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33. CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................2 1.2 Background For this Book...................................................................................3 1.3 Motivation............................................................................................................4 1.4 Contribution Of this Book ...................................................................................5 1.5 Outline of the Book..............................................................................................6 Chapter2: Fault Tolerance Token Based Atomic Broadcast 2.1 Synchronous System And Asynchronous System ............................................8 2.2 Fault tolerance .................................................................................................9 2.2.1 Failure Models in Distributed Systems.................................................11 2.2.1.1 Fault States........................................................................................12 2.2.2 Agreement in faulty distributed systems..............................................13 2.2.2.1 Two Army Problem ..........................................................................13 2.2.2.2 Byzantine Generals Problem............................................................14 2.3 mutual exclusion algorithms............................................................................15 2.3.1 System Model ......................................................................................18 2.3.2 Requirements of Mutual Exclusion Algorithms ………………... 19 2.3.3 Performance Metrics............................................................................20 2.3.4 Algorithm.............................................................................................22 Chapter 3 :Token Based Mutex 3.1 Token Based Algorithms ................................................................................25 3.1.1 Basic Idea.............................................................................................26 3.1.2 Failure Detector ...................................................................................26 3.2 atomic broadcast algorithm.............................................................................27 3.3 Token Based Atomic Broadcast Algorithm....................................................28 3.4 Responsive Property (RP)...............................................................................29 Chapter 4 Proposed Scheme 4.1 Proposed Model .................................................................................................31 4.1.1. Goal.........................................................................................................31 4.1.2 Terminologies ................................................................................. 31 4.1.3 Proposed Algorithm.................................…………… …………. 32 4.1.4 Implementation Details .......................................................................33 4.2 Simulation result and analysis .........................................................................33 Chapter 5 conclusion and future work...............................................................................40 References

34. 1 | P a g e Chapter1 Introduction

35. 2 | P a g e 1.1 Introduction The requirement for highly reliable and available services has been continuously increasing in many domains for the last decade. Several approaches for designing fault tolerant services exist. The focus of this chapter is on software replication. Replication allows a number of replicas to crash with-out affecting the availability of the service .Systems involving multiple processes are often most easily programmed using critical regions. When a process has to read or update certain shared data structures, it first enters a critical region to achieve mutual exclusion and ensure that no other process will use the shared data structures at the same time. Mutual exclusion (often abbreviated as mutex) algorithms are used in concurrent programming to avoid the simultaneous use of a common resource, such as a global variable, by pieces of computer code called critical sections. A critical section is a piece of code in which a process or thread accesses a common resource. The critical section by itself is not a mechanism or algorithm for mutual exclusion. A program, process, or thread can have the critical section in it without any mechanism or algorithm which implements mutual exclusion. ATOMIC BROADCAST/ TOTAL ORDER BROADCAST ensures that messages broadcast by different processes are delivered to all destination processes in the same order in which they are initiated. Atomic Broadcast enables ORDERING MECHANISM and TOLERATE FAILURE. In asynchronous system with crash failures two most widely used mechanisms to tolerate failure in Atomic Broadcast algorithm are 1) Unreliable Failure Detector 2) Group Membership Function. An Unreliable Failure Detector does not provide consistent information about the failure status of processes. A Group membership service provides consistent membership information to all the members of a group. For example tell a process P that R has crashed, and to process Q that R is alive, at the same time. The overhead of a wrong failure suspicion is high when using a group membership. With group membership service, a wrong suspicion can lead to two costly membership operations: 1) removal of a process followed by 2) The addition of another process. With a failure detector, neither the removal nor the addition of process is needed. Atomic broadcast algorithms based on a failure detector can be used to implement the group membership service.

36. 3 | P a g e 1.2 BACKGROUND FOR THIS BOOK Atomic broadcast (or total order broadcast) is an important abstraction in fault tolerant distributed computing. Atomic broadcast ensures that messages broadcast by different processes are delivered by all destination processes in the same order [1]. Fault tolerant distributed systems are designed to provide reliable and continuous service despite the failure of some of their components. A basic building block of such systems is the failure detectors [3]. Atomic broadcast protocols based on tokens need group membership or an equivalent mechanism. The problem of unavoidable concurrency is greatly reduced byrelying on group communication primitives that provide higher guarantees thanstandard point-to-point communication [4].The behavior of faulty com-ponents is important when solving problems in a distributed system [5]. In Chang and Maxemchuk’s Reliable Broadcast Protocol [10], and its newer variant [11], an ad-hoc reformation mechanism is called whenever a host fails. A failure detector provides some information on which processes have crashed. This information typically given in the form of a list of suspects is not always up to date or correct. A failure detector may take a long time to start suspecting a process that has crashed and it may erroneously suspect a process that has not crashed[3]. Group membership is used explicitly in other atomic broadcast protocols such as Totem [12], the Reliable Multicast Protocol by Whetten et al. [13] ( [10]), and in [14]. These atomic broadcast protocols also have different approaches with respect to message broadcasting and delivery. In [10], [13], the moving sequencer approach is used: any process can broadcast a message at any time. The token holder then orders the messages that have been broadcast. Other protocols, such as Totem [12] or On- Demand [14] on the other hand use the privilege based approach, enabling only the token- holder to broadcast (andsimultaneously order) messages. In [1] only one process is allowed to broadcast its token at a time to all other processes, maintaining total order broadcast. In these algorithms, the token is effectively broadcast to all processes, although the token ownership is passed along the processes on the ring. According to [20] the token is a message, which contains an FCFS queue, namely token queue, in order to store all pending requests. The token stores the number of the last completed session in tokensession . Both approaches can be used in the algorithm presented in this paper. Finally, the different token based atomic broadcast protocols deliver messages in different ways. In [14], the token

37. 4 | P a g e holder issues an “update dissemination message” which effectively contains messages and their global order. A host can deliver a message as soon as it knows that previously ordered messages havebeen delivered. “Agreed delivery” in the Totem protocol (which corresponds to adelivering the protocol presented in this paper) is also done in a similar way. On the other hand, in the Chang-Maxemchuk atomic broadcast protocol [10], a message is only delivered oncef+ 1sites have received the message. Finally, the Train protocol presented in [15] transports the ordered messages in a token that is passed among all processes (and is in this respect related to the token based protocols presented in this paper). Larreaet al. [16] also consider a logical ring of processes, with a different goal however. They use a ring for an efficient implementation of the failure detectors 3W, 3Sand 3Pin a partially synchronous system.Finally, the IEEE 802.4 Standard [2] defines a token-based access control protocol on top of a bus topology network, essentially implementing total order at the MAC layer. 1.3 MOTIVATION: Within only a couple of generations, the so called digital revolution has taken the world by storm: to-day, almost all human beings interact, directly or indirectly, at some point in their life, with a computer system. As the use of computer systems has increased dramatically over the past decades, the needs and expectations associated with these systems have also increased. In the case of critical systems, dependability has always been a major concern, as the price of a system failure is high, in terms of human lives or economical loss. However, even in the case of non-critical systems, one of the crucial properties is availability and accuracy. High availability is achieved in two ways: (1) By increasing the time a system is up (by avoiding that the system ever goes down) or (2) By reducing the recovery time in case it is down. The second approach is difficult or even impossible to apply to critical systems where the slightest interruption of service is unacceptable. In the first approach, several system designs are possible. The first design choice is to avoid system failures (fault avoidance), while the second one is to tolerate and hide failures within the system (fault tolerance).

38. 5 | P a g e The second design is however appealing, as it can be implemented by replication: instead of having a single machine (a replica) providing a service, the system is composed of several replicas running the service. Thus, if one of the replicas fails, the service is still provided by the remaining replicas. 1.4. CONTRIBUTION OF THIS BOOK This book is a contribution to the ongoing research on the different fault tolerant mutual exclusion algorithms. The research done so far is done on the system level, where a number of systems are interconnected to a grid network. The existing system needs a number of computers and a huge backbone of network connection to establish the experimental setup. And the experimental set up may suffer from any king of unwanted failures that may be the failure of node or the communication network in either of the case we have to focus more on the communication network then on the node failure. Here in this paper we focus on the process level failure in the system, which is a prototype of the real life communication system. In this paper I am using the existing feature of the multi-core processor to simulate the behavior of the grid computing environment by considering a small processor group. This paper an extension and modification of the Richard Ekwall [1] atomic broadcast algorithm, which was based on the unreliable failure detector .Here the focus is on the atomic broadcast of the process which will be using the unreliable failure detector and also satisfying the responsive property (RP). The quality of service [3] is also maintained in the course of failure detection process. The failure is considered to be of crash [4] type. We are preparing a fault tolerant system which will definitely respond within a specified time limit, otherwise the checking for the failure or fault in the distributed system will be stopped and the process that does not reacted or obtained the resource will be declared as faulty and further that process will be removed from the Quorum. In this paper the main focus is on the tolerance level of the fault as well as on the atomic broadcast of the token which must be responded by other processes in a specified time interval.

39. 6 | P a g e 1.5 Outline of the BOOK The outline of this book is as follows: Chapter 2 introduces the types of system and a brief idea about the meaning of fault in the distributed system and a brief idea on the mutual exclusion algorithm Chapter 3 discusses the literature review. We present an overview of the existing works: The atomic broadcast algorithms, The token based Mutex. Chapter 4 discusses the Responsive property and the use of responsive property in the fault tolerant system discusses proposed scheme. We present ourapproach of fault tolerant mechanism which is based on the token based approach as well as satisfying the responsive property. It also includes some simple simulation to justify the work done. Chapter 5 finally concludes this work and presents some open problems.

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