The document outlines the methods and processes used for bilingual translation between English and Chinese for terms in an art and architecture thesaurus. It discusses the key tasks of preparation, translation, and proofreading. For each task, it describes the subtasks and provides examples to illustrate the translation and quality control procedures. The goal is to recruit translators and proofreaders to produce accurate and consistent translations according to standardized guidelines and processes.

1. A Close Look at Bilingual Translation: Methods and Issues Sophy (Shu-Jiun) Chen, Diane Wu and Pei-Wen Peng Program Office, Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program September 23, 2009 @ Getty Research Institute

2. The Task Forces of Chinese-language Art & Architecture Thesaurus Cross-Division Coordination 跨分項協調小組 (C) Equivalence Mapping (M) Methodology R&D Translation & Contribution (T) Localization & Creation of New Concepts Expert Group (E) Scope Note of New Concept (N) System Development (S)

4. Preparation for Translation (T1) 前置作業 (T1) Preparation for Translation 確認翻譯內容 (T1_I) Identify Translation Materials 資料整理 / 更新 (T1_F) File compilation and update 募集兼任譯者 (T1_R) Translators recruitment Equivalence Mapping 等同關係對照 (M) New Candidate Term 範圍註 (N) T1_I ： Select translation terms based on equivalence mapping results (M3) T1_I ： Translate the scope note of new candidate term after the content expert approved of the record. T1_F ： Provide translators with the following files, weekly Chinese-English terms update , translation reference list , word-count sheet , and copy of English master file . T1_R ： recruit professional translators, maintain a minimum of 10 translators at all time.

6. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 內容準確性 (T3_A) Translation Accuracy 1 譯者品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Translators recruitment T3_U ： check for inconsistency in the translations of guide terms or common words, and update Chinese-English term list accordingly. T3_QC ： Translate the scope note of new candidate term after the content expert approved of the record. T3_A ： proofreaders must first confirm the accuracy of the translation based on the translation reference list filled out by the translators. T3_R ： recruit professional proofreaders, maintain a minimum of 5 proofreaders at all time.

7. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_U1 ： Check for inconsistency in the translations of guide terms according to Chinese-English term list . English guide terms fixed Chinese translation format

8. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_U2 ： Check for inconsistency in the translations of common words according to Chinese-English term list . English words fixed Chinese translation

9. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_U3 ： Update Chinese-English term list when new guide terms are found. Chinese translation new English guide terms update date the facet and hierarchy of the new guide term

10. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_QC1-1 ： Confirm the accuracy of the term translation based on the translation reference list filled out by the translators. Check if the references are reliable; mostly the sources from educational and governmental institutions, or major dictionaries and encyclopedias are preferred, and if the box is left blank, the proofreader has to look up the term to make sure the translation is correct.

11. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_QC1-2 ： The translators are also provided with a list of authoritative references compiled by us on the internet. The sources include specialized dictionaries, common online dictionaries, glossaries from museums and governmental institutes, etc.

12. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_QC2 ： Examine the fluency of the translations of scope notes. Frequently encountered problems: 1. The Chinese sentences are redundant or awkward, making it hard to understand the meaning. confusing and unreadable

13. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment 2. The translation is not detailed enough to carry specific information. 3. The meaning of the English text is misunderstood. vague and general a misunderstanding of the meaning

14. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment 4. The note translation does not match the meaning of the term. 5. Parts of the scope note are not translated. Does not match the term “flammability” translation of this part is missing

15. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_QC3 ： Decide whether or not the translators are proficient enough to meet our demand for high quality. If more than 50% of a translator’s works are not satisfactory Stop employing the translator

16. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_QC4 ： make sure the translators have good time management ability to meet the deadlines. If a translator does not submit his/her work on time, without informing us of the reasons in advance Stop employing the translator Happening for more than 3 times

17. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_QC5 ： establish a set of formats for the reference list, translation sheet and word-count sheet for the translators to follow. to be filled out by the translators reference list

18. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment translation sheet word-count sheet to be filled out by the translator type the translation in the column to be filled out by the translator fill in the Chinese translation for word count

20. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_R1 ： recruit professional proofreaders, maintaining a minimum of 5 proofreaders at all time Researcher at the Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens English language and literature, history of art and architecture 張瀚云 (Han-yun Chang) Freelance Editor/Writer/Translator Psychology 洪慧芳 (Huifang Hong) Freelance journalist, writer and translator for Radio Nederland Wereldomroep (the Netherlands) and La Vie Magazine (Taiwan) Journalism, philosophy 陳宛萱 (Agnes Chen) Translator for Xtreme Information (England) Foreign languages and literature. translation studies 張家綺 (Jia-chi Chang) Translator for SDL (England) English language and literature 陳玉華 (Eva Chen) Job Academic background Proofreader

21. - Han-yun Chang, managing editor, Another World Lies Beyond: Creating Liu Fang Yuan, The Huntington’s Chinese Garden , edited by T. June Li (UC Press & The Huntington Library Press, 2008). - Han-yun Chang, “He Tianjian (1891-1977) and Defense of Guohua” (Ph D diss., University of California, 2007). - Han-yun Chang, “Chinese Fan Painting” for Santa Barbara Museum of Art, California. (2004). 張瀚云 (Han-yun Chang) Editing and Writing - 2006, 2007 and 2008 Taiwan Film Festival Program, Blog - Go SuperTeens!, Pearson Education Taiwan [A Junior High School English textbook series] - Yue-Du-Man-Fen , Pearson Education Taiwan [A reading comprehension book.] - Phonics In Action 1, 2, 3 , Hsuan-Shian Co., Ltd., Taiwan - Bubbles 5 Teacher’s Guide , McGraw Hill, Hong Kong Translation & Proofreading - The Little, Brown Essential Handbook for Writers by J. E. Aaron [Chinese Edition] , Pearson Education Taiwan - Teaching by Principle: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy by H. D. Brown [Chinese Edition], Pearson Education Taiwan - Library Connect pamphlets [Chinese Edition] , Elsevier Taiwan - Numerous translation works (English to Traditional Chinese and Chinese to English) in different fields including academic papers, news articles, film subtitles, website localization, government announcements and clinical studies. 洪慧芳 (Huifang Hong) - The Travel of Global Exhibitions , Taipei, Taiwan: La Vie Magazine (My House Publishing), 2008 (Co-writer) - Designology 300 , Taipei, Taiwan: La Vie Magazine (My House Publishing), 2008 (Co-writer) - Creative City: Berlin , Taipei, Taiwan: La Vie Magazine (My House publishing), 2008 (Co-writer) - Soong May-ling , Taipei, Taiwan: Vastplain Publishing House, 2003 (Co-writer) - Lei Chen Letters Collection , Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., 2003 (Co-writer) - My Childhood: Lo Ta-yu , Taipei, Taiwan: Unitas Publishing Co. , 2002 (Co-writer) 陳宛萱 (Agnes Chen) Published Works Proofreader

22. Proofread (T3) 校訂 (T3) Proofread 統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U) Unified terms and format 翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC) Translation Quality Control 募集校訂人員 (T3_R) Proofreaders recruitment T3_R2 ： give the proofreaders a training and test their abilities before employing them provide them with proofreading guidelines (T3_QC1~6) Assign the proofreader a workload of about 30-40 terms a week, keep overseeing his/her performance and give suggestions when needed let them do proofreading for one or two weeks on trial to see if they are competent No Stop Yes +

23. Translation Progress Update Total Terms in AAT-Taiwan ： 5957 last updated: 2009/9/1 794 Built Environment (Hierarchy Name) 210 Components (Hierarchy Name) 1061 Object Genres (Hierarchy Name) 9227 Total Translated Terms ： 1341 Visual and Verbal Communication 1320 Furnishings and Equipment 120 Object Groupings and Systems Objects Facet 1035 Materials Materials Facet 408 Processes and Techniques 0 Physical and Mental Activities 158 Events 0 Functions 158 Disciplines Activities Facet 0 Living Organisms 0 Organizations 180 People Agents Facet 222 Styles and Periods Styles and Periods Facet 578 Color 288 Design Elements 0 Conditions and Effects 337 Attributes and Properties Physical Attributes Facet 1017 Associated Concepts Associated Concepts Facet 翻譯詞彙數量 Hierarchies Facets

30. Translation Problems 3 ： When Chinese terms have broader meanings (1/3) Ban hua as non-preferred term This Chinese term 版畫 (ban hua) has broader meanings