5.1 autotrophic nutrition UEC Senior 1 BiologyYee Sing Ong
The document provides information about different types of photosynthesis pathways:
- C3 plants fix carbon dioxide into a 3-carbon compound. C4 plants and CAM plants have evolved pathways to concentrate carbon dioxide around rubisco to reduce photorespiration.
- C4 plants separate the initial fixation from the Calvin cycle between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. CAM plants separate fixation temporally by fixing at night and running the Calvin cycle during the day.
- The pathways allow C4 and CAM plants to thrive in hot, dry environments where C3 plants are disadvantaged by their higher rates of photorespiration.
Microbial fuel cells could be used to the study growth rates of aerobic microbial species on the basis of voltage produced by them
in the microbial fuel cell assembly. A fresh culture of Rhizobium leguminosarum was added in the anode chamber of a microbial
fuel cell assembly and subsequent voltage produced by it was recorded after every fifteen minutes. The 24 ml/hr of air was
pumped in the anode chamber to maintain the dissolved oxygen level and resistance of 12 ohm was applied across the electrodes.
This process was studied in triplicates and voltage data was recorded. The graph plotted of voltage against time suggested the
growth curve of the species in the microbial fuel cell system. It was found that voltage gradually increased with time ranging from
50 mV to 190 mV with a supply of oxygen in the anode, but it declines gradually to zero in absence of aeration with time and
depletion of nutrients.
Thermostability enhancement of Luciola mingrelica firefly luciferase by in vi...Mikhail Koksharov
Thermostability enhancement of Luciola mingrelica firefly luciferase by in vivo directed evolution
16th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence; Lyon, France; April 21, 2010
Chapter 1 section 3 (where does life come from) 2011Mr. Motuk
This document summarizes key experiments and theories regarding the origins of life. It discusses (1) spontaneous generation, the belief that living things could come from non-living things, which Redi disproved by showing maggots only formed in uncovered meat; (2) Pasteur's experiments showing sterilized broth remained sterile, supporting biogenesis that life only comes from life; and (3) the belief that early Earth's atmosphere could have led to the formation of simple life like bacteria around 3.5 billion years ago, though this is just one theory of how life began.
This document summarizes an AP Biology lab review covering several topics:
- Lab 1 discusses diffusion and osmosis, describing experiments with dialysis tubing and potato cores in sucrose solutions. It concludes that water moves based on concentration gradients and molecule size.
- Lab 2 examines enzyme catalysis, measuring factors like pH and temperature that affect the rate of a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catalase.
- Lab 3 covers mitosis and meiosis, describing experiments with onion root tips and fungi to observe cell stages and genetic recombination.
This document summarizes the AP Biology lab on diffusion and osmosis. The lab involves using dialysis tubing filled with starch-glucose solution to determine the effects of osmosis on solutions of different concentrations. Students observe how a semi-permeable membrane allows for diffusion and how solution concentration and molecule size affect movement through the membrane. The concepts of diffusion, osmosis, hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions are explored. Water moves from areas of high water concentration to low water concentration.
This document presents a student science experiment that tested different methods for disinfecting contaminated water. The student hypothesized that boiling water would be the most effective method for removing bacteria. Three disinfection methods were tested - solar disinfection, chemical treatment, and boiling. Water samples were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours and bacterial growth was measured. The results showed that boiling eliminated all bacterial growth while solar disinfection and chemical treatment showed increasing bacterial colonies over time, supporting the hypothesis that boiling is the best method for disinfecting contaminated water.
Receptors are molecules that undergo changes in shape when binding to a ligand, altering the function of biological systems. There are different types of receptors, including cell membrane receptors such as serpentine receptors (GPCRs) that couple to G proteins like Gs, Gi, Gq and Go, and receptors coupled to ion channels or enzymes.
5.1 autotrophic nutrition UEC Senior 1 BiologyYee Sing Ong
The document provides information about different types of photosynthesis pathways:
- C3 plants fix carbon dioxide into a 3-carbon compound. C4 plants and CAM plants have evolved pathways to concentrate carbon dioxide around rubisco to reduce photorespiration.
- C4 plants separate the initial fixation from the Calvin cycle between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. CAM plants separate fixation temporally by fixing at night and running the Calvin cycle during the day.
- The pathways allow C4 and CAM plants to thrive in hot, dry environments where C3 plants are disadvantaged by their higher rates of photorespiration.
Microbial fuel cells could be used to the study growth rates of aerobic microbial species on the basis of voltage produced by them
in the microbial fuel cell assembly. A fresh culture of Rhizobium leguminosarum was added in the anode chamber of a microbial
fuel cell assembly and subsequent voltage produced by it was recorded after every fifteen minutes. The 24 ml/hr of air was
pumped in the anode chamber to maintain the dissolved oxygen level and resistance of 12 ohm was applied across the electrodes.
This process was studied in triplicates and voltage data was recorded. The graph plotted of voltage against time suggested the
growth curve of the species in the microbial fuel cell system. It was found that voltage gradually increased with time ranging from
50 mV to 190 mV with a supply of oxygen in the anode, but it declines gradually to zero in absence of aeration with time and
depletion of nutrients.
Thermostability enhancement of Luciola mingrelica firefly luciferase by in vi...Mikhail Koksharov
Thermostability enhancement of Luciola mingrelica firefly luciferase by in vivo directed evolution
16th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence; Lyon, France; April 21, 2010
Chapter 1 section 3 (where does life come from) 2011Mr. Motuk
This document summarizes key experiments and theories regarding the origins of life. It discusses (1) spontaneous generation, the belief that living things could come from non-living things, which Redi disproved by showing maggots only formed in uncovered meat; (2) Pasteur's experiments showing sterilized broth remained sterile, supporting biogenesis that life only comes from life; and (3) the belief that early Earth's atmosphere could have led to the formation of simple life like bacteria around 3.5 billion years ago, though this is just one theory of how life began.
This document summarizes an AP Biology lab review covering several topics:
- Lab 1 discusses diffusion and osmosis, describing experiments with dialysis tubing and potato cores in sucrose solutions. It concludes that water moves based on concentration gradients and molecule size.
- Lab 2 examines enzyme catalysis, measuring factors like pH and temperature that affect the rate of a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme catalase.
- Lab 3 covers mitosis and meiosis, describing experiments with onion root tips and fungi to observe cell stages and genetic recombination.
This document summarizes the AP Biology lab on diffusion and osmosis. The lab involves using dialysis tubing filled with starch-glucose solution to determine the effects of osmosis on solutions of different concentrations. Students observe how a semi-permeable membrane allows for diffusion and how solution concentration and molecule size affect movement through the membrane. The concepts of diffusion, osmosis, hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions are explored. Water moves from areas of high water concentration to low water concentration.
This document presents a student science experiment that tested different methods for disinfecting contaminated water. The student hypothesized that boiling water would be the most effective method for removing bacteria. Three disinfection methods were tested - solar disinfection, chemical treatment, and boiling. Water samples were incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours and bacterial growth was measured. The results showed that boiling eliminated all bacterial growth while solar disinfection and chemical treatment showed increasing bacterial colonies over time, supporting the hypothesis that boiling is the best method for disinfecting contaminated water.
Receptors are molecules that undergo changes in shape when binding to a ligand, altering the function of biological systems. There are different types of receptors, including cell membrane receptors such as serpentine receptors (GPCRs) that couple to G proteins like Gs, Gi, Gq and Go, and receptors coupled to ion channels or enzymes.
This document provides an overview of integrated weed management (IWM) strategies. IWM utilizes multiple, compatible management tactics to control weed populations below economic damage thresholds while preserving environmental quality. An example IWM program for Canada thistle is described, involving fall herbicide application, spring spot spraying and burning, summer mowing and biological control agent release. Biological control uses host-specific insects or pathogens to suppress weeds long-term at low cost, while herbicides provide short-term chemical control when applied according to label instructions.
Resume Paper : Numeric Query Ranking ApproachNikolas Anova
Riset ini membahas masalah rendahnya kinerja sistem pencarian dalam meranking dokumen untuk query yang berisi angka. Peneliti mengembangkan algoritma baru yang mampu mengidentifikasi query sensitif terhadap angka dan memperhitungkan fitur khusus angka untuk meranking dokumen. Metode ini dilatih menggunakan RankNet dan evaluasi menunjukkan kinerja lebih baik dibanding baseline dalam meranking dokumen untuk query angka dan query sensitif angka.
The document discusses the importance of agriculture in India's national economy. It notes that agriculture contributes a major share to India's national income, with over 70% of the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. While agriculture's contribution to the national income has decreased with industrialization, it still accounted for around 28% as recently as the 1930s. In contrast, developed countries like the US and Canada have agricultural contributions of only 3-5%. The document also outlines how agriculture supports industrial development by providing raw materials and how agricultural exports contribute significantly to international trade. It concludes that the prosperity of the country relies on the prosperity of the agricultural sector.
This thesis examines iron biofortification of maize through a Caco-2 cell, QTL, and poultry model approach. The author identified two maize lines with identical grain iron concentration but different amounts of bioavailable iron using the Caco-2 cell model. Three QTL were found to influence iron bioavailability. Measurement of iron status in poultry confirmed the Caco-2 cell results. Some lines screened showed strong genotype by environment interaction for iron bioavailability. The author concludes conventional breeding can improve maize iron bioavailability and that environment plays a major role.
Teaching using information and communication technology : Do trainee teachers...syaabdulrahman
This study assessed the confidence levels of 675 trainee teachers at Universiti Putra Malaysia in integrating information and communication technology (ICT) into their teaching. The study found that the trainee teachers were generally quite confident in their ability to integrate ICT. However, some groups showed higher levels of confidence than others. Male trainee teachers, those with teaching experience, and those studying vocational subjects reported higher confidence levels than their counterparts. The study suggests that confidence in using ICT is an important factor in realizing Malaysia's goal of developing technology-integrated smart schools.
Soil productivity is defined as the capacity of soil to support plant growth and is affected by several key factors. These include the soil's parent material and physical conditions like texture, structure, bulk density, water, and atmosphere, which influence nutrient availability. Organic matter content is also important as it releases nutrients, improves the soil's water and nutrient holding capacity, and acts as a buffer. The soil's reaction, whether acid or alkaline, impacts which nutrients are involved and available to plants. Erosion and proper management practices further affect a soil's productivity.
The document discusses Amy Tyler's observations of supermarket customers and ideas for different types of shopping trolleys. It notes that supermarkets see customers purchasing items for birthdays, graduations, dates, lunches and flowers for different occasions. It also lists characteristics of young, old, decisive, indecisive, dieting and indulging customers. Amy then proposes designs for mature, decisive, indulging and dieting trolleys with features catering to each type of customer.
2015 2016.announcement.01.va.2015-10-14JENNY K. OH
Protégé Orientation
The GIT Mentoring Program is designed to inform and inspire high school girls about the many opportunities available to women in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, recognized as STEM. We demonstrate and explain the opportunities and career paths young women might not otherwise discover or feel inspired to pursue.
Qatar imports over 90% of its food and aims to increase self-sufficiency through programs like the Qatar National Food Security Program established in 2008. This program focuses on advanced crop production technologies and irrigation systems to scale back reliance on food imports. By the next decade, the amount Qatar spends on food imports is estimated to rise 153% to $3.3 billion as only 1.6% of Qatar's land is currently arable.
Girls in Technology (GIT) Mentor-Protege Program in Virginia held its second session on November 12, 2014. The session topic was on Leadership.
Women continue to be underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and in leadership positions. Girls in Technology Mentor-Protégé program is intended to inspire girls into STEM careers and increase the gender balance in the workforce. The Leadership session is tailored to equip high school girls with professional values so that they can take their STEM talents from the classroom to the boardroom.
Superdeportivos Cantabria (SDC) is a supercars meeting held in Santander (Spain). This file includes the dates, activities and contact information in case you want to join us. We will wait for you on May 15th!
This study investigated distributed leadership practices and system differentiation strategies related to technology integration in three Singapore schools. The schools achieved different levels of technology outcomes and were integrating technology on different scales. One school adopted a top-down leadership approach, while the other two demonstrated distributed leadership. Of these, one adopted a segmented differentiation strategy while the other used functional differentiation. The variations in leadership practices seemed associated with the complexity of technology integration at each school. A survey found the school integrating technology most widely and complexly achieved the highest student outcomes in using technology for self-directed and collaborative learning.
2014 2015.announcement.03.va.2015-01-07JENNY K. OH
Girls in Technology (GIT) Mentor-Protege Program in Virginia's Announcement for session on Passion for STEM.
STEM education can provide us with expanded career opportunities. As high school students, protégés are contemplating what to major in college and what kind of career to pursue. Does a future in STEM mean we have to trade in our passions for a career? The session will explore our interests and passions and how combined with STEM, our passions can elevate to greater heights!
Girls in Technology (GIT) Mentor-Protege Program in Virginia held its first session on October 8, 2014. The first session topic was on STEM/STEAM Career Exploration.
GIT Mentor-Protege program connects High School girls interested in STEM/STEAM with professional women already in STEM/STEAM Careers and backgrounds.
This document discusses different types of education and the key differences between formal and non-formal education. It outlines three main types of education according to Coombs and Ahmed: formal education, which is institution-based; informal education which occurs through daily life experiences; and non-formal education which is organized learning outside formal systems to meet specific groups' needs, such as agricultural extension. The document then contrasts formal and non-formal education, noting that non-formal education occurs outside institutions, caters to heterogeneous learners, and focuses on practical situations rather than theory. It also lists six key elements of non-formal education including a focus on learning over teaching and generating curriculum based on learners' needs and resources.
Policy and Educational Planning.Protecting Instructional Timesyaabdulrahman
(1) The document discusses Malaysia's policy to ensure teachers spend instructional time in the classroom to maximize student learning. (2) It outlines various reports and forms schools must submit monthly and bimonthly to document how instructional time is used and protected. (3) Effective implementation of this policy requires coordination between school leaders and teachers to minimize disruptions to classroom time.
Rangkuman rencana pelajaran tahunan mata pelajaran Kemahiran Hidup untuk tahun empat adalah sebagai berikut: rencana pelajaran ini membahas unit-unit pelajaran seperti keselamatan bengkel, kreativitas, reka cipta, elektrik, penanaman tanaman hiasan, dan kewirausahaan yang akan dicapai selama setahun pelajaran. Unit-unit pelajaran ini meliputi hasil pembelajaran pada berbagai tingkatan kes
This document provides an overview of integrated weed management (IWM) strategies. IWM utilizes multiple, compatible management tactics to control weed populations below economic damage thresholds while preserving environmental quality. An example IWM program for Canada thistle is described, involving fall herbicide application, spring spot spraying and burning, summer mowing and biological control agent release. Biological control uses host-specific insects or pathogens to suppress weeds long-term at low cost, while herbicides provide short-term chemical control when applied according to label instructions.
Resume Paper : Numeric Query Ranking ApproachNikolas Anova
Riset ini membahas masalah rendahnya kinerja sistem pencarian dalam meranking dokumen untuk query yang berisi angka. Peneliti mengembangkan algoritma baru yang mampu mengidentifikasi query sensitif terhadap angka dan memperhitungkan fitur khusus angka untuk meranking dokumen. Metode ini dilatih menggunakan RankNet dan evaluasi menunjukkan kinerja lebih baik dibanding baseline dalam meranking dokumen untuk query angka dan query sensitif angka.
The document discusses the importance of agriculture in India's national economy. It notes that agriculture contributes a major share to India's national income, with over 70% of the population dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. While agriculture's contribution to the national income has decreased with industrialization, it still accounted for around 28% as recently as the 1930s. In contrast, developed countries like the US and Canada have agricultural contributions of only 3-5%. The document also outlines how agriculture supports industrial development by providing raw materials and how agricultural exports contribute significantly to international trade. It concludes that the prosperity of the country relies on the prosperity of the agricultural sector.
This thesis examines iron biofortification of maize through a Caco-2 cell, QTL, and poultry model approach. The author identified two maize lines with identical grain iron concentration but different amounts of bioavailable iron using the Caco-2 cell model. Three QTL were found to influence iron bioavailability. Measurement of iron status in poultry confirmed the Caco-2 cell results. Some lines screened showed strong genotype by environment interaction for iron bioavailability. The author concludes conventional breeding can improve maize iron bioavailability and that environment plays a major role.
Teaching using information and communication technology : Do trainee teachers...syaabdulrahman
This study assessed the confidence levels of 675 trainee teachers at Universiti Putra Malaysia in integrating information and communication technology (ICT) into their teaching. The study found that the trainee teachers were generally quite confident in their ability to integrate ICT. However, some groups showed higher levels of confidence than others. Male trainee teachers, those with teaching experience, and those studying vocational subjects reported higher confidence levels than their counterparts. The study suggests that confidence in using ICT is an important factor in realizing Malaysia's goal of developing technology-integrated smart schools.
Soil productivity is defined as the capacity of soil to support plant growth and is affected by several key factors. These include the soil's parent material and physical conditions like texture, structure, bulk density, water, and atmosphere, which influence nutrient availability. Organic matter content is also important as it releases nutrients, improves the soil's water and nutrient holding capacity, and acts as a buffer. The soil's reaction, whether acid or alkaline, impacts which nutrients are involved and available to plants. Erosion and proper management practices further affect a soil's productivity.
The document discusses Amy Tyler's observations of supermarket customers and ideas for different types of shopping trolleys. It notes that supermarkets see customers purchasing items for birthdays, graduations, dates, lunches and flowers for different occasions. It also lists characteristics of young, old, decisive, indecisive, dieting and indulging customers. Amy then proposes designs for mature, decisive, indulging and dieting trolleys with features catering to each type of customer.
2015 2016.announcement.01.va.2015-10-14JENNY K. OH
Protégé Orientation
The GIT Mentoring Program is designed to inform and inspire high school girls about the many opportunities available to women in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, recognized as STEM. We demonstrate and explain the opportunities and career paths young women might not otherwise discover or feel inspired to pursue.
Qatar imports over 90% of its food and aims to increase self-sufficiency through programs like the Qatar National Food Security Program established in 2008. This program focuses on advanced crop production technologies and irrigation systems to scale back reliance on food imports. By the next decade, the amount Qatar spends on food imports is estimated to rise 153% to $3.3 billion as only 1.6% of Qatar's land is currently arable.
Girls in Technology (GIT) Mentor-Protege Program in Virginia held its second session on November 12, 2014. The session topic was on Leadership.
Women continue to be underrepresented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields and in leadership positions. Girls in Technology Mentor-Protégé program is intended to inspire girls into STEM careers and increase the gender balance in the workforce. The Leadership session is tailored to equip high school girls with professional values so that they can take their STEM talents from the classroom to the boardroom.
Superdeportivos Cantabria (SDC) is a supercars meeting held in Santander (Spain). This file includes the dates, activities and contact information in case you want to join us. We will wait for you on May 15th!
This study investigated distributed leadership practices and system differentiation strategies related to technology integration in three Singapore schools. The schools achieved different levels of technology outcomes and were integrating technology on different scales. One school adopted a top-down leadership approach, while the other two demonstrated distributed leadership. Of these, one adopted a segmented differentiation strategy while the other used functional differentiation. The variations in leadership practices seemed associated with the complexity of technology integration at each school. A survey found the school integrating technology most widely and complexly achieved the highest student outcomes in using technology for self-directed and collaborative learning.
2014 2015.announcement.03.va.2015-01-07JENNY K. OH
Girls in Technology (GIT) Mentor-Protege Program in Virginia's Announcement for session on Passion for STEM.
STEM education can provide us with expanded career opportunities. As high school students, protégés are contemplating what to major in college and what kind of career to pursue. Does a future in STEM mean we have to trade in our passions for a career? The session will explore our interests and passions and how combined with STEM, our passions can elevate to greater heights!
Girls in Technology (GIT) Mentor-Protege Program in Virginia held its first session on October 8, 2014. The first session topic was on STEM/STEAM Career Exploration.
GIT Mentor-Protege program connects High School girls interested in STEM/STEAM with professional women already in STEM/STEAM Careers and backgrounds.
This document discusses different types of education and the key differences between formal and non-formal education. It outlines three main types of education according to Coombs and Ahmed: formal education, which is institution-based; informal education which occurs through daily life experiences; and non-formal education which is organized learning outside formal systems to meet specific groups' needs, such as agricultural extension. The document then contrasts formal and non-formal education, noting that non-formal education occurs outside institutions, caters to heterogeneous learners, and focuses on practical situations rather than theory. It also lists six key elements of non-formal education including a focus on learning over teaching and generating curriculum based on learners' needs and resources.
Policy and Educational Planning.Protecting Instructional Timesyaabdulrahman
(1) The document discusses Malaysia's policy to ensure teachers spend instructional time in the classroom to maximize student learning. (2) It outlines various reports and forms schools must submit monthly and bimonthly to document how instructional time is used and protected. (3) Effective implementation of this policy requires coordination between school leaders and teachers to minimize disruptions to classroom time.
Rangkuman rencana pelajaran tahunan mata pelajaran Kemahiran Hidup untuk tahun empat adalah sebagai berikut: rencana pelajaran ini membahas unit-unit pelajaran seperti keselamatan bengkel, kreativitas, reka cipta, elektrik, penanaman tanaman hiasan, dan kewirausahaan yang akan dicapai selama setahun pelajaran. Unit-unit pelajaran ini meliputi hasil pembelajaran pada berbagai tingkatan kes
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. What is fermentation?
• Pasteur’s definition: “life without air”,
anaerobe red ox reactions in organisms.
• New definition: a form of metabolism in which
the end products could be further oxidized .
• example: a yeast cell obtains 2 molecules of
ATP per molecule of glucose when it ferments
it to ethanol.
COS, chintamani Dr. Lakshmipathi R N Dept of microbiology