and climates of the two areas. Several environmental problems are outlined, including soil erosion, water pollution, oil pollution, and air pollution. The document also covers the religions, languages, and historical empires and colonies of Northern Africa and Southwestern Asia. It concludes with sections on relevant political and economic organizations in the regions, such as the Arab League and OPEC, as well as water politics related to increasing populations.

1. NORTHERN AFRICA
&
SOUTHWESTERN ASIA

2. GROUP MEMBERS
• 1. MARIYAH FATIHAH BINTI MALEK FAIRUS
• 2014411212
• 2. INTAN SHAHIRAH BINTI SAHARAN
• 2014269612
• 3.KHAIRUNNISA’BINTI ZAINAL
• 2014614418
• CLASS : BM246M
PREPARED FOR :
SIR AHMAD SHAZEER BIN MOHAMED
THAEER

3. WORLD MAP

4. MAP OF NORTH AFRICA &
SOUTHWEST ASIA

6. INTRODUCTION

7. • North Africa included the region of Morocco,
Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Egypt and Sudan.
• Southwestern Asia included region Jordan,
Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia and
Oman.
• There are three peninsulas which are the
largest of the three is the Arabian Peninsula,
Anatolian Peninsula, and Sinai Peninsula

8. Country, Capital City And
Population For Northern
Africa

10. Country, Capital City
And Population For
Southwest Asia

12. NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
1. Climates in Northern Africa
2. Climates in Southwest Asia

13. Climates In Northern Africa

16. Climates In Southwest Asia

20. Natural Resources

21. 1. Water
• Key to life in this arid environment, since the beginning of time
• Major competition for industrial
• agricultural uses
• For example, Nile river as an exotic river because it receives water as run off in
humid regions or from highland zones and then flows across large expanses of
desert before reaching the Mediterranean Sea.
2. Oil & Natural Gas
• Oil is certainly the most important resource of North Africa and southwest Asia.
• Major Producers include Gulf States, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria, & Tunisia
• Minor Producers include Egypt & Turkey
• Saudi Arabia ranked as the world’s leading producer according to OPEC(2009) with
13.1 % followed by (Iran 5.8 %) the (United Arab Emirates 3.6 %), (Kuwait 3.3 %)
and (Libya 2.2 %)
3. Mineral Resources
• Chief among the mineral resources of the region are chromite and phosphate of
lime.
• Phosphate rock:-
- used in the manufacture of fertilizer.
- world’s leading producers: Morocco (15.5%) and Tunisia (5.1%)

22. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
1. Soil Erosion Problem
2. Water Pollution
3. Oil Pollution
4. Air Pollution

23. Soil Erosion Problem

24. • In Northern Africa included country ( Algeria, Egypt, Morocco,
Libya and Tunisia) are all facing the same problem which is
“Desertification”.
• Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes
desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or
inappropriate agriculture.
• It causes the overgrazing, agricultural land that being lost to
urbanization and windblown sands, In Morocco , the land
degradation effect to soil erosion that resulted from farming of
marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation.
• In Tunisia, involved deforestation, overgrazing , soil erosion and
desertification.
• In Southwest Asia included country Iran, Yemen, Jordan , UAE,
Saudi Arabia and Iraq facing the same major problem as
Northern Africa except for Oman.
• For Iraq and Iran they are facing soil degradation (salination)

25. The process of Salinization

26. Water Pollution
• For Northern Africa included Algeria, Morocco,
Tunisia and Egypt are causes dumping raw sewage.
• For Libya, Tunisia and Egypt they have limited natural
fresh water resources away from the Nile River.
• Major polluter for water came from oil industry that
causes the leakages of water near ocean terminals.
• For Southwest Asia included Oman, Saudi Arabia,
UAE , Iraq, Jordan and Yemen are limited natural
fresh water resources.
• For Iran and Syria they are facing raw sewage and
industrial wastage.

27. Oil Pollution
• For Northern Africa included Algeria, Egypt and Morocco
except Libya and Tunisia are facing oil wastage that
occur at Mediterranean Sea, also threaten coral reefs,
beaches and marine habitats.
• For Southwest Asia included Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman ,
UAE except for Iraq, Jordan and Yemen are facing oil
spills at beach and also wetland losses from drought at
the Persian Gulf.

28. Air Pollution
• At Iran, they are facing air pollution because of
vehicles emission refinery operation and industrial
effluent at urban areas.

29. Culture & Political History Of
Northern Africa And South Western
Asia
• Religions
• Languages
• Empire and colonies

30. Religions

32. LANGUAGES
MAJOR LANGUAGE FAMILIES EXPLANATION
Afro-Asiatic family •Represents most language speakers of
the region with such languages as Arabic,
Berber, and Hebrew.
Indo-European family •Have four major languages which are
Armenian, Baluchi , Kurdish and Farsi.
Nilo Saharan family •Spoken in a number of countries across
the African continent especially in Luo of
Kenya, and Kanuri of Nigeria.
Altaic family •which is Turkic, member of the of
languages is spoken in Turkey.

33. Empires And Colonies

34. 1. Persian Dynasties
• Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a
larger region, also known as Greater Iran, comprising the area
from Anatolia and Egypt.
• They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires after the Muslim
conquest of Persia.
• Safavid Iran was one of the Islamic "gunpowder empires", along
with its neighbours, its arch rival the Ottoman Empire, and the
Mughal Empire.
• Safavid dynasty also which established Shi‘a Islam as the
official religion of their empire, marking one of the most
important turning points in the history of Islam

35. 2. Ottoman Turks
• Turkish Ottoman Empire, Egypt was divided into twenty-four
districts and each had its own Mamluk bey, who was formerly
called an emir.
• During the reign of Sulayman I began (1535) the traditional
friendship between France and Turkey, directed against Hapsburg
Austria and Spain. Sulayman reorganized the Turkish judicial
system, and his reign saw the flowering of Turkish literature, art,
and architecture.
• In the progressive decay that followed Sulayman's death, the
clergy ( ulema ) and the Janissaries gained power and exercised a
profound, corrupting influence.

36. 3. European Colonies and
Protectorates
• North Africa became colonies of France that included Tunisia ,
Morocco, Algeria while for Italy included Libya, and Britain
included Egypt, Sudan, and much of the southern of Arabian
Peninsula and Gulf coast.
• During World War 1, British and French built Arab Nationalism to
expel the Turks from became Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, jordan,
Iraq and Arabian Peninsula.
• The animosities against former Turkish and European colonial
power that were generated by colonial decision that made by
Israel.

37. Global Significance

38. Political And Economic Organization
In North Africa & Southwest Asia.
1. Arab League
2. Palestine Liberation Organization
3. Organization of Islamic Conference
4. Organization of Petroleum exporting
countries

39. Arab League
• The Arab League is an organization that consists of
independent Arab States on the territory of northern and
north-eastern part of Africa and southwest Asia.
• According to the Arab League’s main document, Charter of
Arab League, the organization’s main goal is “strengthening of
the relations between the member-states, the coordination of
their policies in order to achieve co-operation between them
and to safeguard their independence and sovereignty; and a
general concern with the affairs and interests of the Arab
countries.
• The members of the Arab League included Palestine Liberation
Organization(PLO).

40. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
• an organization providing umbrella for many smaller
groups that demand a country for Palestinians.
• To help Palestinians “to recover their usurped
homes” and to replace Israel with a secular
Palestinians state.
• From 1958 to 1961, Egypt & Syria had joined as the
United Arab Republic under the leadership of Colonel
Jamal Nasser.

41. Organization Of Islamic Conference (OIC)
• In 1970, foreign ministers of Muslim countries set up the
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), which now has
57 members.
• Function of OIC :-
– Enhance and consolidate the bonds of fraternity and solidarity among
the Member States
– Reaffirm its support for the rights of people as stipulated in the UN
Charter and International Law
– Exert efforts to achieve sustainable and comprehensive human
development and economic well-being in member states
– Protect and defend the true image of Islam, to combat defamation of
Islam and encourage dialogue among civilization and religions
– Enhance and developed science and technology and encourage
research and cooperation among member states in these fields

42. Organization Of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (Opec)
• OPEC was founded in Baghdad, Iraq, with the signing of an agreement
in September 1960 by five countries namely Islamic Republic of Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.
• Currently, the Organization has a total of 12 Member Countries.
• The objective of OPEC is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies
among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for
petroleum producers, an efficient, economic and regular supply of
petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to
those investing in the industry.
• One of the main advantages of OPEC is that they control the price of
oil. They do this by talking to the Middle East and other countries
where most of the oil is imported from and have helped influence the
oil prices since 1973. However, this is currently also a disadvantage as
OPEC’s short term plans has caused a continuous stream of
fluctuations in oil rates and often dramatic rises in these prices.

43. Water Politics

44. TYPE OF POLITICS LOCATIONS EXPLANATION
Increase of
populations
Area of Jordan River
( Lebanon, Syria, Israel ,
Jordan and West Bank)
- Groundwater aquifers are
the principle source for
water supplies
- Israel use the greatest
amount of water available
in the basin, next is Jordan.
- The increase in population
(both through natural
increase and Israeli
settlements) has led to
significant challenges in
managing limited water
supplies.
- Water sharing agreement
between Syria and Israel
has been signed.

45. TYPE OF POLITICS LOCATIONS EXPLANATION
Irrigation schemes - Tigris and Euphrates River,
and Jordan River (Turkey)
- Syria obtains
approximately 85 % of the
renewable water supply
- Iraq obtains 100 % from
the combination of both
rivers
- Iraq, Syria and Turkey have
constructed a dams along
the river for the purpose of
agriculture, hydroelectric
power and
industrialization.

46. TYPE OF POLITICS LOCATIONS EXPLANATION
Privatization of water Nile River - privatization of the water
resources has caused many
people displaced by dams
along the rivers, and the
unequal distribution of
water supplies amongst
neighbouring countries.
- The Egyptians have used
military force to ensure
their control over the
headwaters of the Nile.
- Sudan, Ethiopia, and
Uganda have constructed
various river projects to
increase their annual water
withdrawals

47. TYPE OF POLITICS LOCATIONS EXPLANATION
Privatization of water Nile River (African countries)
World Bank in Washington
- National governments
have agreed to share water
that flows between their
countries.
- e.g: the leaders of Uganda,
Sudan and Egypt signed
the Nile Water Agreement
to share the waters of the
Nile River
- An agreement between
Israeli, Palestinian and
Jordanian ministers
- E.g: construction of a
desalination plant on the
northern tip of the Red Sea
in Aqaba, providing Jordan
and Israel with a new
source of drinking water.

48. DESALINATION PROCESS

49. Agriculture

50. TERMS LOCATIONS CAUSES EXPLANATIONS
Due to the arid lands of Northen
Africa and Southwestern Asia, it
leave little oppurtunity for farming,
requiring most countries food.
Agricultural productive areas are
on the fringers of the region such
as in Turkey.
There are many of the problems
in agricultural production stem
from the type of economy
established by colonial countries
Agriculture is geared in many
areas to export crops
TYPE OF
ECONOMY
LOCATIONS CAUSES EXPLANATIONS
Agriculture Northern Africa
& South
western Asia
Irrigation • Due to the arid lands of
Northern Africa and
Southwestern Asia, it leave little
opportunity for farming,
requiring most countries food.
• Agricultural productive areas
are on the fingers of the region
such as the dams in
southeastern Turkey
• agricultural production stem
problems from the type of
economy established by
colonial countries
• Agriculture is geared in many
areas to export crops.
• Government have encouraged
greater cultivation of
domestically needed crops.

51. SUBREGIONS OF NORTH
AFRICA AND SOTHWESTERN
ASIA

52. NORTH AFRICA
SUBREGIONS
ISRAEL AND
PALESTINE
NILE RIVER
VALLEY
ARAB
SOUTHWEST
ASIA

53. NORTH AFRICA

55. North Africa
• There four countries of North Africa which are
Algeria, Libya, Morocco (with western Sahara)
and Tunisia.
• The town of Moulay, Idriss and that area
(Mountainous environment) is known as
Maghreb
• The harsh is the largely arid an often
mountainous natural environment of north
Africa

56. • Although located at the considerable distance
in Southwest Asia the people still consider
Islam as the almost exclusive region and
Arabic as the official language.

57. ALGERIA
Economic
Development
of North Africa
LIBYA
MOROCCO
TUNISIA

58. TYPE OF
ECONOMIC
LOCATION EXPLANATION
AGRICULTURE
SECTOR
MOROCCO & ALGERIA -Major agricultural products include dairy
products, meat, fruit, and vegetables, in
which Morocco is self-sufficient.
Example of Company are : Centrale
Laitière that produce dairy product in
Morocco
- 90 % of the land, mostly comprised of
small land holdings, is dependent on
rainwater.
-1 million hectares is comprised of
modern export-oriented farms that
produce 80 % of Morocco's citrus and
wine production, 33 % of its vegetable
output, and 15 % of its cereals
production.

59. -These irrigated farms,
concentrated in the Gharb
plain around Fez and
Meknes, the Doukkala
plain around Casablanca,
and the Beni Mellal and
Berkane areas, also
produce tomatoes,
potatoes, and beet and
cane sugar, as well as oil
and olive oil for export.
Morocco is also a producer
of grains, which are grown
on 68 percent of the
cultivated land, plus sugar,
oils and tea
Steel industry Tunisia
Libya
-Has a small steel industry
Libya also made some steel
and aluminium

60. Manufacturing sector Morocco -Is the least developed but
includes substantial craft
industry.
-Major U.S. companies,
such as Microsoft,
Compaq, and Oracle, have
a presence in the country.
-Manufacturing industries
are mainly concentrated in
Casablanca, Fez, Rabat,
Tangier, and Settat.
-Morocco's industrial base
consists mostly of food
processing, textiles,
pharmaceuticals, and the
processing of phosphate
rock into phosphoric acid
and fertilizers.

61. Tourism sector Morocco and Tunisia - In Morocco, tourism
sector is the major source
of income.
-Several state-owned hotels
were sold to private
investors, mainly foreign
companies from France and
the United Kingdom.
Worldwide hotel chains,
such as the Sheraton, Hilton
and Intercontinental, have a
presence in Morocco, but
the majority of hotels are
locally owned.
-For Tunisia also, tourism is
the major source of income
for the country.
-Basically on their sunshine,
coastal location

62. Oil and natural gas Algeria and Libya - Algeria is the leading
natural gas producer in
Africa, the second-largest
natural gas supplier to
Europe outside of the
region, and is among the
top three oil producers in
Africa. Algeria became a
member of the
Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC).
-Algeria uses multiple
coastal terminals to export
crude oil, refined products,
LPG, and NGPL. These
facilities are located at
Arzew, Skikda, Algiers,
Annaba, Oran, and Bejaia
in Algeria and La Skhirra in
Tunisia.

63. Libya -Libya is a member of the
Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting
Countries, the holder of
Africa's largest proved oil
reserves, and an important
contributor to the global
supply of light, sweet crude
oil.
-Libya was the third country
in the world, after Algeria
and the United States
(Alaska), to begin exporting
liquefied natural gas (LNG)

64. NILE RIVER VALLEY

65. NILE RIVER
VALLEY

66.  It is the longest river in the world.
 The name of the river is derived from the Greek word
“Neilos” which means the river.
 Two major sources of the river are Lake Victoria which
flowing the White Nile branch, and Lake Tana which
flowing the Blue Nile branch.
 Provides a living –giving water supply to Egypt and Sudan
that has sustained a human presence in the dry eastern
Sahara since the early days if farming and civilization.
 They do not have sufficient export income to pay for the
imported need of its people

67. Building of Aswan High
Dams
Borders of Egypt and
Sudan
- captures the world's longest
river, the Nile River, in the
world's third largest reservoirs,
Lake Nasser.
- reservoir was named for the
former president of Egypt,
Gamal Abdel Nasser, who died
in 1970
- Benefits of Aswan Dams:-
• controlling the annual floods
on the Nile River
• prevents the damage which
used to occur along the
floodplain
• provides about a half of
Egypt's power supply

68. ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMIC
DIVERSIFICATION IN
EGYPT
SUDAN’S
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES

69. ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION IN EGYPT
TYPE OF ECONOMY LOCATION EXPLANATION
Manufacturing sector Egypt
- ALCOTAN Cotton
Trading & Export
Co., Alyasser for
Import and Export
Textile.
Thomson Reuter
Zawya Co.
- One example in manufacturing sector
is textile as it is one of the largest
industry in Egypt.
- Earn income through export of oil,
cotton, textiles
- Import machinery and wood
products
- Heavy industry including iron, steel
production Helwan outside Cairo and
in Dikheila near Alexandra.
- Aluminium production is base in Nag
Hammadi while the production of
chemicals is concentrated in Aswan

70. Weapons Aid Egypt
UPPER EGYPT (SOUTH OF
CAIRO)
- Egypt’s agreement with
Israel in the late 1970s.
- Egypt has received over $2
billion per year in
economic,military equipment,
up keep and training from
United States.
- Ranks poorly in infant
mortality, adult literacy,
health services, schools,
and unemployment
Tourism Nile river - Egypt’s historic treasures
contribute to their
economy such as pyramids
and temples
- In 1990s, Islamic
fundamentalists have
periodically attacked
foreign tourists causing
slumps in the number of
foreign tourist.

71. PYRAMIDS
KHUFU PYRAMID KHAFRE PYRAMID
MANKAURE PYRAMID

72. Sudan’s economic activities
ECONOMIC SECTOR LOCATIONS EXPLANATIONS
Agriculture sector Sudan - They grows a variety of crops that
include:-
- cereal (wheat, sorghum, millet,
corn and rice)
- oil (sesame, groundnuts and
sunflowers)
- cotton, sisalhemt, and fodder crops
Manufacturing sector Khartoum
Kenana
Sugar
Company
- Sudan manufacturing industrial base
is dominated by process in food and
beverage products.
- Sugar refining is a major activities as
the production vegetables and soap,
ginning of cotton and production
cotton & textiles

73. TYPE OF ECONOMIC
PLIGHT
LOCATIONS EXPLANATIONS
Human trafficking Arab Southwest Asia (Qatar
& United Arab Emirates)
- Many Sudanese people are
sent to Qatar & United Arab
Emirates.
- Others are sent to help
terrorists in Uganda and the
Democratic republic of
Congo.

74. TEMPLES
DENDERAH TEMPLE EDFU TEMPLE
KOM OMBO TEMPLE

75. ARAB AND
SOUTHWEAST ASIA

76. Map of Arab and South Western Asia

77. The heart of Islamic world.
The world center of Islam which located at
Mecca, where Muhammad was born and
Medina which is become His power base after
he was expelled from Mecca.
Known for their oil wealth and involvement in
Arab-Israel peace process

78. Economic development
Income on oil
producing
countries
Diversification
in oil producing
countries
Tourist and
pilgrimage sites
Countries with
little or no oil

79. Type of economic countries
Oil producing -Saudi Arabia, Kuwait
,UAE.
-1965 Saudi Arabia’s GDP was
$2bill and had risen to $623 bill
-Kuwait's GDP had risen from
$2.1 bill to $117 bill.
-example of company :Saudi
Aramco, Kuwait oil company,
Bunduq oil company.
Diversification in oil –
producing.
(manufacturing,
education, media and
information).
-Bahrain, UAE, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, Dubai
-Manufacturing
• Bahrain and UAE operate
aluminum smelters.
• Example of company Balexco
• Qatar and Saudi Arabia
produce steel.
• Example of company: Qatar
steel company.

80. -Education
• $10 bill was
endowment is created
for King Abdullah
University science and
technology in Saudi
Arabia.
• $8 bill was set up at
Sidra medical and
research at Qatar.
-Media and information
• Dubai internet city
hosts 1,400 that
include Cisco,
Dell,Microsoft,and etc.

81. Tourism and pilgrimage
sites
-UAE and Saudi Arabia -the hot, sunny climate
as major stopover for
international airline
passenger.
-contains religious
centers , political
stability and shopping
opportunities.
-Makah and Medina are
the most visit place in
Arab
Countries with little or
no oil
-Syria, Jordan, Lebanon,
Yemen.
-Syria
• Farmers growth
cotton and cereal
grain and fruits near
Euphrates river.

82. -Jordan
• Export of phosphate as main
source of income.
• Tourist industry expanded with
special interest in historic sites
such as the rock –hewn city of
Petra.
-Yemen
• Remains the poorest countries
and depends on aid from foreign
donors.
-Lebanon
• Income generated from banking
and financial corporations based
in its capital Beirut.
• Example of bank : Ahli
International Bank, Al Bilad Islamic
Bank

83. ISRAEL AND THE
PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES

84. Map Of Israel And
Palestine

85. • Israel is unique example of a country created
by the United Nations for a particular ethnic
group, despite opposition from those living in
and around it.
• In 2008 Israel celebrated 60 years of very hard
work growing prosperity democratic
government.
• Has strong economy and powerful military.

86. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ISRAEL
INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE
SERVICE

87. Industry -Diamond industry
-High tech industries (software,
electronics and equipment)
-Diamond industry
• Leading world for
manufacturing and
trading center.
• World leader for both
cutting edge technologies
and craftsmanship.
• Tax- free rough and
polished diamond ensure
competitive price.
• Exported most its
diamonds to Hong Kong,
US, Belgium and
Switzerland.
• The diamond industry
located at Ramat Gan at
Tel Aviv city.

88. -High tech industries
• Almost 80% percent high
tech are exported.
• Silicon Wadi is area high
concentration of high tech
industries.
• Many technology company
have research and
development facilities in this
region including Intel,
Google, Facebook, Microsoft.

89. Agriculture -wheat, sorghum, corn
-citrus, avocados, kiwifruit, guavas,
and mangoes
-flowers
-is a highly developed
despite the fact the
geography is not conducive
for agriculture.
-is agriculture rose 26%
between 1999 and 2006.
-The Agro tech exhibition
held once every three years
to showcase Israel
agriculture technologies.
-example of company:
Agrexco, Netafirm

90. Service -tourism -consist of 65% of GDP.
-Tourism is a major industry
but often disrupted by
conflict and war.
-tourist are attracted by
Israel geographical diversity,
archeological and religious
sites and modern resort
facilities such as Lake
Kinneret, Red sea and Dead
sea

91. Economic activities in Palestine
Agriculture Service
Handicraft Communication

92. Economic
Activities
Agriculture -olive trees , grapevine, almonds,
figs and citrus
-The production of
agricultural goods
support the population
sustance needs.
-According to the council
of European Palestinian
Relation, the agricultural
sector employ 13.4% of
the population and
informally employ 90%
of population.
-Palestine agriculture
suffer from several
problems such as Israel
military attacks.

93. Service -Tourism -Tourism
• In 2010 4.6 million visit the
Palestine.
• Major travel guides write
recently that “the West
Bank is not the easiest place
to travel but the effort is
richly awarded.
• Foreign tourism is
pleasantly restricted to East
Jerusalem and the West
Bank.
Communication -Telephone(Paltel)
-Mobile(Jawwal and Wataniya)
-Radio(Ajyal Fm, Raya Fm)
-The telecom infrastructure
Is growing at very rapid pace
and continually being updated.
-in 2008 acces to internet in
the palestine remain relatively
opened, although social
flittering of sexually explicit
content has been implanted in
Gaza

94. Poverty in Gaza and West Bank
Have poorer condition for human
development.
Palestinian accuse the Israel of paying unequal
attention to their needs.
Israel accuse Palestinian harboring terrorist.
The Palestinian authority has received billions
of dollars in international aid but not enough
because of war.

95. THANK YOU