This presentation discusses the Macedonian labour market gender inequalities and participation gaps. It presents an online tool – EdPlaCo-MK – aiming at contributing to reducing the gender wage gap.
Presentation by Marjan Petreski, University American College Skopje
GDN 14th Annual Conference
Manila, Philippines
June 19-21, 2013
Structural Youth Unemployment and Local Development Strategies URBACT
Presentation delivered by Matteo Marchi (Councillor for Employment, youth Policies and Land Development Municipality of Cesena) for URBACT Training for Elected Representatives on Integrated and Sustainable Urban Development.
Seminar 3 (2-4 December 2013, Brussels, Belgium): Sustainability and change. How can cities tackle the challenges of climate change and assess their progress? And how to intervene in complex energy transitions while improving a city's quality of life?
Read more: http://urbact.eu/en/news-and-events/urbact-events/training-for-elected-representatives/
This document is a research report that analyzes the links between age, productivity, and lifelong learning in Europe. It uses various data sources and methodological approaches. The report finds that age-earnings profiles differ across European countries and can be grouped into clusters based on employment rates of older workers and average career lengths. Individual career paths are influenced by cohort effects and timing of labor market entry/exit. Earnings dynamics after age 50 are less dependent on education and occupation than at earlier ages. Estimation results suggest participation in training after age 50 can increase wages in the short-term, indicating lifelong learning may help maintain productivity at older ages.
We investigate how women’s attitude and realization of choices towards equal participation in the labor market changes with age, and how these patterns differ between generations in transition and Western economies. As transition countries experienced a drop in employment rates regardless of gender, we study the relative change in the position of women, compared to similarly endowed men. We find that disentangling age, time, and cohort effects is necessary to appropriately assess women’s progress on labor markets in transition. The results indicate that in Western Europe countries women born later have much more equal position on the labor market as compared to older birth cohorts, but this is not the case in transition economies.
El documento habla sobre las lecciones que se pueden aprender de los gansos que vuelan en formación. Describe cinco lecciones: 1) Volando juntos en formación se llega más rápido al destino. 2) Es más fácil volar estando unidos con otros que van en la misma dirección. 3) Es importante compartir el liderazgo y las responsabilidades. 4) Dar ánimo y apoyo a los demás aumenta el progreso. 5) Debemos estar unidos y apoyarnos mutuamente, especialmente en tiempos difíciles.
Structural Youth Unemployment and Local Development Strategies URBACT
Presentation delivered by Matteo Marchi (Councillor for Employment, youth Policies and Land Development Municipality of Cesena) for URBACT Training for Elected Representatives on Integrated and Sustainable Urban Development.
Seminar 3 (2-4 December 2013, Brussels, Belgium): Sustainability and change. How can cities tackle the challenges of climate change and assess their progress? And how to intervene in complex energy transitions while improving a city's quality of life?
Read more: http://urbact.eu/en/news-and-events/urbact-events/training-for-elected-representatives/
This document is a research report that analyzes the links between age, productivity, and lifelong learning in Europe. It uses various data sources and methodological approaches. The report finds that age-earnings profiles differ across European countries and can be grouped into clusters based on employment rates of older workers and average career lengths. Individual career paths are influenced by cohort effects and timing of labor market entry/exit. Earnings dynamics after age 50 are less dependent on education and occupation than at earlier ages. Estimation results suggest participation in training after age 50 can increase wages in the short-term, indicating lifelong learning may help maintain productivity at older ages.
We investigate how women’s attitude and realization of choices towards equal participation in the labor market changes with age, and how these patterns differ between generations in transition and Western economies. As transition countries experienced a drop in employment rates regardless of gender, we study the relative change in the position of women, compared to similarly endowed men. We find that disentangling age, time, and cohort effects is necessary to appropriately assess women’s progress on labor markets in transition. The results indicate that in Western Europe countries women born later have much more equal position on the labor market as compared to older birth cohorts, but this is not the case in transition economies.
El documento habla sobre las lecciones que se pueden aprender de los gansos que vuelan en formación. Describe cinco lecciones: 1) Volando juntos en formación se llega más rápido al destino. 2) Es más fácil volar estando unidos con otros que van en la misma dirección. 3) Es importante compartir el liderazgo y las responsabilidades. 4) Dar ánimo y apoyo a los demás aumenta el progreso. 5) Debemos estar unidos y apoyarnos mutuamente, especialmente en tiempos difíciles.
The document discusses biogeochemical and environmental drivers of coastal hypoxia in the Baltic Sea. It analyzes long-term trends in dissolved oxygen levels and factors influencing hypoxia at 33 coastal sites over multiple decades. Nutrient levels, temperature, stratification, and chlorophyll-a varied significantly between sites and impacted bottom water oxygen concentrations. While some sites showed improving oxygen trends following nutrient reductions, most sites continued worsening due to eutrophication despite remediation efforts. Managing nutrient inputs was identified as key to enabling oxygen recovery in coastal ecosystems.
The candidate has over 35 years of experience in senior nursing leadership roles at major medical facilities in the Middle East. They are currently the Director of Nursing, Nursing Patients Relations, Ancillary & Support Services at King Fahd Medical City, the largest tertiary care medical complex in the region. They hold advanced degrees in nursing and have contributed to the strategic plans and goals of KFMC. They are seeking a new opportunity to utilize their expertise and leadership skills.
This document summarizes Pierluigi Olmati's presentation on using Monte Carlo analysis to develop fragility curves for assessing blast resistance of reinforced concrete walls. The presentation includes: an introduction, definitions of component damage levels and response parameters, description of the blast scenario and target wall, an explanation of how fragility curves are developed through Monte Carlo simulation, and planned conclusions. Fragility curves show the probability of a component exceeding a damage state given a certain intensity measure, and are used to evaluate blast resistance of the concrete wall.
This document discusses various aspects of effectively communicating research to influence policy processes. It begins by outlining different theories on how evidence informs policy, noting the complexity of real-world policymaking. It then provides practical considerations for researchers, such as identifying the target policymaking process and understanding differing notions of evidence between researchers and policymakers. The document also discusses disseminating and communicating research through various means like policy briefs and targeting communications effectively to different audiences. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of analyzing target audiences and using preferred communication formats and channels to share research findings.
Within the framework of its Research Communications Capacity Building Program, GDNet produced, in collaboration with CommsConsult, a series of 7 handouts providing some guidelines for a great presentation. They cover several aspects starting from how you look and feel while presenting, and structuring your presentation, to how to make your messages effective. It also explains how to manage your information and research using social media, in addition to providing some tips for writing to an online audience, and ending with a template for leave-behind handouts.
Within the framework of its Research Communications Capacity Building Program, GDNet produced, in collaboration with CommsConsult, a range of learning materials with the aim to develop an influence plan. These handouts cover the influence plan’s implications, challenges and structure; setting CIPPEC’s influence plan as an example, shedding light on its communication strategy as well as some of the lessons learned from its experience.
This document provides the annual progress report (Year 3) and update to GDNet’s Baseline and M&E Framework. The report covers the period January to December 2013, with data presented up to April 2014 where it is relevant and available. The document is structured according to the GDNet logframe – with separate chapters from the Outcome-level down through Outputs 1 to 4. A box summarizing the progress against the logframe indicators in Year 3 is provided at the beginning of each chapter. GDNet will close in June 30th 2014. Hence this is the final M&E report.
This document provides the annual progress report (Year2 Jan-Dec 2012) and update to GDNet’s Baseline and M&E Framework. The M&E report for 2012 is structured according to the GDNet logframe – with separate chapters from the Purpose-level down through Outputs 1 to 4. From our experience, knowledge matters, partnership matters, and skills and capacity matters and our recognition of this has guided the strategic direction of GDNet throughout 2012 ad the development of a number of activities highlighted in this report.
This document provides the annual progress report (Year 1) and update to GDNet’s Baseline and M&E Framework. The document is structured according to the GDNet logframe – with separate chapters from the Purpose-level down through Outputs 1 to 4. Purpose Level - Diverse research and policy audiences make better use of development research from the global south; Output 1- Southern research better informed by current ideas and knowledge; Output 2 - Researchers better able to communicate their research to policy; Output 3 - Knowledge networking between researchers and with policy actors increased; and Output 4 - Lessons about knowledge brokering best practice in the global south learnt and communicated. An additional chapter focusses on Value for Money (VfM) and Most Significant change Technique (MSC) which examins 8 cases of knowledge into use in the policy process.
The GDNet Baseline and M&E Framework Report establishes GDNet’s baseline and details the approach GDNet will follow in order to meet its monitoring and evaluation (M&E) requirements as set out in the GDNet logframe 2010-2014. The document is structured according to the GDNet logframe, it looks into the Baseline summary, M&E tools and methods designed to generate the data for each baseline figure, Data management plan the ownership, frequency, and source of on-going M&E activities with GDNet.and specific, Tools and Templates to generate and/or store GDNet’s baselines
and on-going M&E data. Data collection activities which generated significant volumes of data.
This Output to Purpose review was carried out for DFID by ITAD and covers GDNet’s performance, lessons learnt and recommendations. It includes an executive summary and a summary of the 12 recommendations made. DFID has supported GDNet since its early pilot phase in 2002. Hence, this evaluations aims to provide an objective assessment of the results and likely impact of the programme. The evaluation addresses the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact, and sustainability of the programme in relation to its objectives.
This power point presentation seeks to present the case for GDNet’s emphasis on connecting the South with global debates on sustainable development, to explore some of the challenges experienced by researchers in developing countries and to outline the work that GDNet is doing to try to meet them.
This document summarizes a paper that reflects on GDNet's experience building knowledge management capacity among research institutes in developing countries. It discusses a 2007 conference in Cairo that examined challenges like creating synergy between technological and social knowledge management approaches, prioritizing limited resources, promoting local knowledge creation and ownership, sharing knowledge sharing experiences, addressing inequities in access to knowledge, and facilitating partnerships. The document reviews how relevant these challenges remain today and describes how GDNet continues working to build capacity through activities like workshops, online platforms, and partnerships.
This document summarizes a study on the adoption of web 2.0 tools for research collaboration among development researchers in the Global South. Key findings include:
- Adoption of web 2.0 tools among academics is relatively low, though regional differences exist among southern researchers in both use and reasons for lack of adoption.
- Women may have particular needs, like lack of time and security concerns, that discourage their adoption of these tools.
- Barriers to adoption include lack of awareness, inability to use tools, and choice not to use them, as well as infrastructure issues, usability, time constraints, and lack of institutional incentives.
- Lessons from reviewing academic online communities suggest building platforms with users, working with
The research environment is becoming increasingly interconnected, with international collaboration on the rise. The inclusion of southern knowledge is critical to transforming economic growth into sustainable social and economic development, and developing a global infrastructure that is resilient to new global challenges.This paper seeks to present the case for GDNet’s emphasis on connecting the South with global debates on sustainable development, to explore some of the challenges experienced by researchers in developing countries and to outline the work that GDNet is doing to try to meet them.
A concept paper emerging from the K* conference held in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, April 2012. It sets out the core concept and principles of K*, in addition to describing a framework for thinking about K*, which will make sharing approaches and lessons learned easier. A series of short case studies from both developing and developed worlds are presented in the paper to demonstrate how different organizations work at the intersection of several different functions simultaneously.
The document discusses biogeochemical and environmental drivers of coastal hypoxia in the Baltic Sea. It analyzes long-term trends in dissolved oxygen levels and factors influencing hypoxia at 33 coastal sites over multiple decades. Nutrient levels, temperature, stratification, and chlorophyll-a varied significantly between sites and impacted bottom water oxygen concentrations. While some sites showed improving oxygen trends following nutrient reductions, most sites continued worsening due to eutrophication despite remediation efforts. Managing nutrient inputs was identified as key to enabling oxygen recovery in coastal ecosystems.
The candidate has over 35 years of experience in senior nursing leadership roles at major medical facilities in the Middle East. They are currently the Director of Nursing, Nursing Patients Relations, Ancillary & Support Services at King Fahd Medical City, the largest tertiary care medical complex in the region. They hold advanced degrees in nursing and have contributed to the strategic plans and goals of KFMC. They are seeking a new opportunity to utilize their expertise and leadership skills.
This document summarizes Pierluigi Olmati's presentation on using Monte Carlo analysis to develop fragility curves for assessing blast resistance of reinforced concrete walls. The presentation includes: an introduction, definitions of component damage levels and response parameters, description of the blast scenario and target wall, an explanation of how fragility curves are developed through Monte Carlo simulation, and planned conclusions. Fragility curves show the probability of a component exceeding a damage state given a certain intensity measure, and are used to evaluate blast resistance of the concrete wall.
This document discusses various aspects of effectively communicating research to influence policy processes. It begins by outlining different theories on how evidence informs policy, noting the complexity of real-world policymaking. It then provides practical considerations for researchers, such as identifying the target policymaking process and understanding differing notions of evidence between researchers and policymakers. The document also discusses disseminating and communicating research through various means like policy briefs and targeting communications effectively to different audiences. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of analyzing target audiences and using preferred communication formats and channels to share research findings.
Within the framework of its Research Communications Capacity Building Program, GDNet produced, in collaboration with CommsConsult, a series of 7 handouts providing some guidelines for a great presentation. They cover several aspects starting from how you look and feel while presenting, and structuring your presentation, to how to make your messages effective. It also explains how to manage your information and research using social media, in addition to providing some tips for writing to an online audience, and ending with a template for leave-behind handouts.
Within the framework of its Research Communications Capacity Building Program, GDNet produced, in collaboration with CommsConsult, a range of learning materials with the aim to develop an influence plan. These handouts cover the influence plan’s implications, challenges and structure; setting CIPPEC’s influence plan as an example, shedding light on its communication strategy as well as some of the lessons learned from its experience.
This document provides the annual progress report (Year 3) and update to GDNet’s Baseline and M&E Framework. The report covers the period January to December 2013, with data presented up to April 2014 where it is relevant and available. The document is structured according to the GDNet logframe – with separate chapters from the Outcome-level down through Outputs 1 to 4. A box summarizing the progress against the logframe indicators in Year 3 is provided at the beginning of each chapter. GDNet will close in June 30th 2014. Hence this is the final M&E report.
This document provides the annual progress report (Year2 Jan-Dec 2012) and update to GDNet’s Baseline and M&E Framework. The M&E report for 2012 is structured according to the GDNet logframe – with separate chapters from the Purpose-level down through Outputs 1 to 4. From our experience, knowledge matters, partnership matters, and skills and capacity matters and our recognition of this has guided the strategic direction of GDNet throughout 2012 ad the development of a number of activities highlighted in this report.
This document provides the annual progress report (Year 1) and update to GDNet’s Baseline and M&E Framework. The document is structured according to the GDNet logframe – with separate chapters from the Purpose-level down through Outputs 1 to 4. Purpose Level - Diverse research and policy audiences make better use of development research from the global south; Output 1- Southern research better informed by current ideas and knowledge; Output 2 - Researchers better able to communicate their research to policy; Output 3 - Knowledge networking between researchers and with policy actors increased; and Output 4 - Lessons about knowledge brokering best practice in the global south learnt and communicated. An additional chapter focusses on Value for Money (VfM) and Most Significant change Technique (MSC) which examins 8 cases of knowledge into use in the policy process.
The GDNet Baseline and M&E Framework Report establishes GDNet’s baseline and details the approach GDNet will follow in order to meet its monitoring and evaluation (M&E) requirements as set out in the GDNet logframe 2010-2014. The document is structured according to the GDNet logframe, it looks into the Baseline summary, M&E tools and methods designed to generate the data for each baseline figure, Data management plan the ownership, frequency, and source of on-going M&E activities with GDNet.and specific, Tools and Templates to generate and/or store GDNet’s baselines
and on-going M&E data. Data collection activities which generated significant volumes of data.
This Output to Purpose review was carried out for DFID by ITAD and covers GDNet’s performance, lessons learnt and recommendations. It includes an executive summary and a summary of the 12 recommendations made. DFID has supported GDNet since its early pilot phase in 2002. Hence, this evaluations aims to provide an objective assessment of the results and likely impact of the programme. The evaluation addresses the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact, and sustainability of the programme in relation to its objectives.
This power point presentation seeks to present the case for GDNet’s emphasis on connecting the South with global debates on sustainable development, to explore some of the challenges experienced by researchers in developing countries and to outline the work that GDNet is doing to try to meet them.
This document summarizes a paper that reflects on GDNet's experience building knowledge management capacity among research institutes in developing countries. It discusses a 2007 conference in Cairo that examined challenges like creating synergy between technological and social knowledge management approaches, prioritizing limited resources, promoting local knowledge creation and ownership, sharing knowledge sharing experiences, addressing inequities in access to knowledge, and facilitating partnerships. The document reviews how relevant these challenges remain today and describes how GDNet continues working to build capacity through activities like workshops, online platforms, and partnerships.
This document summarizes a study on the adoption of web 2.0 tools for research collaboration among development researchers in the Global South. Key findings include:
- Adoption of web 2.0 tools among academics is relatively low, though regional differences exist among southern researchers in both use and reasons for lack of adoption.
- Women may have particular needs, like lack of time and security concerns, that discourage their adoption of these tools.
- Barriers to adoption include lack of awareness, inability to use tools, and choice not to use them, as well as infrastructure issues, usability, time constraints, and lack of institutional incentives.
- Lessons from reviewing academic online communities suggest building platforms with users, working with
The research environment is becoming increasingly interconnected, with international collaboration on the rise. The inclusion of southern knowledge is critical to transforming economic growth into sustainable social and economic development, and developing a global infrastructure that is resilient to new global challenges.This paper seeks to present the case for GDNet’s emphasis on connecting the South with global debates on sustainable development, to explore some of the challenges experienced by researchers in developing countries and to outline the work that GDNet is doing to try to meet them.
A concept paper emerging from the K* conference held in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, April 2012. It sets out the core concept and principles of K*, in addition to describing a framework for thinking about K*, which will make sharing approaches and lessons learned easier. A series of short case studies from both developing and developed worlds are presented in the paper to demonstrate how different organizations work at the intersection of several different functions simultaneously.
The document provides guidance on writing effective policy briefs. It explains that a policy brief is a concise document that summarizes research findings and recommendations for policymakers. It should be 2-4 pages and focus on a single issue. The brief must be clearly written with the target audience in mind to effectively communicate the research and influence decision making. Key elements include understanding the audience, political context, and providing a persuasive argument backed by strong evidence. The brief should follow tips like keeping a focused message and professional tone, and using a clear structure and language accessible to non-specialists.
The document discusses different theories of how evidence informs policy processes. The traditional linear model of research directly leading to policy changes is now recognized as oversimplified, as it ignores political contexts and competing demands. A more realistic iterative model sees policymakers using research to expand options rather than passively receiving information. A third approach focuses on interactions between actors and networks. The document also notes that identifying the target policy process stage and understanding differing notions of evidence between researchers and policymakers are important practical considerations for researchers seeking to inform policy.
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EdPlaCo-MK: A tool for greater gender wage equality in Macedonia
1. EdPlaCo-MK
A tool for greater gender wage equality in Macedonia
- With reference to workers’characteristics and selectivity bias into
employment -
Dr. Marjan Petreski
Team
Dr. Nikica Mojsoska Blazevski
Ms. Blagica Petreski
University American College Skopje
Association for economic research "Finance Think" Skopje
Manila, 19-21 June 2013
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 1 / 21
3. One minute question...
Who works in a company/institution that:
... pays equal wage for men and women?
... pays appropriate wage to your education, skills and experience?
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 2 / 21
4. One minute question...
Who works in a company/institution that:
... pays equal wage for men and women?
... pays appropriate wage to your education, skills and experience?
... improves job satisfaction in an equal-pay environment?
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 2 / 21
5. One minute question...
Who works in a company/institution that:
... pays equal wage for men and women?
... pays appropriate wage to your education, skills and experience?
... improves job satisfaction in an equal-pay environment?
... o¤ers options for job sharing, ‡exible and part-time arrangements?
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 2 / 21
6. Objective of the research
To develop a web-based developmental tool to reduce gender wage
inequality in Macedonia
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 3 / 21
8. Motivation
“Balkan phenomenon”
In 2011, the gender wage gap in Macedonia was 12%
When adjusted to the observable characteristics of working labor, the
gap jumps to 17% - “Balkan phenomenon”
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 4 / 21
9. Motivation
“Balkan phenomenon”
In 2011, the gender wage gap in Macedonia was 12%
When adjusted to the observable characteristics of working labor, the
gap jumps to 17% - “Balkan phenomenon”
Education, experience, age and other observables cannot explain the
gap
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 4 / 21
10. Motivation
Disaggregated according to the skills level
Unadjusted wage gap
Low skills 30%
Medium skills 19%
High skills 5%
TOTAL 12%
Source: SILC, 2011
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 5 / 21
11. Motivation
Disaggregated according to the skills level
the gap is very wide for low-skilled workers
Unadjusted wage gap
Low skills 30%
Medium skills 19%
High skills 5%
TOTAL 12%
Source: SILC, 2011
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 5 / 21
13. Motivation
Labor market characteristics of a transition economy
Low employment rate of 44%
Low participation rate of 64%
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 6 / 21
14. Motivation
Labor market characteristics of a transition economy
Low employment rate of 44%
Low participation rate of 64%
Large gender gaps in employment (16 p.p.) and activity (26 p.p)
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 6 / 21
15. Motivation
Labor market characteristics of a transition economy
Low employment rate of 44%
Low participation rate of 64%
Large gender gaps in employment (16 p.p.) and activity (26 p.p)
traditional role of the woman as a housewife and child-raising person
(Albanian ethnicity)
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 6 / 21
16. Motivation
Labor market characteristics of a transition economy
Low employment rate of 44%
Low participation rate of 64%
Large gender gaps in employment (16 p.p.) and activity (26 p.p)
traditional role of the woman as a housewife and child-raising person
(Albanian ethnicity)
rural women - unpaid family worker
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 6 / 21
17. Motivation
Labor market characteristics of a transition economy
Low employment rate of 44%
Low participation rate of 64%
Large gender gaps in employment (16 p.p.) and activity (26 p.p)
traditional role of the woman as a housewife and child-raising person
(Albanian ethnicity)
rural women - unpaid family worker
the large emigration and remmitances
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 6 / 21
18. Motivation
Gender employment and participation gaps may shed some light on
gender wage gap?
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 7 / 21
19. Motivation
Gender employment and participation gaps may shed some light on
gender wage gap?
Large portion of working-age women remain outside of the labor
market/jobs
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 7 / 21
20. Motivation
Non-random selection into employment, especially among the
lower-skilled women
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 8 / 21
21. Motivation
Non-random selection into employment, especially among the
lower-skilled women
low-wage female workers do not feature in the observed wage
distribution
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 8 / 21
22. Motivation
Non-random selection into employment, especially among the
lower-skilled women
low-wage female workers do not feature in the observed wage
distribution
If correct, then the “Balkan phenomenon” might lead to in‡ated,
rather than to "unexplained" gender wage gap
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 8 / 21
23. Motivation
Non-random selection into employment, especially among the
lower-skilled women
low-wage female workers do not feature in the observed wage
distribution
If correct, then the “Balkan phenomenon” might lead to in‡ated,
rather than to "unexplained" gender wage gap
If employed women in Macedonia tend to have relatively low-wage
characteristics (compared to inactive and unemployed women), low
female employment rates become consistent with high gender wage
gaps
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 8 / 21
25. Literature
Substantial literature both on gender wage gap and employment gap
Some of the available literature includes: Gronau (1974); Beblo et al.
(2003); Albrecht et al. (2004); Azmat et al. (2004); Fotin (2005);
Petrongolo and Olivetti (2006) and others
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 9 / 21
26. Literature
Substantial literature both on gender wage gap and employment gap
Some of the available literature includes: Gronau (1974); Beblo et al.
(2003); Albrecht et al. (2004); Azmat et al. (2004); Fotin (2005);
Petrongolo and Olivetti (2006) and others
No studies simultaneously examining the two
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 9 / 21
27. Literature
Substantial literature both on gender wage gap and employment gap
Some of the available literature includes: Gronau (1974); Beblo et al.
(2003); Albrecht et al. (2004); Azmat et al. (2004); Fotin (2005);
Petrongolo and Olivetti (2006) and others
No studies simultaneously examining the two
No study so far for Macedonia or other country from the Western
Balkan
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 9 / 21
28. Policy innovation
Solution for development
Establishing a web-supported developmental tool as a way of helping
private companies and public institutions to develop organizational
solution for fair compensation of employees
Solution
“Equal Pay in Companies –Macedonia” –EdPlaCo-MK
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 10 / 21
29. Policy innovation
Solution for development
Awarding a logo as a label of fair payer
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 11 / 21
30. Methodology
The empirical approach will recuperate the counterfactual wage
distribution that would prevail if the selection into work is fully
random
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 12 / 21
31. Methodology
The empirical approach will recuperate the counterfactual wage
distribution that would prevail if the selection into work is fully
random
alternative imputation techniques based on median regressions
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 12 / 21
32. Methodology
The empirical approach will recuperate the counterfactual wage
distribution that would prevail if the selection into work is fully
random
alternative imputation techniques based on median regressions
do not require assumptions on the actual level of missing wages
(matching approach)
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 12 / 21
33. Methodology
The empirical approach will recuperate the counterfactual wage
distribution that would prevail if the selection into work is fully
random
alternative imputation techniques based on median regressions
do not require assumptions on the actual level of missing wages
(matching approach)
nor they require arbitrary exclusion restrictions and lack of robustness
(Manski, 1989) (Heckman models)
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 12 / 21
34. Methodology
Repeated imputation considers the uncertainty about the reason for
missing information (Rubin, 1987)
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 13 / 21
35. Methodology
Repeated imputation considers the uncertainty about the reason for
missing information (Rubin, 1987)
It is based on a probabilistic model, i.e. on repeated random draws
under our chosen model for non-employment
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 13 / 21
36. Methodology
Repeated imputation considers the uncertainty about the reason for
missing information (Rubin, 1987)
It is based on a probabilistic model, i.e. on repeated random draws
under our chosen model for non-employment
Hence, it considers the additional variability underlying the presence of
missing values.
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 13 / 21
39. Methodology
Innovativeness
alternative imputation techniques which proved stronger in making the
distributional assumptions
re‡ecting on the uncertainty related to the reason for missing wage.
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 14 / 21
40. Data
Survey of income and living conditions (SILC)
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 15 / 21
41. Data
Survey of income and living conditions (SILC)
First collected in Macedonia in 2011
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 15 / 21
42. Data
Survey of income and living conditions (SILC)
First collected in Macedonia in 2011
Advantages
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 15 / 21
43. Data
Survey of income and living conditions (SILC)
First collected in Macedonia in 2011
Advantages
First use of this dataset
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 15 / 21
44. Data
Survey of income and living conditions (SILC)
First collected in Macedonia in 2011
Advantages
First use of this dataset
Rich and large dataset
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 15 / 21
45. Current policy environment
Parliamentary Commission on Gender Equality
However, results are largely absent
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 16 / 21
46. Current policy environment
Parliamentary Commission on Gender Equality
No evidence-based measures
However, results are largely absent
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 16 / 21
47. Current policy environment
Parliamentary Commission on Gender Equality
No evidence-based measures
No focus on gender wage equality
However, results are largely absent
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 16 / 21
48. Current policy environment
Parliamentary Commission on Gender Equality
No evidence-based measures
No focus on gender wage equality
Equal Opportunities Committees (EOCs) working at the local level
However, results are largely absent
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 16 / 21
49. Current policy environment
Parliamentary Commission on Gender Equality
No evidence-based measures
No focus on gender wage equality
Equal Opportunities Committees (EOCs) working at the local level
Macedonia endorsed the ILO Convention for equal wage for work of
equal value
However, results are largely absent
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 16 / 21
50. Current policy environment
Parliamentary Commission on Gender Equality
No evidence-based measures
No focus on gender wage equality
Equal Opportunities Committees (EOCs) working at the local level
Macedonia endorsed the ILO Convention for equal wage for work of
equal value
Though, incorrectly implemented
However, results are largely absent
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 16 / 21
51. Policy impact
At the employers’level, EdPlaCo-MK will help identifying the
causes of wage inequality and de…ne operational solutions for fair
payment to men and women
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 17 / 21
52. Policy impact
At the employers’level, EdPlaCo-MK will help identifying the
causes of wage inequality and de…ne operational solutions for fair
payment to men and women
Attract the best workers
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 17 / 21
53. Policy impact
At the employers’level, EdPlaCo-MK will help identifying the
causes of wage inequality and de…ne operational solutions for fair
payment to men and women
Attract the best workers
Prepare best practices related to remuneration
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 17 / 21
54. Policy impact
At the employers’level, EdPlaCo-MK will help identifying the
causes of wage inequality and de…ne operational solutions for fair
payment to men and women
Attract the best workers
Prepare best practices related to remuneration
Improve the transparency of the remuneration policy and build better
image
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 17 / 21
55. Policy impact
At the employers’level, EdPlaCo-MK will help identifying the
causes of wage inequality and de…ne operational solutions for fair
payment to men and women
Attract the best workers
Prepare best practices related to remuneration
Improve the transparency of the remuneration policy and build better
image
Reduce information assymetry in the collective bargaining process
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 17 / 21
56. Policy impact
At the employers’level, EdPlaCo-MK will help identifying the
causes of wage inequality and de…ne operational solutions for fair
payment to men and women
Attract the best workers
Prepare best practices related to remuneration
Improve the transparency of the remuneration policy and build better
image
Reduce information assymetry in the collective bargaining process
Increase the overall motivation and job satisfacion in the
company/institution
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 17 / 21
57. Policy impact
At the employers’level, EdPlaCo-MK will help identifying the
causes of wage inequality and de…ne operational solutions for fair
payment to men and women
Attract the best workers
Prepare best practices related to remuneration
Improve the transparency of the remuneration policy and build better
image
Reduce information assymetry in the collective bargaining process
Increase the overall motivation and job satisfacion in the
company/institution
Improve overall corporate governance
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 17 / 21
58. Policy impact
At the employers’level, EdPlaCo-MK will help identifying the
causes of wage inequality and de…ne operational solutions for fair
payment to men and women
Attract the best workers
Prepare best practices related to remuneration
Improve the transparency of the remuneration policy and build better
image
Reduce information assymetry in the collective bargaining process
Increase the overall motivation and job satisfacion in the
company/institution
Improve overall corporate governance
Achieve competitive advantage by promoting gender diversity
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 17 / 21
59. Policy impact
At the employee’level, EdPlaCo-MK will
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 18 / 21
60. Policy impact
At the employee’level, EdPlaCo-MK will
Provide employees with a yardstick against which will estimate their
fair wage
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 18 / 21
61. Policy impact
At the employee’level, EdPlaCo-MK will
Provide employees with a yardstick against which will estimate their
fair wage
Steer motivation on the workplace and potentially raise productivity
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 18 / 21
62. Policy impact
At the employee’level, EdPlaCo-MK will
Provide employees with a yardstick against which will estimate their
fair wage
Steer motivation on the workplace and potentially raise productivity
Improve employees’bargaining power
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 18 / 21
63. Policy impact
At the employee’level, EdPlaCo-MK will
Provide employees with a yardstick against which will estimate their
fair wage
Steer motivation on the workplace and potentially raise productivity
Improve employees’bargaining power
Provide incentives for greater labor supply
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 18 / 21
64. Policy impact
At the government level, the project will
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 19 / 21
65. Policy impact
At the government level, the project will
Provide evidence for better design of policies related to gender equality
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 19 / 21
66. Policy impact
At the government level, the project will
Provide evidence for better design of policies related to gender equality
Spur the debate about the gender wage inequality and advocate for
inclusion of wage equality policies in the Action plan for gender equality
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 19 / 21
67. Therefore...
Those of you who did not raise hands at the beginning
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 20 / 21
68. Therefore...
Those of you who did not raise hands at the beginning
Are much welcome to work in an environment featuring gender equality
in Macedonia after the implementation of this project
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 20 / 21
69. Thank you very much for your attention!
marjan.petreski@uacs.edu.mk
www.uacs.edu.mk
www.…nancethink.mk
M. Petreski (UACS) EdPlaCo-MK Manila, 19-21 June 2013 21 / 21