This lesson provides an introduction to farm mechanization. The lesson outcomes are to Identify the concept of farm mechanization,
Identify the importance of farm mechanization, Describe the local and world status and need for farm, mechanization, and Recognize the history of farm mechanization in Sri Lanka.
The lesson outcomes are to Identify types of renewable energy sources, Identify the applications of renewable energy sources in agricultural farms, and Identify the production systems of some renewable power sources.
Farm Power sources are introduced. The intended learning outcomes of the lesson are to Identify different farm power sources, Describe the usage of different farm power sources, and Describe the advantages and limitations of farm power sources.
A presentation by Prof M.S Swaminathan (FNA, FNAAS, FRS, UNESCO, Chair in Ecotechnology, MSSRF, Chennai) at the NAAS Silver Jubilee -
25 Years of Achievement in Agricultural Science and Way Forward for 2030, New Delhi, 3 June 2015
The lesson outcomes are to Identify types of renewable energy sources, Identify the applications of renewable energy sources in agricultural farms, and Identify the production systems of some renewable power sources.
Farm Power sources are introduced. The intended learning outcomes of the lesson are to Identify different farm power sources, Describe the usage of different farm power sources, and Describe the advantages and limitations of farm power sources.
A presentation by Prof M.S Swaminathan (FNA, FNAAS, FRS, UNESCO, Chair in Ecotechnology, MSSRF, Chennai) at the NAAS Silver Jubilee -
25 Years of Achievement in Agricultural Science and Way Forward for 2030, New Delhi, 3 June 2015
Inhana background dr. p. das biswas (29.12.14)Ranjan Bera
Dr. Phalguni Das Biswas is the Pioneer in Organic Farming in India in terms of providing a Comprehensive Organic Package of Practice at an Affordable Cost to the Indian Organic Growers
HIGH-THROUGHPUT PHENOTYPING METHODS FOR ECONOMIC TRAITS and DESIGNER PLANT TY...Komal Kute
A growing world population is expected to cause a "perfect storm" of food, feed, and biofuel. Under the climate change scenario, it is a challenge for agricultural scientists to ensure food and nutritional security for an ever-increasing population with limited and rapidly depleting resources. However, researchers are now observing that conventional breeding methods will not be sufficient to meet projected future demands for foods. To overcome these constraints, plant breeding has evolved over the past two decades towards a much closer integration of high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) tools and technologies.
The "phenotyping revolution" targets extremely precise and accurate measurements of very specific traits in large populations in the field. Sorghum breeding is not new to this advancement, which obviously implies significant shifts in the breeding programs. First, it indicates breeders integrate trait assessment with traditional yield and agronomic evaluation, emphasising that breeding programmes are opened up to new or other disciplines. It additionally requires that these new or other disciplines think about and conceptualise their own actions and orientations from the perspective of how they may fit into a breeding methodology. In this instance, the four primary sorghum breeding domains—staying green and transpiration limitation under high vapour pressure deficit (VPD); nodal root angle and depth; grain mineral content (Fe, Zn); and grain and stover quality traits—are tightly correlated with HTP. These ongoing initiatives focus on value of the particular trait and why it is considered by breeders; how it is measured with HTP approaches (method, throughput, cost, simplicity) and finally, how these traits are currently being embedded in the breeding program. Through various research, it became evident there are several other avenues of technology that, although not yet routinely implemented, could bring about a major benefit to the breeding programme’s endeavour to increase the rate of genetic gains. Here, we discuss the use of drone imaging for yield trial quality control and pinpoint plot heterogeneity, the integration of quality analysis into the assessment of agronomic traits in the field, and the use of X-ray spectroscopy to assess grain or crop architecture traits.
Inhana background dr. p. das biswas (29.12.14)Ranjan Bera
Dr. Phalguni Das Biswas is the Pioneer in Organic Farming in India in terms of providing a Comprehensive Organic Package of Practice at an Affordable Cost to the Indian Organic Growers
HIGH-THROUGHPUT PHENOTYPING METHODS FOR ECONOMIC TRAITS and DESIGNER PLANT TY...Komal Kute
A growing world population is expected to cause a "perfect storm" of food, feed, and biofuel. Under the climate change scenario, it is a challenge for agricultural scientists to ensure food and nutritional security for an ever-increasing population with limited and rapidly depleting resources. However, researchers are now observing that conventional breeding methods will not be sufficient to meet projected future demands for foods. To overcome these constraints, plant breeding has evolved over the past two decades towards a much closer integration of high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) tools and technologies.
The "phenotyping revolution" targets extremely precise and accurate measurements of very specific traits in large populations in the field. Sorghum breeding is not new to this advancement, which obviously implies significant shifts in the breeding programs. First, it indicates breeders integrate trait assessment with traditional yield and agronomic evaluation, emphasising that breeding programmes are opened up to new or other disciplines. It additionally requires that these new or other disciplines think about and conceptualise their own actions and orientations from the perspective of how they may fit into a breeding methodology. In this instance, the four primary sorghum breeding domains—staying green and transpiration limitation under high vapour pressure deficit (VPD); nodal root angle and depth; grain mineral content (Fe, Zn); and grain and stover quality traits—are tightly correlated with HTP. These ongoing initiatives focus on value of the particular trait and why it is considered by breeders; how it is measured with HTP approaches (method, throughput, cost, simplicity) and finally, how these traits are currently being embedded in the breeding program. Through various research, it became evident there are several other avenues of technology that, although not yet routinely implemented, could bring about a major benefit to the breeding programme’s endeavour to increase the rate of genetic gains. Here, we discuss the use of drone imaging for yield trial quality control and pinpoint plot heterogeneity, the integration of quality analysis into the assessment of agronomic traits in the field, and the use of X-ray spectroscopy to assess grain or crop architecture traits.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. Introduction to Farm Mechanization
Lesson ILOs:
• Identify the concept of farm mechanization
• Identify the importance of farm mechanization
• Describe the local and world status and need of farm mechanization
• Recognize the history of farm mechanization in Sri Lanka
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
3. Population statistics - Sri Lanka
• 9.87million (1960)
• 21.9 million (2020)
Increased 2.2 times
3
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
4. Total world population
4
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
5. Employment in agriculture (% of total employment)
– Sri Lanka
• Agricultural sector
contributes about 7% to
the national GDP
5
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
6. Employment in agriculture (% of total employment)
- world
6
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
7. Declining farm sizes in Sri Lanka, 1960-2002
7
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
8. Agricultural development goals in changing world
1
Food production and availability
Agricultural productivity
Farmers’ incomes (particularly those of
smallholders)
Employment
2
Poverty reduction
Adequate nutrition
Functioning food value chains
Environmental sustainability
Climate adaptation and mitigation
Gender equality and equity
2021 International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
8
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
9. • Mechanization involved the replacement of simple hand tools and
human power by more complicated machinery powered by animals,
fossil fuels, and electricity.
• The application of farm power to appropriate tools, implements, and
machines – “farm mechanization”
• Essential agricultural input
Farm Mechanization
9
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
10. Importance of Farm Mechanization
• Potential to expand the area under cultivation
• Ability to increase the land productivity
• Ability to perform operations at the right time
• Multifunctionality
• Compensation for seasonal labor shortages
• Reduce drudgery associated with the use of human muscle power
for tasks
10
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
11. Factors weakening the
demand and supply of
Farm Machinery
11
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
12. Potential challenges
• Affordability
• Availability
• Lack of farmer skills
• Constrains within the private sector
12
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
13. Current concepts
Green Revolution
The Green Revolution transformed the agricultural system in the 20th Century.
It shifted farm methods from a system of small farms relying mainly on human
labor and with relatively low fossil fuel inputs to a system of large industrial
operations with fewer people and much more machinery. It increased food
production dramatically through new management techniques, mechanization,
the introduction of fertilizers, irrigation, and improved crop varieties. Ever
since then, farmers have been able to feed many more people.
13
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
14. Agriculture 4.0
Smart Farm (Agriculture 4.0)
Small scale farm (conventional agriculture)
14
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
15. History of Mechanization Evolution in Sri Lanka
• Pre-1935 period - mechanization was limited to the processing of
plantation crops in the WZ
• 1935 to 1970 - DZ irrigation systems were rehabilitated, and
farmers were resettled in those areas
15
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
16. Overall trends
Variable 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
4WTs
Introduced and imported since late 1940s, continuing today.
Since 1980s, have been used to plow other filed crops field as well.
2 WTs n.a. Sri Lankan-designed British Landmaster introduced in later 1960s
Threshers
(rice)/winnowers
n.a.
2WT-driven threshers for paddy introduced in 1970s
Threshers (other
field crops)
n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
In early 2000s, green gram and
maize threshing machines
introduced
Combine harvesters n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Introduced for
paddy
Water pumps n.a.
Water pumps mainly driven by 2WT engines, introduced in 1970s and used extensively
Since 2000, water pumps were introduced for other filed crops
16
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
17. Labor and machinery costs for selected crops, Sri Lanka, 1979/1980-2013
(Rs. Per acre)
17
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
18. Annual sales of farm machinery, Sri Lanka, 2011/2012-
2013/2014
18
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
19. Paddy Cultivation in Sri Lanka: Case Study Anuradhapura District
June to September 2018
220 paddy cultivation farmers
Reference: Gamlath, R., Gunathilke, H., & Chamara, A. (2018). A Study on the Current Status of Mechanization of Paddy Cultivation in Sri Lanka: Case of Anuradhapura
District. In Proceedings of 17th Agricultural Research Symposium (Vol. 129, p. 133).
Mechanization requirement
19
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
20. Research and Development
• Main aim - to develop equipment that is suitable for varying
production environments in Sri Lanka
• FMRC-responsibilities included machinery design and development,
machinery testing and evaluation, field trials and experiments,
machinery extension evaluation, and machinery production
• NERDC
• Universities
20
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)
21. Summary - Farm mechanization
• Application of engineering and technology in farm production
• Ensure timeliness of filed operations
• Improves farm crop productivity
• Reduce crop losses and improves quality of harvested crop
• Reduce human drudgery
21
Dr. (Ms.) Jayaruwani Fernando, Ph.D. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), M.S. (Industrial and Ag. Technology), M.Phil. (Ag. & Biosystems Engineering), B.Sc. (Agriculture)