About fetal distress in pregnancy
Child cause fetal distress due to hypoxia there are maternal factors like cardiovascular hypothyroidisim acute bleeding . Fetal factors like cardiovascular dysfunction, deformity,, umbilical cord and placenta factors
About fetal distress in pregnancy
Child cause fetal distress due to hypoxia there are maternal factors like cardiovascular hypothyroidisim acute bleeding . Fetal factors like cardiovascular dysfunction, deformity,, umbilical cord and placenta factors
Placental abruption is premature separation of placenta from the uterus/ in other words separates before childbirth.
It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and dangerously low blood pressure
Monitoring the condition of the fetus during the first stage of labour.pdfChantal Settley
Monitor the condition of the fetus during labour.
Record the findings on the partogram.
Understand the significance of the findings.
Understand the causes and signs of fetal distress.
Interpret the significance of different fetal heart rate patterns and meconium-stained liquor.
Manage any abnormalities which are detected.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Placental abruption is premature separation of placenta from the uterus/ in other words separates before childbirth.
It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and dangerously low blood pressure
Monitoring the condition of the fetus during the first stage of labour.pdfChantal Settley
Monitor the condition of the fetus during labour.
Record the findings on the partogram.
Understand the significance of the findings.
Understand the causes and signs of fetal distress.
Interpret the significance of different fetal heart rate patterns and meconium-stained liquor.
Manage any abnormalities which are detected.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Fetal Distress
• The term fetal distress is commonly used to
describe fetal hypoxia during ante partum or
intrapartum period. Which can result in fetal
damage or death if it is not reversed or the
fetus is not promptly delivered.
3. Signs
Fetal distress can be detected via :-
Abnormal fetal heart ( fetal heart <100/min or >180
beat/ min )
Thick meconium stained amniotic fluid
Abnormal cardiotocography ( Non reassuring fetal
status)
-Fetal tachycardia or bradycardia especially during & after
contraction
-Decreased beat-beat variability in base line fetal heart
- Late deceleration
4. Biochemical sign- Fetal scalp blood PH <7.2
or showing elevated lactate
level
Metabolic acidosis is more reliable predictor
of Fetal Distress but is not always available
5. Cardio-Toco-Graphy (CTG)
• Electronic Fetal Heart rate monitoring in
intra-partum period.
• With stress (contractions, during labour)
• Two probes are used one for FHR &
another at fundus for uterine contractility.
6. CTG
• One of these sensor records
Uterine Contraction
• The other sensor
(ultrasound sensor)
positioned over fetal heart
beat, uses doppler ultrsound
to detect fetal heart motion .
7. CTG
• The typical fetal monitor
strip consists of two rows
of graphs;
– Upper graph charting the
fetal heart rate (in beats
per minute) and
– Lower graph charting the
mother's contractions (in
mm of Hg).
8. CTG
• Strip moves at the
definitive rate of 2-3cm /
minute .
• Each small horizontal
square of graph
represents the span of
10 – 15 seconds
(depending upon the
strip progress rate).
. Each small vetical square
is 5 - 10 beats
• Test usually lasts for 20
to 40 minutes.
9.
10. CTG cont.
1. Base line fetal heart rate. (Brady /
Tachycardia)
2. Baseline variability.
3. Acceleration
4. deceleration
• In relation to fetal movement - NST
• uterine contraction - CTG
11. When is a NST Performed
• NST are generally performed after 28
weeks of gestational age.
• Before 28 weeks, the fetus is not develop
enough to respond to the test protocol.
• Before 28 weeks of gestational age 50%
of NST are non-reactive in neurologically
healthy fetus.
• At 28-32 weeks gestation NST is non-
reactive in 15% cases of healthy fetus
12. Interpretation
• Normal / Reassuring -
• Suspicious -one non reassuring category
and reminder are reassuring.
• Pathological / Non reassuring -2 or
more non-reassuring categories or one or
more abnormal categories.
13. Baseline FHR
• Baseline FHR is average fetal heart rate
• noted while the uterus and fetus is at rest
• over a period of two minutes.
• Normal baseline fetal heart rate ranges
between 120 - 160 bpm. FIGO
recommends 110 – 150bpm.
14. Baseline variability
• Fluctuations in baseline fetal heart rate.
• Shows an irregular line rather than a
smooth line on monitor strip.
• Normally it ranges from 5 – 20bpm.
• Pathological if;
– Absent,
– marked
15. Accelerations : are increase in FHR by 15bpm or
more lasting for 15 secs. It denotes healthy fetus
16. • At 32weeks or below acceleration of at
least 10 beats lasting for 10 seconds
should be taken normal instead of 15
beats or more lasting for 15 seconds after
32 weeks of gestational age
17. Deceleration
• Fall / decrease of fetal heart rate
of > 15 bpm from the baseline
for > 15 second duration.
• Types: three basic types
– Early
– Late
– Variable
18. Early deceleration
• FHR begins to slow down at
the beginning of uterine
contraction.
• Nadir corresponds to peak
of contraction & FHR
returns to normal before the
contraction passes off.
• Usually not lower than 30-
40 BPM from baseline.
• Occurs due to head
compression in active
labour.
• No fetal compromise so no
intervention is necessary
19. Late deceleration
• FHR begins to slow down
after the onset of
contraction,
• nidar of the deceleration
occurs after the apex of the
contraction & FHR returns to
normal after contraction
passes off, but before next
contraction
• Usually not lower than 30-40
BPM from baseline
• Suggestive of utero-
placental insufficiency &
fetal hypoxia
20. Variable deceleration
• Decreased fetal heart rate.
• Sharp/abrupt in fall & rise. (V U & W pattern)
• sometimes prolonged more than 2minutes.
• No uniform appearance
• May or may not be related to contractions.
22. 2. Placental – Abruptio placentae
- Placental Insufficiency due to any cause
3. Cord - Cord Prolapse
- Cord entaglement tightly around neck
4. Uterus - Uterine hyperstimulation
- Uterine rupture or Scar dehiscence
5. Fetal - Excessive moulding
- Fetal congenital heart lesions
23. Management of fetal distress
• Attempts to improve the fetal status in utero
• Removal of the fetus from its unfavorable
environment.
24. Attempts to improve the fetal status in utero
* Correction of maternal distress if present
* Encourage the patient to lie on her side to
remove supine hypotension this increases
cardiac output & utero-placental perfusion.
* Correction of dehydration & acidosis by i.v
fluid crystalloid (RL).
* Rapid blood transfusion in APH
* Rapid i.v fluid (crystalloid) Spinal anaesthesia
hypotension
25. *Administration of oxygen to mother (6-8 L/min)
*Decrease uterine activity (stop oxytocin drip if used)
* Tocolytic to be given when uterus is hypertonus
* Amnioinfusion – It is a process to increase intra-
uterine fluid volume by introducing
500ml of normal saline in the uterus
in case of thick meconium and
oligohydrmnios
- It dilutes or washout meconium & prevents mecomium
aspiration and cord compression
26. Removal of the fetus from its unfavorable environment
• If the fetal heart rate pattern remains non
reassuring
• If facilities are available ideal is to perform fetal
scalp blood sample PH → acidosis → immediate
delivery.
• The method of delivery will depend on cervical
dilation, the position and presentation of the fetus
• If fetal distress in 2nd stage of labor and
prerequisites of forceps or vacuum are fulfill then
vaginal delivery otherwise C.S.
27. Meconium Stained Liquor (MSAF/MSL)
• Meconium is thick, dark, green, sticky tar like
substance that is passed as the baby’s first
bowel motion after birth.
• At times meconium can pass before the baby
born (in utero ) & causes discoloring the
amniotic fluid. Liquor look like green, yellow or
brownish in color called MSL
28. Composition of meconium
- 70- 80% water
- AF
- Intestinal epithelial cells
- Lanugo etc
Incidence of MSL-About 15-20% of babies are
born with meconium stained
liquor.
- It is rare in premature baby.
29. Causes of MSL
• Theoretically there are three reasons that a
baby passes meconium in utero:-
1.Baby digestive system has reached maturity and
bowel has begun working.
- It is most common reason in post term baby
- 30-40% post term baby have MSAF
30. 2. Cord compression or head compression during
labor→passage of meconium due to same reflex
which causes variable heart rate deceleration.
- This is normal physiological response and can happen
without fetal distress.
3. Fetal distress resulting in hypoxia causes intestinal
ischemia, relaxes the anal sphincter & increases
gastrointestinal peristalsis→passage of meconium.
31. Grading of meconium stain liquor
MSAF can be
-Light
-Moderate
-Heavy or thick
According to that they are divided in three
Grades.
32. Grade 1- Meconium Stain Liquor
It is light meconium staining of amniotic fluid
In this liquor is slight greenish or yellowish
tinge
It is usually not related to fetal distress and
usually not causes meconium aspiration
syndrome (MAS)
33. Grade 2. Meconium Stain Liquor
It is moderate meconium staining of liquor
Liquor look like khaki green or brownish in
color.
It is possible sign of fetal distress but fetal
distress is confirmed if it is associated with
abnormal FHR.
When it is present in early labor can be
more of concern because baby can inhale it
and risk of MAS
34. Grade 3. Meconium Stain Liquor
Heavy or Thick meconium stain liquor.
Liquor look like pea soup, thick green or black in
color.
Thick meconium is a sign of fetal distress.
In this risk of MAS is very high.
35. • Fetal distress can be present without meconium
& meconium can be present without FD,
• Light & moderate meconium stain liquor in
absence of other signs of fetal distress is not a
sign of FD.
• Abnormal FHR alone / or abnormal FHR + MSL
is better predictor of FD.
36. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)
Meconium aspiration syndrome is caused by
aspiration of meconium stained liquor by the fetus
in utero or during first breath.
The meconium may block the small air passage
or produce chemical pneumonitis
37. Diagnosis
Aspiration of meconium from the trachea at birth.
Signs of respiratory distress in neonate.
Chest radiograph shows hyperventilated lung
fields with coarse and patchy infiltrations
( areas of hyperinflation and atelectasis)
D/D early onset or congenital pneumonia
38. Amnioinfusion- in case of oligohydromnios and
thick meconium stain liquor
Immediate suction of the oropharynx and
endotracheal intubation & suction of larynx prior
to first breath of the neonate is ideal.
Liberal oxygen supply
Antibiotic coverage
Management
39. Newer Modlities of treatment
• High Frequency Ventilation (HFV)
• Nitric oxide inhalation
• Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygen (ECMO)
Prognosis of MAS →In severe cases perinatal
mortality up to 50%.