Solar systems for irrigation have the potential to provide reliable renewable energy for pumping water in India. The Maharashtra government piloted a 7,540 solar-powered pump scheme in 2015. An analysis found that for unelectrified farmers, solar pumps are often less costly than grid extensions and can improve incomes by increasing water access. However, the pilot lacks incentives for efficient groundwater use and farmers are unfamiliar with the technology. Alternative models like on-grid systems that pay farmers for excess power could address these issues while reducing costs. More research is needed to understand the best financial and technical designs for solar irrigation that sustainably meet farmer and energy needs.
Hydro power or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity. It is considered a renewable energy source because the water cycle is constantly renewed by the sun.
IRJET-Automatic Water Sprinkling SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic solar-powered water sprinkling system. The system uses a solar panel to charge a battery which powers a DC motor. The motor is connected via a chain and sprocket assembly to propel the machine forward. Another chain and sprocket assembly connects to a crank plate that converts the rotary motion to reciprocating motion in a pneumatic cylinder. The cylinder pushes water from a tank out through a sprinkler to water plants. The system aims to conserve water for agriculture using sustainable solar energy in a cost-effective automatic traveling sprinkler.
Study on solar irrigation system in bangladeshTania Marzia
This document summarizes a study on solar irrigation systems in Bangladesh. It discusses how agriculture is important to Bangladesh's economy but irrigation is challenging due to water scarcity. Currently, irrigation is powered by conventional electricity or diesel generators. The study proposes using solar power as a more cost-effective solution for irrigation. It describes different types of solar irrigation systems and notes that solar is most competitive for low-pressure irrigation needs. Present solar power generation in Bangladesh is around 15-20 MW but there is potential to increase irrigation powered by solar.
The document discusses the vision and goals of Bangladesh to become one of the first solar powered nations in the world. It outlines ambitious targets for 2020 which include installing 7.5 million solar home systems in rural areas and replacing 500,000 irrigation pumps with solar pumps. It describes programs to power education, health and telecommunications with renewable energy and create green jobs. The document promotes the development of eco-villages powered by renewables and climate monitoring systems. It highlights the role of IDCOL in financing renewable energy projects and the social and economic benefits of solar energy programs in Bangladesh.
HYBRID OF ENERGY FROM WATER FLOW(PIPE) AND WIND SYSTEM WITH IMPROVED POWER QU...SRIDHAR R
This document proposes a hybrid wind-hydro power system to improve power quality and efficiency. The system combines power from a wind turbine and hydro turbine (using pipe water flow) along with an interleaved boost converter and 11-level inverter. Simulation results show the hybrid system delivers power with high reliability and improved energy efficiency compared to existing wind-only systems. Variable frequency pulse width modulation achieves less than 12.5% total harmonic distortion from the inverter, allowing use of a small filter to produce clean power for the grid.
Energy crisis are of special attention now-a-days. In this project presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage for a hybrid Hydro/wind/photovoltaic energy system. This system allows the three sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. In household power generation wind and solar are the general hybrid energy options, which are used. But the overhead water tank is one of the neglected energy generation sources which are available in normal household and commercial places. In today’s world each and every source of energy has to be utilized. Therefore we are trying to use the stored energy in overhead water tank for power generation. Solar and Wind energy will contribute major part of power generation. Generated power will be stored in the battery which sources power to inverter and inverter to load. It gives us multiple sources of energy and also helps us to recover some amount of energy which is stored in overhead water tank.
This document analyzes a proposed PV-diesel hybrid system for providing electricity to the off-grid community of Torugbene in Nigeria. A techno-economic analysis using HOMER software found that a hybrid system consisting of a 90 kW PV array, 100 kW diesel generators, 160 batteries, and 80 kW converter would provide electricity at a levelized cost of $0.406/kWh. This system was determined to be technically viable and cheaper than diesel generation alone or grid expansion. The conclusion recommends government subsidies to implement such hybrid systems for improving social and economic conditions in rural communities through reliable electricity access.
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
Hydro power or hydroelectricity refers to the conversion of energy from flowing water into electricity. It is considered a renewable energy source because the water cycle is constantly renewed by the sun.
IRJET-Automatic Water Sprinkling SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic solar-powered water sprinkling system. The system uses a solar panel to charge a battery which powers a DC motor. The motor is connected via a chain and sprocket assembly to propel the machine forward. Another chain and sprocket assembly connects to a crank plate that converts the rotary motion to reciprocating motion in a pneumatic cylinder. The cylinder pushes water from a tank out through a sprinkler to water plants. The system aims to conserve water for agriculture using sustainable solar energy in a cost-effective automatic traveling sprinkler.
Study on solar irrigation system in bangladeshTania Marzia
This document summarizes a study on solar irrigation systems in Bangladesh. It discusses how agriculture is important to Bangladesh's economy but irrigation is challenging due to water scarcity. Currently, irrigation is powered by conventional electricity or diesel generators. The study proposes using solar power as a more cost-effective solution for irrigation. It describes different types of solar irrigation systems and notes that solar is most competitive for low-pressure irrigation needs. Present solar power generation in Bangladesh is around 15-20 MW but there is potential to increase irrigation powered by solar.
The document discusses the vision and goals of Bangladesh to become one of the first solar powered nations in the world. It outlines ambitious targets for 2020 which include installing 7.5 million solar home systems in rural areas and replacing 500,000 irrigation pumps with solar pumps. It describes programs to power education, health and telecommunications with renewable energy and create green jobs. The document promotes the development of eco-villages powered by renewables and climate monitoring systems. It highlights the role of IDCOL in financing renewable energy projects and the social and economic benefits of solar energy programs in Bangladesh.
HYBRID OF ENERGY FROM WATER FLOW(PIPE) AND WIND SYSTEM WITH IMPROVED POWER QU...SRIDHAR R
This document proposes a hybrid wind-hydro power system to improve power quality and efficiency. The system combines power from a wind turbine and hydro turbine (using pipe water flow) along with an interleaved boost converter and 11-level inverter. Simulation results show the hybrid system delivers power with high reliability and improved energy efficiency compared to existing wind-only systems. Variable frequency pulse width modulation achieves less than 12.5% total harmonic distortion from the inverter, allowing use of a small filter to produce clean power for the grid.
Energy crisis are of special attention now-a-days. In this project presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage for a hybrid Hydro/wind/photovoltaic energy system. This system allows the three sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. In household power generation wind and solar are the general hybrid energy options, which are used. But the overhead water tank is one of the neglected energy generation sources which are available in normal household and commercial places. In today’s world each and every source of energy has to be utilized. Therefore we are trying to use the stored energy in overhead water tank for power generation. Solar and Wind energy will contribute major part of power generation. Generated power will be stored in the battery which sources power to inverter and inverter to load. It gives us multiple sources of energy and also helps us to recover some amount of energy which is stored in overhead water tank.
This document analyzes a proposed PV-diesel hybrid system for providing electricity to the off-grid community of Torugbene in Nigeria. A techno-economic analysis using HOMER software found that a hybrid system consisting of a 90 kW PV array, 100 kW diesel generators, 160 batteries, and 80 kW converter would provide electricity at a levelized cost of $0.406/kWh. This system was determined to be technically viable and cheaper than diesel generation alone or grid expansion. The conclusion recommends government subsidies to implement such hybrid systems for improving social and economic conditions in rural communities through reliable electricity access.
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
Large scale grid amalgamation of renewable energy sources in indian power systemIjrdt Journal
This document discusses the challenges and solutions related to large-scale integration of renewable energy sources into India's power grid. The key points are:
1. Integrating renewable energy is challenging due to its intermittent nature and geographical distribution far from load centers. This requires improved transmission infrastructure and balancing across regions.
2. Distributed generation from renewables also presents issues if connected to medium and low voltage distribution systems. Solutions include intelligent grid configurations and prioritizing generation to match demand.
3. Potential solutions discussed are energy storage, power electronics to enable grid integration, distributing renewable generation over large areas, and using solar power for irrigation to match generation with load.
India has a large population with growing energy needs, but relies heavily on imported oil. To achieve energy independence by 2030, the government and private organizations are promoting solar energy, especially for rural areas where most people live. Initiatives include solar farms, loans for home solar panels, and solar devices for lighting, cooking, water pumps and more. While solar faces challenges like costs and unpredictable monsoon weather, over 600,000 solar cookers and hundreds of thousands of home lighting systems have already been installed in rural India through these programs.
ARJUN MALHOTRA BEST PRACTICE US-GLOBAL POC POB ADILABAD 1SusmitaSengupta4
1. The document discusses plans to sample fresh crops from tribal villages and provide business links to sell the crops. Crops to be sampled in the first phase include maize, red gram, and green gram.
2. It also discusses CSR projects to provide sanitary pads to women in one village and iron supplements to women and children in another village.
3. The document describes water scarcity issues faced by tribal villages and plans for a water solution project involving solar panels, motors, wells and pipelines for agriculture.
Agricultural sector is backbone of Indian economy as population increas es demand of water also increases. Usually lots of water wastage takes pl ace in the land,due to improper method of irrigation. A solar-based smart irrigation system enabl es user to monitor the relative soil moisture at many different location throughout the field to more precisely scheduled irrigation cycle. By using solar energy,we can save the electr ical energy. The sensing system is based on feedback control mechanism with microcontroller unit depending upon t he varied requirement of different crops we can irrigate our field.
Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power Systemijtsrd
In this paper DC linked, grid connected solar/hydro hybrid system is modelled and simulated. A control scheme is developed for solar and hydro system for variable solar irradiance and variable load. Synchronous generator based hydro system is used to feed bulk of the power and whenever solar irradiance is available solar system along with hydro system and grid supply to the load. The performance analysis of the proposed HES and its power management strategy has been done using the simulink toolboxes of MATLAB software. The proposed system consists PV system hydro system, battery and grid. In some remote/rural areas, it is very difficult to satisfy the demand of electrical power throughout the year with the power grid. In such areas, the power requirement can be fulfilled by renewable energy system such as hydro or PV system. Either the hydro system or PV system is not capable of supplying power requirement throughout the year as both systems are intermittent. Hence, the judicious combination of hydro and PV system has been modeled for electrification. The power management strategy is modeled to manage the power flow of the energy systems to fulfill the load demand. The presented results clearly show that the proposed HES and its control strategy are suitable for implementation in remote/rural areas. Karan Sapotra"Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12954.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12954/modelling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-solar-hydro-based-hybrid-power-system/karan-sapotra
Renewable Energy Integrated Microgrid for Rural Electrification and Productiv...Muhammad Taheruzzaman
This document discusses renewable energy integrated microgrids for rural electrification in developing countries like Bangladesh. It analyzes four configurations of microgrid systems with different combinations of biomass generators, solar home systems, and small wind turbines to determine the optimal design. Case 3, with a 10kW biomass generator, 25 solar home systems totaling 2.5kW of solar, and 2 small wind turbines producing a combined 2kW, is identified as the most economical solution for a community of 50 households and small businesses. The system would obtain 78% of its energy from biomass, 13% from solar, and 9% from wind.
Perspective of biodiesel & solar pv as a combined renewable energy system...eSAT Journals
Abstract The power generation method is more over traditional and supply of electricity is decentralized which is considered a single line technology based on limited supply devoid of considering rural consumer’s point of view. The main aspect of this paper is to propose the best possible outcome as a combined power system for rural electrification from a combination of renewable resources to complete the electrical demands in a consistent manner of an off grid remote village Bakri, in the district of Jhenaidah, Bangladesh. Renewable energy resources namely solar photovoltaic cell and bio-diesel generators are considered here. The paper estimates the residential demand in the pre HOMER analysis. Using simulation software named HOMER scrutinizes the maximum outcome. It also clarifies that our proposed combine power system is cost effective techno-economically & environmentally sound and last but not the least sustainable. Here HOMER observes a number of simulations and gives us a set of systems for rural electrification requirement of 147 kWh/d and 10kW peak load. Keywords: Rural electrification, Combined Power System, HOMER, Bio-fuel generator, Solar PV.
At present, solar energy is perceived to be one of the world’s contributive energy sources. Holding characteristics such as inexhaustible and non-polluting, making it as the most prominent among renewable energy (RE) sources. The application of the solar energy has been well-developed and used for electricity generation through Photovoltaic (PV) as the harvesting medium. PV cells convert heat from the sun directly into the electricity to power up the electric loads. Solar PV system is commonly built in a rural area where it cannot be powered up by the utility grid due to location constrains. In order to avoid the electricity fluctuation because of unsteady amount of solar radiation, PV solar hybrid is the efficient solution for rural electrifications. This paper presents a review on optimised Hybrid Solar-PV Diesel system configurations installed and used to power up off grid settlements at various locations worldwide.
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the world is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems with lower carbon footprint levels. The purpose of this work is the development of a hybrid Power system that harnesses the renewable energy in sun and electricity to generate electricity. The working model can able to run on dual mode- solar and electricity. It can also be driven independently either by solar or electricity. The battery can be charge from solar panel (40W) or by power supply. The household single phase A.C. power supply of 230V is converted into 12V D.C. using step down transformer and rectifying circuit. The working model can achieve energy saving, low carbon emission, environmental protection for the upcoming future of human life.
Transient Stability Assessment of Hybrid Distributed Generation Using Facts D...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Due to increasing integration of new technologies into the grid such as hybrid electric vehicles, distributed generations, power electronic interface circuits, advanced controllers etc., the present power system network is now more complex than in the past. Consequently, the recent rate of blackouts recorded in some parts of the world indicates that the power system is stressed. The real time/online monitoring and prediction of stability limit is needed to prevent future blackouts. The aggravated increase in energy demand has posed a serious problem for the power system’s stability and reliability, and hence has become of major concern. The shortcomings of conventional source of energy have paved way for renewable energy sources. The latter can form a part of a standalone system or grid connected system. A single renewable source of energy When integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. This thesis deals with PV, Wind, Hydro system. In this thesis an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. The mathematical model considered uses a STATCOM to meet the reactive power need upon sudden step change in power. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
IRJET- A Review on Hybrid Wind and Fuel Cell SystemIRJET Journal
This document reviews hybrid wind and fuel cell systems. It summarizes 10 research papers on various hybrid renewable energy systems that combine sources like wind, solar, and fuel cells. The key findings are that hybrid systems can provide more continuous power compared to individual sources by compensating for intermittencies. Simple control methods are discussed to maximize power extraction from each source and regulate voltage. Integrating different renewable sources with fuel cells or batteries allows optimal energy utilization and improved power quality and reliability.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of ever- evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture.
Active Mode
Passive Mode
Government Support
Subsidy System
This document presents an urban development project on water supply. The project aims to increase the percentage of households with access to drinking water by analyzing data on water sources. It calculates the percentage of households connected to treated or untreated tap water sources within or near their premises. This is done for both urban and rural areas in different states. The results are presented graphically to help the government identify best and worst performing states. The tool allows users to view state-wise details and submit feedback to improve water supply facilities.
Solar energy:potentiality and implementation problems in household and busine...Rabiul Hasan Himo
The document presents a study on the potential and prospects of solar energy in household and business sectors in Bangladesh. The study utilized a survey of 177 respondents and factor analysis of 11 questions. Key findings include: 1) People in areas without electricity were more open to solar despite limitations, while those with electricity were reluctant due to costs and limited use. 2) 4 factors influenced solar use: ideas/attitudes, scope, technology, and limitations. 3) Widespread solar adoption could help address Bangladesh's power crisis if installation costs decrease and capacity/efficiency increase.
hotovoltaic-Biomass Gasifier Hybrid Energy System for a Poultry HouseIJMER
Availability and sustainability of energy and food production are the biggest challenge facing
the world. Find out how to integrate poultry and animal farms with renewable energy technologies will
lead to a greater energy security and food production.The main objective of this paper is to obtain the
optimal suited configuration of a hybrid renewable energy system from various combinations to meet the
poultry house load requirement reliably, economically, continuously and sustainably. This paper presents
an optimal design of hybrid solar PV-biomass gasifier system to fulfill the requirements of 250 kWh/day
primary loads with 19 kW peak load for poultry house located at El-fayoum governorate, Egypt. Using
HOMER simulations, the optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biogas generating system is
obtained on the basis of the minimized cost of the obtained energy (COE) generation, HOMER results
show that the solution is sustainable and techno economically viable. The simulation results show that PV
(12 kW) - biomass gasifier (20 kW) - battery (270 kWh) hybrid system is most economically feasible with a
least cost of energy about $0.224/Kwh. Also, this system is characterized by the minimum percentage of
carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases emissions
IRJETMicro Hydro Power Generation from Small Water Channel FlowIRJET Journal
This document discusses micro hydro power generation from small water channels. The main objectives are to generate electricity from stored water and study the effects of water flow on power generation. Water flowing through a channel turns a fan connected to a motor, generating electricity. All required components are selected, manufactured, and assembled. Experimental testing is conducted and results are analyzed. Micro hydro power is a renewable energy source that can generate power from small streams and channels on a local scale with no air pollution.
To meet this surging demand, animal power for electricity generation is the best option to fulfill the energy needs of India and bridge the energy demand-supply gap.
The document discusses renewable energy in India, providing an overview of India's energy sector and the status and future prospects of renewable energy. It notes that India has significant potential for renewable energy from sources like solar, wind and hydro due to its climate and geography. The document outlines India's targets for increasing renewable energy capacity and summarizes the current installed capacity and leadership in sectors like wind and solar energy. It also examines investment opportunities and government support for growing renewable energy in India.
India has made progress in developing various sources of energy to meet its growing demand. Thermal power using coal is the largest source, providing over half of installed capacity. Hydropower and nuclear energy also contribute, with solar and wind power capacity expanding. However, transmission and distribution losses remain high at 23% and about one-third of rural areas still lack access to electricity. Energy efficiency and conservation measures can help address these challenges.
Este caso clínico trata sobre una mujer de 80 años que vive sola y padece hipertensión, hipotiroidismo e hipercolesterolemia. Tras evaluarla mediante diversas escalas, se identificaron tres problemas principales: incumplimiento de la dieta prescrita debido a falta de conocimientos, riesgo de deterioro de la movilidad física por sedentarismo e intolerancia a la actividad debido a su sobrepeso. Se plantearon objetivos y cuidados de enfermería para mejorar estos problemas en el próximo mes.
Large scale grid amalgamation of renewable energy sources in indian power systemIjrdt Journal
This document discusses the challenges and solutions related to large-scale integration of renewable energy sources into India's power grid. The key points are:
1. Integrating renewable energy is challenging due to its intermittent nature and geographical distribution far from load centers. This requires improved transmission infrastructure and balancing across regions.
2. Distributed generation from renewables also presents issues if connected to medium and low voltage distribution systems. Solutions include intelligent grid configurations and prioritizing generation to match demand.
3. Potential solutions discussed are energy storage, power electronics to enable grid integration, distributing renewable generation over large areas, and using solar power for irrigation to match generation with load.
India has a large population with growing energy needs, but relies heavily on imported oil. To achieve energy independence by 2030, the government and private organizations are promoting solar energy, especially for rural areas where most people live. Initiatives include solar farms, loans for home solar panels, and solar devices for lighting, cooking, water pumps and more. While solar faces challenges like costs and unpredictable monsoon weather, over 600,000 solar cookers and hundreds of thousands of home lighting systems have already been installed in rural India through these programs.
ARJUN MALHOTRA BEST PRACTICE US-GLOBAL POC POB ADILABAD 1SusmitaSengupta4
1. The document discusses plans to sample fresh crops from tribal villages and provide business links to sell the crops. Crops to be sampled in the first phase include maize, red gram, and green gram.
2. It also discusses CSR projects to provide sanitary pads to women in one village and iron supplements to women and children in another village.
3. The document describes water scarcity issues faced by tribal villages and plans for a water solution project involving solar panels, motors, wells and pipelines for agriculture.
Agricultural sector is backbone of Indian economy as population increas es demand of water also increases. Usually lots of water wastage takes pl ace in the land,due to improper method of irrigation. A solar-based smart irrigation system enabl es user to monitor the relative soil moisture at many different location throughout the field to more precisely scheduled irrigation cycle. By using solar energy,we can save the electr ical energy. The sensing system is based on feedback control mechanism with microcontroller unit depending upon t he varied requirement of different crops we can irrigate our field.
Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power Systemijtsrd
In this paper DC linked, grid connected solar/hydro hybrid system is modelled and simulated. A control scheme is developed for solar and hydro system for variable solar irradiance and variable load. Synchronous generator based hydro system is used to feed bulk of the power and whenever solar irradiance is available solar system along with hydro system and grid supply to the load. The performance analysis of the proposed HES and its power management strategy has been done using the simulink toolboxes of MATLAB software. The proposed system consists PV system hydro system, battery and grid. In some remote/rural areas, it is very difficult to satisfy the demand of electrical power throughout the year with the power grid. In such areas, the power requirement can be fulfilled by renewable energy system such as hydro or PV system. Either the hydro system or PV system is not capable of supplying power requirement throughout the year as both systems are intermittent. Hence, the judicious combination of hydro and PV system has been modeled for electrification. The power management strategy is modeled to manage the power flow of the energy systems to fulfill the load demand. The presented results clearly show that the proposed HES and its control strategy are suitable for implementation in remote/rural areas. Karan Sapotra"Modelling and Simulation of Grid-Connected Solar-Hydro based Hybrid Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12954.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/12954/modelling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-solar-hydro-based-hybrid-power-system/karan-sapotra
Renewable Energy Integrated Microgrid for Rural Electrification and Productiv...Muhammad Taheruzzaman
This document discusses renewable energy integrated microgrids for rural electrification in developing countries like Bangladesh. It analyzes four configurations of microgrid systems with different combinations of biomass generators, solar home systems, and small wind turbines to determine the optimal design. Case 3, with a 10kW biomass generator, 25 solar home systems totaling 2.5kW of solar, and 2 small wind turbines producing a combined 2kW, is identified as the most economical solution for a community of 50 households and small businesses. The system would obtain 78% of its energy from biomass, 13% from solar, and 9% from wind.
Perspective of biodiesel & solar pv as a combined renewable energy system...eSAT Journals
Abstract The power generation method is more over traditional and supply of electricity is decentralized which is considered a single line technology based on limited supply devoid of considering rural consumer’s point of view. The main aspect of this paper is to propose the best possible outcome as a combined power system for rural electrification from a combination of renewable resources to complete the electrical demands in a consistent manner of an off grid remote village Bakri, in the district of Jhenaidah, Bangladesh. Renewable energy resources namely solar photovoltaic cell and bio-diesel generators are considered here. The paper estimates the residential demand in the pre HOMER analysis. Using simulation software named HOMER scrutinizes the maximum outcome. It also clarifies that our proposed combine power system is cost effective techno-economically & environmentally sound and last but not the least sustainable. Here HOMER observes a number of simulations and gives us a set of systems for rural electrification requirement of 147 kWh/d and 10kW peak load. Keywords: Rural electrification, Combined Power System, HOMER, Bio-fuel generator, Solar PV.
At present, solar energy is perceived to be one of the world’s contributive energy sources. Holding characteristics such as inexhaustible and non-polluting, making it as the most prominent among renewable energy (RE) sources. The application of the solar energy has been well-developed and used for electricity generation through Photovoltaic (PV) as the harvesting medium. PV cells convert heat from the sun directly into the electricity to power up the electric loads. Solar PV system is commonly built in a rural area where it cannot be powered up by the utility grid due to location constrains. In order to avoid the electricity fluctuation because of unsteady amount of solar radiation, PV solar hybrid is the efficient solution for rural electrifications. This paper presents a review on optimised Hybrid Solar-PV Diesel system configurations installed and used to power up off grid settlements at various locations worldwide.
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation in the world is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems with lower carbon footprint levels. The purpose of this work is the development of a hybrid Power system that harnesses the renewable energy in sun and electricity to generate electricity. The working model can able to run on dual mode- solar and electricity. It can also be driven independently either by solar or electricity. The battery can be charge from solar panel (40W) or by power supply. The household single phase A.C. power supply of 230V is converted into 12V D.C. using step down transformer and rectifying circuit. The working model can achieve energy saving, low carbon emission, environmental protection for the upcoming future of human life.
Transient Stability Assessment of Hybrid Distributed Generation Using Facts D...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Due to increasing integration of new technologies into the grid such as hybrid electric vehicles, distributed generations, power electronic interface circuits, advanced controllers etc., the present power system network is now more complex than in the past. Consequently, the recent rate of blackouts recorded in some parts of the world indicates that the power system is stressed. The real time/online monitoring and prediction of stability limit is needed to prevent future blackouts. The aggravated increase in energy demand has posed a serious problem for the power system’s stability and reliability, and hence has become of major concern. The shortcomings of conventional source of energy have paved way for renewable energy sources. The latter can form a part of a standalone system or grid connected system. A single renewable source of energy When integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. This thesis deals with PV, Wind, Hydro system. In this thesis an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. The mathematical model considered uses a STATCOM to meet the reactive power need upon sudden step change in power. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
IRJET- A Review on Hybrid Wind and Fuel Cell SystemIRJET Journal
This document reviews hybrid wind and fuel cell systems. It summarizes 10 research papers on various hybrid renewable energy systems that combine sources like wind, solar, and fuel cells. The key findings are that hybrid systems can provide more continuous power compared to individual sources by compensating for intermittencies. Simple control methods are discussed to maximize power extraction from each source and regulate voltage. Integrating different renewable sources with fuel cells or batteries allows optimal energy utilization and improved power quality and reliability.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of ever- evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture.
Active Mode
Passive Mode
Government Support
Subsidy System
This document presents an urban development project on water supply. The project aims to increase the percentage of households with access to drinking water by analyzing data on water sources. It calculates the percentage of households connected to treated or untreated tap water sources within or near their premises. This is done for both urban and rural areas in different states. The results are presented graphically to help the government identify best and worst performing states. The tool allows users to view state-wise details and submit feedback to improve water supply facilities.
Solar energy:potentiality and implementation problems in household and busine...Rabiul Hasan Himo
The document presents a study on the potential and prospects of solar energy in household and business sectors in Bangladesh. The study utilized a survey of 177 respondents and factor analysis of 11 questions. Key findings include: 1) People in areas without electricity were more open to solar despite limitations, while those with electricity were reluctant due to costs and limited use. 2) 4 factors influenced solar use: ideas/attitudes, scope, technology, and limitations. 3) Widespread solar adoption could help address Bangladesh's power crisis if installation costs decrease and capacity/efficiency increase.
hotovoltaic-Biomass Gasifier Hybrid Energy System for a Poultry HouseIJMER
Availability and sustainability of energy and food production are the biggest challenge facing
the world. Find out how to integrate poultry and animal farms with renewable energy technologies will
lead to a greater energy security and food production.The main objective of this paper is to obtain the
optimal suited configuration of a hybrid renewable energy system from various combinations to meet the
poultry house load requirement reliably, economically, continuously and sustainably. This paper presents
an optimal design of hybrid solar PV-biomass gasifier system to fulfill the requirements of 250 kWh/day
primary loads with 19 kW peak load for poultry house located at El-fayoum governorate, Egypt. Using
HOMER simulations, the optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biogas generating system is
obtained on the basis of the minimized cost of the obtained energy (COE) generation, HOMER results
show that the solution is sustainable and techno economically viable. The simulation results show that PV
(12 kW) - biomass gasifier (20 kW) - battery (270 kWh) hybrid system is most economically feasible with a
least cost of energy about $0.224/Kwh. Also, this system is characterized by the minimum percentage of
carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases emissions
IRJETMicro Hydro Power Generation from Small Water Channel FlowIRJET Journal
This document discusses micro hydro power generation from small water channels. The main objectives are to generate electricity from stored water and study the effects of water flow on power generation. Water flowing through a channel turns a fan connected to a motor, generating electricity. All required components are selected, manufactured, and assembled. Experimental testing is conducted and results are analyzed. Micro hydro power is a renewable energy source that can generate power from small streams and channels on a local scale with no air pollution.
To meet this surging demand, animal power for electricity generation is the best option to fulfill the energy needs of India and bridge the energy demand-supply gap.
The document discusses renewable energy in India, providing an overview of India's energy sector and the status and future prospects of renewable energy. It notes that India has significant potential for renewable energy from sources like solar, wind and hydro due to its climate and geography. The document outlines India's targets for increasing renewable energy capacity and summarizes the current installed capacity and leadership in sectors like wind and solar energy. It also examines investment opportunities and government support for growing renewable energy in India.
India has made progress in developing various sources of energy to meet its growing demand. Thermal power using coal is the largest source, providing over half of installed capacity. Hydropower and nuclear energy also contribute, with solar and wind power capacity expanding. However, transmission and distribution losses remain high at 23% and about one-third of rural areas still lack access to electricity. Energy efficiency and conservation measures can help address these challenges.
Este caso clínico trata sobre una mujer de 80 años que vive sola y padece hipertensión, hipotiroidismo e hipercolesterolemia. Tras evaluarla mediante diversas escalas, se identificaron tres problemas principales: incumplimiento de la dieta prescrita debido a falta de conocimientos, riesgo de deterioro de la movilidad física por sedentarismo e intolerancia a la actividad debido a su sobrepeso. Se plantearon objetivos y cuidados de enfermería para mejorar estos problemas en el próximo mes.
The SECRETS to slash your Account ReceivableBen Brophy
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Rosa es una mujer de 77 años que cuida a su marido recién diagnosticado con demencia. Ella sufre varias enfermedades crónicas como hipotiroidismo, diabetes e hipertensión. Tras evaluarla, los diagnósticos incluyen riesgo de fatiga por el cuidado prolongado de su marido, ansiedad por los cambios en su salud y riesgo de caídas. El plan incluye apoyo para el cuidador, mejorar el equilibrio de Rosa y aumentar sus conocimientos sobre la demencia y sus cuidados.
Glades Group provides business process outsourcing and consulting services to organizations across multiple industries. Its vision is to help clients grow their leadership and develop effective solutions through outsourcing mundane operations, recruitment solutions, training and development consulting, and healthcare services. Choosing Glades allows clients to focus on their core business while Glades takes care of administrative functions and enhances business processes and people.
Glades Group provides human resources services including recruitment, training and development, compensation analysis, and surveys. Their vision is to grow leadership and devise effective solutions to help individuals and organizations. They specialize in hospitality staffing and have successfully placed professionals in various hotel roles. Glades also offers performance management consulting, leadership training programs, and surveys to provide data for talent acquisition and planning decisions.
Tablets are solid dosage forms made by compressing or molding mixtures of active and inactive ingredients. They are the most popular dosage form due to their accurate dosing, low cost, stability and ease of production. Tablets can be formulated for immediate or controlled release and come in various shapes, sizes and coatings. The manufacturing process involves mixing and granulating powders, then compressing them into tablets using either wet or dry granulation methods. Wet granulation is more common and involves using a liquid binder to form granules which are then dried, sized, lubricated and compressed. Tablets must balance physical attributes like strength with chemical properties like drug release.
The document discusses various marketing channels that can be used to promote a business or product. It provides 19 different channels along with examples of companies that have used each channel successfully. The channels include viral marketing, public relations, search engine marketing, social media ads, content marketing, email marketing, engineering as marketing, blogging, business development partnerships, sales, affiliate programs, existing platforms, offline events, speaking engagements, and community building. The document also includes examples and advice from the founders of Hubspot on their approach to inbound marketing.
A very good news for the farmers of the India interested in installing solar powered water pumping system to irrigate their farms.
At Claro, we believe that an improvement in water productivity can be done through revitalizing irrigation technology through solar powered water pumps.
This document provides an overview of the potential for solar water pumps in India and Bihar. It finds that solar pumping is a cost-effective alternative to diesel pumps for irrigation. However, adoption is limited by high upfront costs and lack of financing mechanisms. The document estimates Bihar's technical potential for solar pumping at 2,665 MWp by 2022, though numerous regulatory, market, and technological barriers currently prevent widespread deployment. Overcoming these challenges will require cooperation between policymakers, the private sector, and other stakeholders.
This document discusses India's groundwater and energy nexus and proposes a solution. It notes that groundwater irrigation now supports most of Indian agriculture through millions of private wells, but this has led to depleted aquifers and high electricity subsidies. It proposes a smart solar pump promotion strategy that creates irrigation service providers in eastern India and treats solar power as a cash crop through buyback programs in western India. This strategy would solve problems of high subsidies, unreliable power supply, groundwater depletion incentives, rising diesel costs, and carbon emissions from the current system.
Supporting the Scale up of Solar Pumping in India through Remote Monitoring Satya Kumar DV
Presentation by DV Satya Kumar in Session 24 on
"Food, Water and Energy Nexus : Perspectives from Asia"
Asia Clean Energy Forum, 2016
India is known for 100GW solar target by 2022, low solar tariffs and competitive bidding. India added 3GW solar in 2015-16 adding to a cumulative capacity of 8GW and will be adding 10GW in 2016-17. Another success achieved in solar in Inida, is in the offgrid solar pumping program in Rajasthan which realised the Food - Water - Energy nexus and provided a holistic solution for the farmer's livelihood. Rajasthan's Horticulture Department, under the leadership of Dr Dinesh Kumar Goyal, introduced a composite irrigation package through creation of water harvesting structures, recharging ground water, pumping with solar pumps and irrigating through drip. Some farmers' income levels increased four-fold and even young MBA graduates were inspired to take up farming.
To support the scale up of solar pumping program, we developed a project for "Remote Performance Monitoring and Outsourced Service Management of Solar Pumps and Off-grid Solar PV Plants" which was recently selected for funding by PACEsetter Fund in India, which is a joint initiative of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt of India and the US State Department.
Community Irrigation is an innovative model that provides advanced drip irrigation technology to a large community of smallholder farmers. It is made possible by using economies-of-scale to develop the needed infrastructure at a large scale, and enables farmers to grow better crops, become less vulnerable to climate change and thus guarantees the stability and economic growth of each farmer and the entire region.Get more details at - https://www.netafimindia.com/drip-irrigation/
Sustainable Energy Principles And Practice December 2018Martin Scherfler
Sustainable Energy Principles & Practice is an initiative using Auroville and its outstanding experience in human unity & sustainable living as a platform for the learning and personal growth of students from around the world.
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This document discusses the use of power electronics in solar photovoltaic systems in India. It provides background on India's growing installed solar capacity, currently at 2.5 GW, and the role of the National Solar Mission in facilitating solar development. The document outlines different types of solar PV systems and how power electronics are used in areas like inverters and maximum power point tracking to improve efficiency. It also discusses challenges like partial panel shading and the potential of net metering systems.
This document discusses micro-irrigation development in India and proposes strategies to improve its effectiveness. It notes that while micro-irrigation coverage in India is currently around 15% of potential, promoting it is important for addressing water scarcity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. However, current subsidy-focused policies do not adequately consider supply-side water availability, socioeconomic factors, or agronomic compatibility. The document proposes alternative policies like developing more affordable micro-irrigation systems suited to small farms, prioritizing water-stressed areas, integrating micro-irrigation into canal irrigation commands, and harnessing renewable energy sources, to help micro-irrigation achieve its goals of improved water harvesting and efficient usage.
Renewable Energy Power Projects for Rural Electrification in IndiaMohit Sharma
As demand for energy is increasing around the world & in India, there is a positive growth trend coming in the renewable energy sector also. There are many rural and remote areas which are energy deficient.
Private companies are encouraged by Government creating opportunities by various governmental schemes like Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna, Distributed Decentralized Generation and support in finance, distribution, technology, land, etc. As every area has its dynamics and differs from others in terms of topography, density of population and energy needs, there is a need of study for specific features related to a region (like a cluster of 19 villages in Gaya, Bihar requiring about 750kw Plant studied here) with the help of surveys, financial tools and earlier standards. Other renewable sources and areas are also covered in the book. The confidential information is edited-redacted.
Presentation by A Kishore, International Food Policy Research Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Dr shelat conference climate change and groundwaterJaspreet Aulakh
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The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array based water pumping system situated at Kota Rajasthan (25.18 N
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power output between 75 to 85W/m2and the system is operating approximately 8 hours in the of November of
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feasible option for off-grid and drip irrigation system like the interior area of Kota, where clear sky days are
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The document provides tips for conserving electricity in lighting in Haryana, India. It discusses how switching from incandescent bulbs to compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and efficient fluorescent tube lights can significantly reduce electricity usage and costs. CFLs use 75-80% less electricity than incandescent bulbs and last 5-10 times longer. Similarly, efficient T5 tube lights consume less power than regular T12 lights. Making these switches can help close the gap between electricity demand and supply in Haryana.
Project SEWA aims to promote climate-smart agriculture among small and marginal farmers in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Manipur, Meghalaya, and Sikkim from August 2021 to August 2026. The project will install solar pumps, micro-irrigation systems, and encourage organic farming practices to help farmers adapt to rising temperatures, depleting groundwater, and unpredictable weather. It will establish a guarantee fund to promote these climate-smart technologies, train farmers, and connect them to relevant schemes. The expected outcomes include replacing 3000 diesel pumps with solar irrigation, doubling farmers' incomes through diversification, and promoting organic farming among 50,000 farmers. The long-term sustainability plan involves creating water user groups, farmers
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Solar Power as a Remunerative Crop (SPaRC)_Tushaar Shah,IWMI_ICIMOD-WLE Sprin...India Water Portal
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A Review Paper on Solar Panel Based Smart Irrigation System using GSM Moduleijtsrd
Solar powered smart irrigation systems are very useful for farmers.Solar energy has emerged as viable source of renewable energy over the past few decades and is now used for various applications such as emergency lighting, water heaters, and industrial application. It is a cheap source of energy. Thesystem consists of water pump which is solar powered with a moisture sensor used for automatic water flow control, light ambient sensor, Temperature sensorand GSM technology.It has mainly working in two modes i.e. manual mode and automatic mode. We have provide a switch which controls that modeIn this RF transmitter and RF receiver will be used to operate the overall system. A polar single axis solar panel tracker is implemented andit has an adjustable horizontal motor controlled axisandfixed vertical axis. If 2 to 3 degrees of misalignment happens then the tracker will correct its position and prevents wastage of power by continuously running motor. The light intensity of the two LDR is compared and according to the higher intensity of LDR the rotation of solar panel is decided and it is adjusted.To prevent the panel from rotating 360-° the stepper motor will have overturn triggers. Prof. Madhav Thigale | Aniket Gholap | Rohit Alate | Akash Padman"A Review Paper on Solar Panel Based Smart Irrigation System using GSM Module" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5804.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/5804/a-review-paper-on-solar-panel-based-smart-irrigation-system-using-gsm-module/prof-madhav-thigale
Multi turbine micro hydro power generationIjrdt Journal
Increase in human population has increased the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are the major source to meet the world energy requirements, but its rapidly dwindling supply and its adverse effects on our ecological system are of major concern. In India over 70 % of the electricity generated is from coal based power plants. Other renewable such as wind, geothermal, solar, and hydroelectricity represent a 2% share of the Indian fuel mix. Fossil fuels (coal) are a major source of power production in India. Our concept features the run of river active setup of micro hydro power generation using simple gear mechanism. This concept is based on the collection of mechanical energy from two rotors spinning by the effect of higher river velocity and transmission of power from the rotors to a small pinion gear which runs the generator shaft, through two large driver gears attached to the shafts of two rotors. This method of power production is comparatively simpler than others. The objectives of our project include low cost, higher output, environment friendly power production, multiple setups in one row, and decrease the power shortage in India.
1. Solar energy is being explored as an
alternative to conventional grid electricity for
powering irrigation. Interventions that utilize
solar energy for irrigation can contribute to
renewable energy generation goals, stabilize
demand of grid electricity, and provide
electricity to unelectrified regions while
reducing long-term infrastructure costs. In
India, solar energy is also viewed as a
potentially more reliable energy source than
the electrical grid, which tends to experience
frequent power cuts and poor daytime
supply due to excessive demand and load
shedding. With a solar-powered irrigation
system, a farmer may have access to reliable
Executive Summary: Solar systems for irrigation may provide reliable, renewable energy for
pumping water. In 2015, the Maharashtra Department of Energy initiated a 7,540 solar-powered
pump pilot scheme. This report analyzes the economics and feasibility of the Maharashtra
programme, and extrapolates these findings to other models of solar systems for irrigation.
Solar Irrigation Innovations in India:
The Way Forward?
By: Fernanda Diaz de la Vega, Raunak Mittal, Swati Narnaulia & Kelsey Reid
companies and rapidly depleting
groundwater aquifers.
Solar Energy for Irrigation
Water, Food, & Energy
Nexus
The International Innovation Corps (IIC) is a year-long fellowship hosted by the Harris School of Public Policy, University of
Chicago in collaboration with USAID that places Indian and UChicago alumni professionals into Indian public sector
institutions for developing scalable solutions to social problems. This team of IIC fellows, supported by Tata Trusts,
partnered with the Energy Policy Institute at Chicago - India (EPIC). The IIC - EPIC team worked closely with the
Department of Energy, Government of Maharashtra in exploring, researching, and proposing innovative solutions to some
of the long-standing energy problems in the state. The team concentrated the majority of their efforts on the Solar Water
Pump Pilot Programme, for which the tender was released in January 2015 and implementation began in May 2016 after
an administrative delay. Therefore, the majority of the team’s analysis was conducted pre-implementation.
Footnotes:
1
IDFC Foundation. (2013). Indian Development Rural Report. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
2
Kulkarni, H., Shah, M., & P.S.VijayShankar. (2015). Shaping
the contours of groundwater governance in India. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 172-192.
3
According to MahaDiscom the agricultural subsidy is around
1,000 Crores rupees per year.
India is an agrarian economy and irrigation
consumes 80% of the country’s extracted
groundwater resources.
1
After independence,
in its stride for food security, India instituted
the “Green Revolution” which demanded
intensive irrigation for high crop yields. As a
result of inexpensive and evolving
technologies to pump water from the ground
and highly subsidised electricity for
agriculture, groundwater irrigation increased
exponentially. By 2015, there were more than
30 million pump systems across the country.
2
This has led to a vicious nexus between
energy, water, and food production, which in
turn causes a significant power subsidy
3
burden for the state-owned power
2. renewable, affordable energy during working
hours that can power irrigation of their land.
While many factors contribute to the
potential of solar systems for irrigation, solar
system for irrigation programme pilots must
be evaluated further to understand the
economic and environmental viability of
these interventions.
districts across the state. The pumps are
offered with a 95% subsidy (with funding
from the state and the central government
NABARD initiative), thus reducing costs for
farmers. A majority of the pumps are
sanctioned for severely drought stricken
areas of eastern Maharashtra. In order to
become a beneficiary of the programme,
farmers must: i) have a landholding less than
5 acres; ii) have applied for an agricultural
electrical connection; and iii) have access to
a well.!
Maharashtra’s Solar Water
Pump Scheme
Approach to Analysis
In January 2015, the Maharashtra
Department of Energy and subsidiary
Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution
Company Limited (MSEDCL) announced
plans for pilot scheme of 7,540 off-grid solar
water pumps of irrigation installed in 14
The following analysis is based on secondary
research, economic modeling, key informant
interviews with industry leaders and
A solar panel powering a pump in Jaipur district under Rajasthan’s solar water pump scheme. Photo: Swati Narnaulia
Solar-Powered Irrigation
Schemes in India
Karnataka, 20141
• 250 pumps
• on-grid, one feeder
• 90% subsidy
Rajasthan, 20102
• 15,000 pumps by 2014, 1 Lakh by
2018
• off-grid
• 80% subsidy
• 3 HP pump systems paired with
micro-irrigation
Footnotes:
1
Shah, Tushaar, Verma, Shilp and Neha Durga. (2014). “Karnataka’s Smart, New Solar Pump Policy for Irrigation.” Economic & Political Weekly.
2
Goyal,
Dinesh Kumar. (2013). Rajasthan Solar Water Pump Programme. Akshay Urja.
2
3. A farmer in Amravati district, Maharashtra explains his irrigation practices during a farmer meeting. Photo: Kelsey Reid
researchers, and surveys of farmers. Per-
farmer costs to the government were
calculated for three interventions (solar
water pump, energy efficient pump, and
standard electrical pump) based on site
conditions such as landholding, crop,
groundwater, etc. The findings are also
informed by surveys of farmers in
Maharashtra’s Akola, Amravati, Palghar, and
Yavatmal districts, and solar pump users in
Rajasthan’s Jaipur district. These farmers
provided insights on irrigation practices and
the pilot scheme.
The Maharashtra programme was analysed
for three assumptions of what makes solar
systems for irrigation programmes viable
and sustainable:
• The intervention should minimize
costs for the government relative to
alternative interventions,
• The programme should have positive
effects on rural livelihoods; and
• The intervention should enforce
disciplined use of groundwater.
Findings
The intervention should minimize costs
for the government relative to
alternative interventions.
The cost-effectiveness of interventions varies
based on site conditions. In terms of costs to
the government, it is less costly to provide a
solar water pump to farmers who do not
have agricultural electrical connections than
to extend the electrical grid to them. These
savings are augmented when cost
calculations take into account how having a
pump may change farmers’ behaviour in
terms of cropping patterns. With a reliable
source of energy to pump water, a farmer
may decide to increase their cropping cycles
or begin to harvest a more water intensive
crop. Programme beneficiaries lack electrical
connections; therefore the scheme provides a
less costly alternative to extending the grid
to these farmers.
The programme should have positive
effects on rural livelihoods.
The programme has the potential to
positively impact farmers’ incomes. Solar
water pumps are a reliable source of energy
for irrigation, and more consistent access to
water could result in higher yields and
increased incomes. Furthermore, farmers will
have greater access to water using a solar-
powered pump than their access if they rely
on rainwater or have to pay the high
3
4. !
Case Study: Farmers in Yavatmal
The following is a case study of costs for the government of energy and irrigation
interventions. The interventions evaluated include an electrical pump with full
electricity subsidy, an energy efficient pump with full electricity subsidy, and a solar-
power water pump subsidized as they are under the Maharashtra pilot programme.
The first case is a farmer in Yavatmal district
with 3 acres of land who cultivates cotton
using a 5 HP electrical pump. Assuming the
farmer uses his pump for 5 hours a day
during 5 months of the year, it is most cost-
effective for the government to replace his
standard electrical pump with an energy
efficient pump. Figure 1 compares the net
present value (NPV) for ten years of running
the pump at this frequency for each
potential intervention.
Figure 1. Cost to the government, farmer
with agricultural electricity connection
Another farmer in Yavatmal with 4 acres of
land cultivating soya bean and irrigating
with rainwater (which provides water for 3
months a year) would require a 3 HP pump.
The most cost-effective intervention the
government could make for this farmer
would be an energy efficient pump (Figure
2a). However, this result is driven by the fact
that soya bean is not a water-intensive crop.
Once a farmer switches from rain-fed
irrigation to a pump, he may chose to
harvest a more water-intensive crop or
plant for more than one cycle. Given such a
behavioural change, the farmer may now
need to run his pump for more than 3
months a year. To allow comparison
between this farmer and the farmer
described above, it has been assumed that
the farmer would run the pump for 5
months of the year. If this is the case, a solar
water pump is the most cost-effective
intervention. Providing an electrical pump
to a farmer with this frequency of use
would result in the government assuming
the costs of providing his subsidized
electricity (Figure 2b).
Figure 2a. Cost to the government, farmer
without an agricultural electricity
connection
Source: Economic Model
Source: Economic Model
Source: Economic Model
Figure 2b. Cost to the government, farmer
without an agricultural electricity
connection; taking into account estimated
behavioural changes crops and cropping
patterns
4
5. Farmer Apprehensions
Farmers surveyed in Akola, Amravati,
Palghar, and Yavatmal districts expressed
the following concerns about the
Maharashtra pilot. These factors negatively
affect beneficiary buy-in and programme
participation.
• Some farmers lack reliable and
consistent access to water that
could be used for pumping.
• They do not have a technology bias
and have a strong preference for
whichever pump system they can
receive sooner, whether electrical or
solar.
• The economic burden of the down
payment would be lesser if
beneficiaries could pay in
installments.
• Farmers rely heavily on community
organizations, producer companies,
and farmer cooperatives for market
linkages, technical training, and
other interventions that improve
livelihoods.
• They are unfamiliar with the
technology and are unsure of its
efficiency, particularly on cloudy
days, without having seen a pump in
operation.
Programme
Recommendations
In order to align with the three factors for a
successful programme defined in the section
above and to address the concerns
expressed by the farmers there are actions
that MSEDCL can take without having to
modify the tender.
To increase buy-in and familiarize farmers
with the technology, the pump suppliers may:
• Use communication methods that
are easy and inexpensive to
disseminate;
• Identify local anchor farmers with
solar pumps who can highlight
benefits of the system
• Coordinate with interventions under
linked government programs, i.e.
Dhadak Sinchan Yojna, to ensure
access to water; and
operational costs of a diesel pump. With
greater access to water throughout the year,
farmers may be able to harvest more than
one crop each year. However, unless farmers
are properly linked to viable and larger
markets the scheme may not positively affect
rural livelihoods.
The intervention should enforce
disciplined use of groundwater.
The pilot does not have adequate structures
and incentives in place to ensure efficient
and disciplined use of groundwater.
Uninterrupted access to electricity for six to
eight hours a day may increase the rate of
groundwater extraction and surpass the rate
of recharge. One example of how to enforce
this can be found on the case of Rajasthan,
where micro-irrigation technologies were a
requirement for beneficiaries because they
reduce water consumption.
• Forge partnerships with existing
community organisations to align the
intervention with other rural
livelihood initiatives.
The case of the Maharashtra pilot offers
lessons about solar systems across India.
Though this scheme only entails off-grid
systems under individual ownership, the
analysis of costs to government and
perspectives from farmers provide valuable
insights relevant to designing and
5
6. Way Forward for Solar
Systems for Irrigation
While the Maharashtra pilot will provide
some insights on the viability of solar
systems for irrigation, it also incites policy
questions that will need to be further
explored through evaluations of other
systems with various models of ownership
Alternative Models
Co-author Raunak Mittal notes solar panel system specifications in Jaipur district, Rajasthan. Photo: Kelsey Reid
implementing a variety of solar system for
irrigation interventions:
Engage existing community
organisations to enhance information
dissemination: Farmer cooperatives and
producer companies have regular contact
with farmers, understand farmers’ needs and
behaviors, and are a resource for market
linkages and technologies. They can educate
farmers about the scheme and provide
support on utilizing the systems effectively.
Consider making mandatory micro-
irrigation technologies and water
harvesting schemes: Micro-irrigation
technologies lower water consumption by
efficiently distributing water directly to crops.
Water harvesting programmes can offset
reliance on groundwater. Requiring farmers
to employ these interventions may aid in
efforts to reduce the rate of groundwater
depletion.
Financial and technical models of solar
systems for irrigation other than those
implemented in the Maharashtra pilot may
be better suited to address the
aforementioned criteria for a viable
intervention. One alternative is on-grid solar
systems, which allow farmers to sell excess
units of electricity (beyond what they use for
pumping) generated by the solar panels, to
the electricity distribution company to be
utilized on the conventional grid. This model
may introduce discipline into groundwater
use because farmers may value the income
they can earn for excess energy units more
than they value excess water. In terms of
costs to government, on-grid systems are
most appropriate for electrified regions and
areas where the costs to extended the line
are minimal. The energy sold back to the grid
would counter the costs of the solar system,
which may enable a lower subsidy and
farmer contribution.
6
7. and technology.
It remains unclear what economic and
technical mechanisms can be instituted in
these programmes to ensure proper use of
groundwater. Off-grid and individually owned
solar-powered pumps do not institute a
marginal cost for excessive water extraction,
and could contribute to increased depletion
of an already limited groundwater supply.
Further research is needed on the conditions
best suited for on-grid solar systems,
particularly given how these schemes may
incentivize efficient use of groundwater.
As solar systems for irrigation proceed, it will
also be necessary to track whether they
adequately reduce the subsidy burden and
financial distress of the state distribution
Farmers in Akola district read the application form for Maharashtra’s solar-powered pump pilot
scheme.
Photo: Kelsey Reid
companies. The economics of these systems
for both the government and farmers must
be investigated for both on-grid and off-grid
systems and various ownership models.
Determining appropriate financial
contributions from farmers and energy unit
purchasing rates (in on-grid schemes) will be
essential to the success and sustainability of
these interventions.
Finally, more should be done to understand
how community organizations and local
government institutions could help to
introduce these new technologies to farmers.
Situating these interventions in broader
efforts to positively affect rural livelihoods
may augment the social impact and
economic gains for programme beneficiaries.
7