This document discusses greenhouse gas (GHG) emission factors for renewable fuels in the transport sector. It begins by explaining why emission factors are important for evaluating the GHG reduction potential of biofuels, power-to-X fuels, and electric mobility. Default emission factors are provided from various databases for conventional biofuels, advanced biofuels, power-to-X fuels produced from renewable electricity, and electric vehicles. Power-to-X fuels and electric vehicles have the highest estimated GHG reduction potentials compared to conventional biofuel and fossil fuel comparators. However, power-to-X fuels require sufficient renewable electricity availability and accounting of CO2 sources. The document concludes that while biofuels still have optimization potential,

1. Horst Fehrenbach
14. Fachkongress für erneuerbare Mobilität Kraftstoffe der Zukunft 2017
23.-24.01.2017 im CityCube Berlin
GHG emission factors for renewable energy in
the transport sector and reduction potential:
Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Biomethane, Elektromobility, Power-to-X

2. Horst Fehrenbach2 24.1.2017
Overview
1. Why emission factors?
2. Basics regarding calculation and data bases
3. How to derive emission factors
4. Emission factors for
• Biofuels
• Power-to-X
• E-Mobility.
5. conclusion

3. Horst Fehrenbach3 24.1.2017
Why emission factors?
• GHG reduction obligation accoring to the
RED (2009/28/EG) und FQD (2009/30/EG) für Biokraftstoffe
 “Recast”: COM(2016) 767
 concerning economic operators
• Basis for the compilation of GHG balances e.g. for natioanle emission
reporting
• Kyoto Protocol (National Inventory Report)
• Report according to RL 2009/28/EGC article 22 ( deleted by Recat)
• Basis for GHG balances or carbon footprints for companies/producers
Goal: Optimizing processes and systems.

4. Horst Fehrenbach4 24.1.2017
Life Cycle Assessments, Well-to Wheel-Studies, GHG balances
for biofuels have been produced since more than
20 years.
Actually there are lots of data bases
Basics regarding calculation and data bases

5. Horst Fehrenbach5 24.1.2017
Basics regarding calculation and data bases
● The one and only emission factor for biofuel etc.
● Ranges result from „natural“ diversity and complexity of
settings, circumstances and presumptions, e.g.
– Particularly conservativity of default values
– Different methodical approaches
– Different background data
– Temporal and spatial conditions.
● Efforts to gain harmonization
(e.g. BioGrace for conventional biofuels)

6. Horst Fehrenbach6 24.1.2017
How to derive emission factors
System boundary (e.g. conventional biofuel):
Nutzungsphase/use phase:
Vorkette/upstream:
direkte
Emissionen
Industrielle
Emissionen
in anderen
Sektoren
Feldemissionen
Herstellung der Anlagen/Infrastruktur
Nutzungs-
emissionen
Agrarrohstoff
Verarbeitung
Nutzung
Vorprodukte
Energie
Energie
Chemikalien
Transport
TransportKraftstoff
Kraftstoff

7. Horst Fehrenbach7 24.1.2017
How to derive emission factors
System boundary according to the RED:
Nutzungsphase:
Vorkette/upstream:
direkte
Emissionen
Industrielle
Emissionen
in anderen
Sektoren
Herstellung der Anlagen/Infrastruktur
für biogene und
EE-Kraftstoff = 0
Agrarrohstoff
Verarbeitung
Nutzung
Vorprodukte
Energie
Energie
Chemikalien
Transport
TransportKraftstoff
Kraftstoff
Feldemissionen

8. Horst Fehrenbach8 24.1.2017
Emission factors
Quelle: ifeu BioEm-Bericht
Overview
● conventional biofuels (from crops, „First Generation“)
● Advanced biofuels („2nd Gen“ etc.)
● Electricity-based fuels
(Power-to-X, „renewable fuels from non-biogenic origin“)
● E-Mobility

9. Horst Fehrenbach9 24.1.2017
Emission factors
Quelle: ifeu BioEm-Bericht
„conventional“
biofuels
50% reduction
vs. comparator
94 g CO2e/MJ

10. Horst Fehrenbach10 24.1.2017
Emission factors
„conventional“ biofuels
Quelle: ifeu BioEm-Bericht
44,0
31,0
28,1
45,5
42,0
40,8
16,0
38,4
9,4
30,0
13,5
typ. Werte
RED recast
BLE 2016
Keine CH4 red.
50% reduction
vs. comparator
94 g CO2e/MJ

11. Horst Fehrenbach12 24.1.2017
Emission factors
„advanced“ biofuels
Quelle: ifeu BioEm-Bericht
typ. values
RED recast
13,7
13,5
13,5
20,0
13,7
20,7
60% reduction
vs. comparator
94 g CO2e/MJ

12. Horst Fehrenbach13 24.1.2017
Bilanzraum bei Kopplung (z.B. über CCR) nicht trivial abzugrenzen
Emission factors
PtX
Quelle: ifeu

13. Horst Fehrenbach14 24.1.2017
Some examples
Emission factors
PtX
fuel System g CO2e/MJ source
methanol Electricity mix EU average,
airborne-CO2
306 ifeu
Hydrogen Wind power, airborne-CO2 10,3 ifeu
Wind power
CO2 from furnace gas
66,5 ifeu
Electricity mix EU average 222 ifeu
Wind power 7,4 ifeu
renewable electricity 9,1 RL(EU) 2015/652
methane (SNG) Sabatier process,
renewable electricity
3,3 RL(EU) 2015/652

14. Horst Fehrenbach15 24.1.2017
Emission factors
PtX
Quelle: ifeu BioEm-Bericht
Defaults:
RL(EU) 2015/652
60% reduction
vs. comparator
94 g CO2e/MJ

15. Horst Fehrenbach16 24.1.2017
Emission factors
E-mobility
Quelle: ifeu UMBReLa, UBA Emissionsbilanz Erneuerbarer Energieträger
Assumption for direct comparison with fuels:
Example Golf: consuming 6 litres Diesel/Petrol per 100 km
corresponds to 53 kWh
Comparable electric vehicle consumes 9 til 25 kWh/100 km
1 MJ fuel corresponds to 2.1 til 5.9 MJ electricity for traction.
Presuming for renewable electricity an emission factor of 30 g
CO2-e./kWh
 1.4 til 4.0 g CO2-e. converted in way it refers to „1 MJ fuel“

16. Horst Fehrenbach17 24.1.2017
Emission factors
E-mobility
Quelle: ifeu BioEm-Bericht
60% reduction
vs. comparator
94 g CO2e/MJ

17. Horst Fehrenbach18 24.1.2017
Overview reduction potentials

18. Horst Fehrenbach19 24.1.2017
Resumee
• The disclosed renewable fuel and traction types show advantages in
general for PtX and E-mobility according to reduction potentials,
• The implementation of the reduction potentials of PtX needs clear
framing:
• Availability of sufficient renewable power
• Air-borne CO2 because adsorption from flue gases leads to allocation between fuel
and previous process
• E-Mobility needs increased extention of renewable power
• Biofuels show likwise potentials for optimizing, but they don’t catch up
with PtX and E-mobility
However

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Thank you for listening
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