Federalist Papers No 27, Restraining Legislative Authority For The Common Defense (2) Liberty Education Series on Gloucester, Virginia Links and News, GVLN website. Visit us.
This document discusses the origins of George Washington's "Rules of Civility" from his youth. It traces the rules back to a French Jesuit manual from 1595 called "Les Maximes de la Gentillesse et de l'Honnestetรฉ en la Conversation entre les Hommes." Washington likely learned the rules while attending school in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1745, where the school and clergy were French. 92 of Washington's 110 rules were found verbatim in the French manual. The remaining 18 rules came from an early English translation of the manual from 1640. The document provides historical context about the manual and its various editions to establish it as the source for Washington's rules.
Historical Secret Beer Recipes from London, EnglandChuck Thompson
ย
This document is an excerpt from an 18th century text titled "The London and Country Brewer" which provides instructions and guidance on brewing beer. It discusses the ideal soils and manures for growing barley, the key ingredient in brewing. Specifically, it notes that lighter soils like loams, gravels and chalks produce higher quality barley than heavier clay soils. It also emphasizes the importance of rotating crops and allowing fields to lay fallow to replenish nutrients in the soil. The excerpt focuses on selecting the right growing conditions and farming practices to produce high quality barley for brewing.
Early American history and the importance of Tobacco to the colony of Virginia as well as England. Covers history of Jamestown, Yorktown, Charles City, Gloucester, Lancaster and other areas. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for more incredible content.
A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. Part of our new Christmas series of ebooks. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Merry Christmas. Visit us.
Micaela Goree has earned a Certificate of Achievement for completing the requirements and demonstrating proficiency in L'Acoustics Soundvision as of October 29, 2014. The certificate is numbered S481Owpm82 and certifies her achievement in this area.
This document discusses the origins of George Washington's "Rules of Civility" from his youth. It traces the rules back to a French Jesuit manual from 1595 called "Les Maximes de la Gentillesse et de l'Honnestetรฉ en la Conversation entre les Hommes." Washington likely learned the rules while attending school in Fredericksburg, Virginia in 1745, where the school and clergy were French. 92 of Washington's 110 rules were found verbatim in the French manual. The remaining 18 rules came from an early English translation of the manual from 1640. The document provides historical context about the manual and its various editions to establish it as the source for Washington's rules.
Historical Secret Beer Recipes from London, EnglandChuck Thompson
ย
This document is an excerpt from an 18th century text titled "The London and Country Brewer" which provides instructions and guidance on brewing beer. It discusses the ideal soils and manures for growing barley, the key ingredient in brewing. Specifically, it notes that lighter soils like loams, gravels and chalks produce higher quality barley than heavier clay soils. It also emphasizes the importance of rotating crops and allowing fields to lay fallow to replenish nutrients in the soil. The excerpt focuses on selecting the right growing conditions and farming practices to produce high quality barley for brewing.
Early American history and the importance of Tobacco to the colony of Virginia as well as England. Covers history of Jamestown, Yorktown, Charles City, Gloucester, Lancaster and other areas. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for more incredible content.
A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. Part of our new Christmas series of ebooks. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Merry Christmas. Visit us.
Micaela Goree has earned a Certificate of Achievement for completing the requirements and demonstrating proficiency in L'Acoustics Soundvision as of October 29, 2014. The certificate is numbered S481Owpm82 and certifies her achievement in this area.
El documento describe cรณmo cientรญficos del Cinvestav han desarrollado materiales y recubrimientos para proteger componentes metรกlicos como los de las aeronaves. Estos recubrimientos ultradelgados de materiales nanoestructurados protegen piezas metรกlicas de la corrosiรณn a altas temperaturas. Actualmente se aplican en turbinas para aumentar su vida รบtil.
Una red informรกtica conecta dispositivos a travรฉs de un medio para compartir informaciรณn y recursos. Existen diferentes tipos de redes segรบn su dimensiรณn como LAN, MAN y WAN, y segรบn su funcionalidad como redes igualitarias o cliente-servidor. Los elementos clave de una red local incluyen tarjetas de red, software de red, concentradores, conmutadores y enrutadores. Las redes se pueden conectar mediante cable o de forma inalรกmbrica usando tecnologรญas como infrarrojos, Wi-Fi o Bluetooth.
Mladen Tomiฤ is a photographer based in Belgrade, Serbia with over 20 years of experience in photography for print media, online publications, and companies. He currently works as a company photographer for MBA Miljkoviฤ/Ratko Mitroviฤ Niskogradnja, where he also handles administrative tasks related to their fleet of 250 vehicles. Prior to his current role, he gained extensive experience as a freelance photographer and photojournalist, shooting for magazines, newspapers, and organizations in Serbia and Kosovo.
The document discusses improving child health in the Sundarbans region of India. It notes that the Future Health Systems research consortium will focus on identifying barriers to delivering and accessing health services for children in Sundarbans. It will seek ways to mitigate these challenges and strengthen the overall health system. Research from 2009 found that about half of children under five in Sundarbans suffer from chronic malnutrition, making them more vulnerable to illness. The consortium will develop health reports and a learning platform to better understand local health needs and services to improve the system.
Avtron Technologies LLC. A US based company manufacturing Video Surveillance Systems. Avtron Offer the best Dome camera for you..This Dome camera providing full hd recording, support super wide dynamic range and etc.
El documento describe las contribuciones de varios cientรญficos e ingenieros clave en el desarrollo de la ingenierรญa. William Oughtred creรณ la regla de cรกlculo en 1622. Renรฉ Descartes y Gottfried Leibniz descubrieron de forma independiente el cรกlculo diferencial. Isaac Newton luego descubriรณ el cรกlculo integral y describiรณ la relaciรณn entre los cรกlculos diferencial e integral. Robert Boyle estudiรณ la elasticidad del aire y descubriรณ la ley de los gases ideales. Richard Trevithick fue el primero en hacer funcionar una locomotora
Micaela Goree has completed a course in Studer Vista CertificationโBroadcast Applications on April 7, 2015 as evidenced by this Certificate of Achievement. The certificate confirms that Micaela Goree successfully finished training in broadcast applications using the Studer Vista system.
This document appears to be a military service record or separation document containing various codes, dates, and other identifying information about an individual's time in the naval service. It includes details like ranks held, dates of service, training and education completed, medals and awards received, pay and benefits information, contact information, and reason for separation from service. The individual served as a Limited Duty Officer in naval aviation and held the rank of Lieutenant, resigned their commission with an honorable discharge after over 14 years of service.
Ruby York is an artist who creates 3D assets and environments for video games. She enjoys digital art but finds the pay in the industry to be low. Notable works include creating assets for The Sims 2 game, which exposed her art to a huge audience. While she once worked for EA, she now teaches 3D modeling software and creates art independently. Her diverse cultural background and passion for digital creativity were evident from the interview.
This document contains an oath for members of the Virginia Minute Men (And Women) militia to uphold the U.S. and Virginia Constitutions against all enemies and abide by the militia's rules. It requests that signed copies of the oath and membership be emailed to the militia's email address as either a PDF or picture. It also provides a template for a membership certificate for a member of the Virginia militia.
Constitutional Law Your Ironclad Guarantee of FreedomChuck Thompson
ย
This document discusses various aspects of constitutional law, including:
- The supremacy of the U.S. Constitution over other laws according to Article VI of the Constitution.
- Protections provided by the Bill of Rights, such as freedom of speech and protection from unreasonable searches.
- The principle that unconstitutional statutes are void and unenforceable from the date of enactment based on the 1803 Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court decision.
- Citations from American Jurisprudence discussing the interpretation and application of the Constitution, including the principle that citizens are not bound to obey unconstitutional laws.
This document contains an index to laws and regulations for the government of the United States Army in 1815. It lists articles of war, acts of Congress, and general regulations on topics such as courts martial, desertion, pay, and organization of infantry, artillery, and other units. The index provides page references to the full text of these laws and regulations contained in the printed publication from which this document was drawn.
This document provides a table of contents for a book titled "The American Judiciary" by Simeon E. Baldwin. The table of contents lists 24 chapters divided into two parts. Part I discusses the nature and scope of judicial power in the United States, including the separation of judicial power from other branches of government and the force of precedents. Part II addresses the organization of state and federal courts and relations between different court systems. It also covers topics like trial procedures, appellate courts, and the appointment of judges.
This document is a decision and order from a United States District Court regarding the subversion of common law by rules. It argues that in 1938, the Supreme Court enacted rules merging equity and common law claims into "civil actions", claiming common law rules caused injustice. However, the document asserts this was an act of treason, as rules cannot overturn the natural law embodied in common law. It maintains that judges are bound only by the Constitution and natural law, and that "civil law" enacted by Congress and rules created by courts improperly restrict rights endowed by our Creator. The document concludes that rules are not law and cannot change the fact that courts are bound by common law principles of equity and maxims.
Why climate change science does not matterChuck Thompson
ย
The document argues that climate change science violates evolutionary science in two key ways. First, it fails to consider humanity's ability to adapt to environmental changes or go extinct and be replaced by something greater. Second, it ignores that evolution occurred through rapid progression followed by slower adaptation, so humanity could rapidly adapt to climate impacts. The document also notes that climate scientists and evolutionary scientists have not adequately considered how their disciplines intersect. It concludes that climate change may be part of natural evolutionary processes, so there is no need to worry about its impacts on humanity.
Default brief filed in court on February 19th, 2019. This legal brief calls for the arrest and conviction of Circuit Court Judge Jeffery W Shaw for a multitude of counts of fraud. Copy shows court stamps.
Book digitized by Google. Understanding exactly what the Federal Government of the United States has a right to tax by looking at a history of taxation. This book will open your eyes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
El documento describe cรณmo cientรญficos del Cinvestav han desarrollado materiales y recubrimientos para proteger componentes metรกlicos como los de las aeronaves. Estos recubrimientos ultradelgados de materiales nanoestructurados protegen piezas metรกlicas de la corrosiรณn a altas temperaturas. Actualmente se aplican en turbinas para aumentar su vida รบtil.
Una red informรกtica conecta dispositivos a travรฉs de un medio para compartir informaciรณn y recursos. Existen diferentes tipos de redes segรบn su dimensiรณn como LAN, MAN y WAN, y segรบn su funcionalidad como redes igualitarias o cliente-servidor. Los elementos clave de una red local incluyen tarjetas de red, software de red, concentradores, conmutadores y enrutadores. Las redes se pueden conectar mediante cable o de forma inalรกmbrica usando tecnologรญas como infrarrojos, Wi-Fi o Bluetooth.
Mladen Tomiฤ is a photographer based in Belgrade, Serbia with over 20 years of experience in photography for print media, online publications, and companies. He currently works as a company photographer for MBA Miljkoviฤ/Ratko Mitroviฤ Niskogradnja, where he also handles administrative tasks related to their fleet of 250 vehicles. Prior to his current role, he gained extensive experience as a freelance photographer and photojournalist, shooting for magazines, newspapers, and organizations in Serbia and Kosovo.
The document discusses improving child health in the Sundarbans region of India. It notes that the Future Health Systems research consortium will focus on identifying barriers to delivering and accessing health services for children in Sundarbans. It will seek ways to mitigate these challenges and strengthen the overall health system. Research from 2009 found that about half of children under five in Sundarbans suffer from chronic malnutrition, making them more vulnerable to illness. The consortium will develop health reports and a learning platform to better understand local health needs and services to improve the system.
Avtron Technologies LLC. A US based company manufacturing Video Surveillance Systems. Avtron Offer the best Dome camera for you..This Dome camera providing full hd recording, support super wide dynamic range and etc.
El documento describe las contribuciones de varios cientรญficos e ingenieros clave en el desarrollo de la ingenierรญa. William Oughtred creรณ la regla de cรกlculo en 1622. Renรฉ Descartes y Gottfried Leibniz descubrieron de forma independiente el cรกlculo diferencial. Isaac Newton luego descubriรณ el cรกlculo integral y describiรณ la relaciรณn entre los cรกlculos diferencial e integral. Robert Boyle estudiรณ la elasticidad del aire y descubriรณ la ley de los gases ideales. Richard Trevithick fue el primero en hacer funcionar una locomotora
Micaela Goree has completed a course in Studer Vista CertificationโBroadcast Applications on April 7, 2015 as evidenced by this Certificate of Achievement. The certificate confirms that Micaela Goree successfully finished training in broadcast applications using the Studer Vista system.
This document appears to be a military service record or separation document containing various codes, dates, and other identifying information about an individual's time in the naval service. It includes details like ranks held, dates of service, training and education completed, medals and awards received, pay and benefits information, contact information, and reason for separation from service. The individual served as a Limited Duty Officer in naval aviation and held the rank of Lieutenant, resigned their commission with an honorable discharge after over 14 years of service.
Ruby York is an artist who creates 3D assets and environments for video games. She enjoys digital art but finds the pay in the industry to be low. Notable works include creating assets for The Sims 2 game, which exposed her art to a huge audience. While she once worked for EA, she now teaches 3D modeling software and creates art independently. Her diverse cultural background and passion for digital creativity were evident from the interview.
This document contains an oath for members of the Virginia Minute Men (And Women) militia to uphold the U.S. and Virginia Constitutions against all enemies and abide by the militia's rules. It requests that signed copies of the oath and membership be emailed to the militia's email address as either a PDF or picture. It also provides a template for a membership certificate for a member of the Virginia militia.
Constitutional Law Your Ironclad Guarantee of FreedomChuck Thompson
ย
This document discusses various aspects of constitutional law, including:
- The supremacy of the U.S. Constitution over other laws according to Article VI of the Constitution.
- Protections provided by the Bill of Rights, such as freedom of speech and protection from unreasonable searches.
- The principle that unconstitutional statutes are void and unenforceable from the date of enactment based on the 1803 Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court decision.
- Citations from American Jurisprudence discussing the interpretation and application of the Constitution, including the principle that citizens are not bound to obey unconstitutional laws.
This document contains an index to laws and regulations for the government of the United States Army in 1815. It lists articles of war, acts of Congress, and general regulations on topics such as courts martial, desertion, pay, and organization of infantry, artillery, and other units. The index provides page references to the full text of these laws and regulations contained in the printed publication from which this document was drawn.
This document provides a table of contents for a book titled "The American Judiciary" by Simeon E. Baldwin. The table of contents lists 24 chapters divided into two parts. Part I discusses the nature and scope of judicial power in the United States, including the separation of judicial power from other branches of government and the force of precedents. Part II addresses the organization of state and federal courts and relations between different court systems. It also covers topics like trial procedures, appellate courts, and the appointment of judges.
This document is a decision and order from a United States District Court regarding the subversion of common law by rules. It argues that in 1938, the Supreme Court enacted rules merging equity and common law claims into "civil actions", claiming common law rules caused injustice. However, the document asserts this was an act of treason, as rules cannot overturn the natural law embodied in common law. It maintains that judges are bound only by the Constitution and natural law, and that "civil law" enacted by Congress and rules created by courts improperly restrict rights endowed by our Creator. The document concludes that rules are not law and cannot change the fact that courts are bound by common law principles of equity and maxims.
Why climate change science does not matterChuck Thompson
ย
The document argues that climate change science violates evolutionary science in two key ways. First, it fails to consider humanity's ability to adapt to environmental changes or go extinct and be replaced by something greater. Second, it ignores that evolution occurred through rapid progression followed by slower adaptation, so humanity could rapidly adapt to climate impacts. The document also notes that climate scientists and evolutionary scientists have not adequately considered how their disciplines intersect. It concludes that climate change may be part of natural evolutionary processes, so there is no need to worry about its impacts on humanity.
Default brief filed in court on February 19th, 2019. This legal brief calls for the arrest and conviction of Circuit Court Judge Jeffery W Shaw for a multitude of counts of fraud. Copy shows court stamps.
Book digitized by Google. Understanding exactly what the Federal Government of the United States has a right to tax by looking at a history of taxation. This book will open your eyes.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of exercise on memory and thinking abilities in older adults. The study found that regular exercise can help reduce the decline in thinking abilities that often occurs with age. Older adults who exercised regularly performed better on cognitive tests and brain scans showed they had greater activity in important areas for memory and learning compared to less active peers.
Letter of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Horatio NelsonChuck Thompson
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This document discusses the development of a new type of lightweight material called aerographite. Aerographite is an ultra-light carbon nanotube-based foam that is 100 times less dense than balsa wood. It was created by growing a highly porous network of carbon nanotubes on a template substrate then removing the template, leaving behind a nanotube structure that is over 99% air. Aerographite is one of the world's lightest solid materials and has potential applications in aircraft, batteries and insulation due to its unique combination of lightness, strength, and thermal properties.
Homeland Security Building RecommendationsChuck Thompson
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http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com This is the building security recommendations for schools from Homeland Security. 317 pages up to date and complete. Is your school safe?
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com The Battle of Gettysburg. Civil war history for those who would like to learn more about the past of the United States. Free downloads to Slideshare members. Enjoy.
The document discusses the results of a study on the effects of a new drug on memory and cognitive function in older adults. The double-blind study involved giving either the new drug or a placebo to 100 volunteers aged 65-80 over a 6 month period. Testing showed those receiving the drug experienced statistically significant improvements in short-term memory retention and processing speed compared to the placebo group.
Les Miserables, five volumes, complete by victor hugoChuck Thompson
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This document provides a table of contents for Victor Hugo's novel Les Misรฉrables. It lists the volumes, books, and chapters that make up the work. The novel is divided into 5 volumes, with each volume containing multiple books divided into chapters. Some key details include that Volume I is titled "Fantine" and contains 14 chapters across 2 books. Volume II is titled "Cosette" and includes 19 chapters across 7 books related to the Battle of Waterloo.
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com The art of making whiskey is a very old book from 1819 and shows an excellent history on the craft of distilling spirits also known back then as living waters. Great information on how whiskey as well as gin used to be made. Free downloads.
This document is the preface to "The Practical Distiller" written by Samuel McHarry in 1809. It details McHarry's journey learning the distilling process from ignorance to developing a systematic approach through years of experimentation. He aims to improve the quality and reputation of domestic spirits by providing instructions to distill whiskey, gin, brandy and other spirits from American-grown products like rye, corn, apples and potatoes that are of equal or better quality than imported versions. McHarry hopes his published work will help distillers produce profitable and wholesome spirits while retaining wealth within the country.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
ย
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
ย
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
ย
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
ย
(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง 2)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐๐ฎ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐๐ฅ๐ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ง๐๐ญ:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
ย
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
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These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
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In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Federalist Papers No 27, Restraining Legislative Authority For The Common Defense (2)
1. Gloucester, Virginia Crier
FEDERALIST PAPERS No. 27. The Same Subject Continued
(The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to
the Common Defense Considered)
Special Edition Brought To You By; TTC Media Properties
Digital Publishing; November, 2013
http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Visit us
Liberty Education Series
2. From the New York Packet. Tuesday, December 25, 1787.
HAMILTON
To the People of the State of New York:
IT HAS been urged, in different shapes, that a Constitution of the kind proposed by the
convention cannot operate without the aid of a military force to execute its laws. This,
however, like most other things that have been alleged on that side, rests on mere
general assertion, unsupported by any precise or intelligible designation of the reasons
upon which it is founded. As far as I have been able to divine the latent meaning of the
objectors, it seems to originate in a presupposition that the people will be disinclined
to the exercise of federal authority in any matter of an internal nature. Waiving any
exception that might be taken to the inaccuracy or inexplicitness of the distinction
between internal and external, let us inquire what ground there is to presuppose that
disinclination in the people. Unless we presume at the same time that the powers of the
general government will be worse administered than those of the State government,
there seems to be no room for the presumption of ill-will, disaffection, or opposition in
the people. I believe it may be laid down as a general rule that their confidence in and
obedience to a government will commonly be proportioned to the goodness or badness
of its administration. It must be admitted that there are exceptions to this rule; but
these exceptions depend so entirely on accidental causes, that they cannot be
considered as having any relation to the intrinsic merits or demerits of a constitution.
These can only be judged of by general principles and maxims.
Various reasons have been suggested, in the course of these papers, to induce a
probability that the general government will be better administered than the particular
governments; the principal of which reasons are that the extension of the spheres of
election will present a greater option, or latitude of choice, to the people; that through
the medium of the State legislatures which are select bodies of men, and which are to
appoint the members of the national Senate there is reason to expect that this branch
will generally be composed with peculiar care and judgment; that these circumstances
promise greater knowledge and more extensive information in the national councils,
and that they will be less apt to be tainted by the spirit of faction, and more out of the
reach of those occasional ill-humors, or temporary prejudices and propensities, which,
in smaller societies, frequently contaminate the public councils, beget injustice and
oppression of a part of the community, and engender schemes which, though they
gratify a momentary inclination or desire, terminate in general distress, dissatisfaction,
and disgust. Several additional reasons of considerable force, to fortify that
probability, will occur when we come to survey, with a more critical eye, the interior
structure of the edifice which we are invited to erect. It will be sufficient here to
remark, that until satisfactory reasons can be assigned to justify an opinion, that the
federal government is likely to be administered in such a manner as to render it odious
or contemptible to the people, there can be no reasonable foundation for the
supposition that the laws of the Union will meet with any greater obstruction from
3. them, or will stand in need of any other methods to enforce their execution, than the
laws of the particular members.
The hope of impunity is a strong incitement to sedition; the dread of punishment, a
proportionably strong discouragement to it. Will not the government of the Union,
which, if possessed of a due degree of power, can call to its aid the collective
resources of the whole Confederacy, be more likely to repress the FORMER sentiment
and to inspire the LATTER, than that of a single State, which can only command the
resources within itself? A turbulent faction in a State may easily suppose itself able to
contend with the friends to the government in that State; but it can hardly be so
infatuated as to imagine itself a match for the combined efforts of the Union. If this
reflection be just, there is less danger of resistance from irregular combinations of
individuals to the authority of the Confederacy than to that of a single member.
I will, in this place, hazard an observation, which will not be the less just because to
some it may appear new; which is, that the more the operations of the national
authority are intermingled in the ordinary exercise of government, the more the
citizens are accustomed to meet with it in the common occurrences of their political
life, the more it is familiarized to their sight and to their feelings, the further it enters
into those objects which touch the most sensible chords and put in motion the most
active springs of the human heart, the greater will be the probability that it will
conciliate the respect and attachment of the community. Man is very much a creature
of habit. A thing that rarely strikes his senses will generally have but little influence
upon his mind. A government continually at a distance and out of sight can hardly be
expected to interest the sensations of the people. The inference is, that the authority of
the Union, and the affections of the citizens towards it, will be strengthened, rather
than weakened, by its extension to what are called matters of internal concern; and
will have less occasion to recur to force, in proportion to the familiarity and
comprehensiveness of its agency. The more it circulates through those channels and
currents in which the passions of mankind naturally flow, the less will it require the aid
of the violent and perilous expedients of compulsion.
One thing, at all events, must be evident, that a government like the one proposed
would bid much fairer to avoid the necessity of using force, than that species of league
contend for by most of its opponents; the authority of which should only operate upon
the States in their political or collective capacities. It has been shown that in such a
Confederacy there can be no sanction for the laws but force; that frequent
delinquencies in the members are the natural offspring of the very frame of the
government; and that as often as these happen, they can only be redressed, if at all, by
war and violence.
The plan reported by the convention, by extending the authority of the federal head to
the individual citizens of the several States, will enable the government to employ the
ordinary magistracy of each, in the execution of its laws. It is easy to perceive that this
will tend to destroy, in the common apprehension, all distinction between the sources
4. from which they might proceed; and will give the federal government the same
advantage for securing a due obedience to its authority which is enjoyed by the
government of each State, in addition to the influence on public opinion which will
result from the important consideration of its having power to call to its assistance and
support the resources of the whole Union. It merits particular attention in this place,
that the laws of the Confederacy, as to the ENUMERATED and LEGITIMATE objects
of its jurisdiction, will become the SUPREME LAW of the land; to the observance of
which all officers, legislative, executive, and judicial, in each State, will be bound by
the sanctity of an oath. Thus the legislatures, courts, and magistrates, of the respective
members, will be incorporated into the operations of the national government AS FAR
AS ITS JUST AND CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY EXTENDS; and will be
rendered auxiliary to the enforcement of its laws.(1) Any man who will pursue, by his
own reflections, the consequences of this situation, will perceive that there is good
ground to calculate upon a regular and peaceable execution of the laws of the Union, if
its powers are administered with a common share of prudence. If we will arbitrarily
suppose the contrary, we may deduce any inferences we please from the supposition;
for it is certainly possible, by an injudicious exercise of the authorities of the best
government that ever was, or ever can be instituted, to provoke and precipitate the
people into the wildest excesses. But though the adversaries of the proposed
Constitution should presume that the national rulers would be insensible to the motives
of public good, or to the obligations of duty, I would still ask them how the interests of
ambition, or the views of encroachment, can be promoted by such a conduct?
PUBLIUS
1. The sophistry which has been employed to show that this will tend to the
destruction of the State governments, will, in its will, in its proper place, be fully
detected.