Analysis of technical papers and terms from technical dictionaries (e.g. CIRP dictionary, CIRPedia, etc..). Solution of disambiguation of technical texts through high quality dictionaries.

1. The value of structured semantic information in
Engineering and Technology
Authors: Fantoni, G. (2), Urgo, M. (RA), Dell'Orletta, F., Pavanello T.
Presenters: Dr. Gualtiero Fantoni (University of Pisa)
Dr. Marcello Urgo (Politecnico di Milano)

2. Motivation and Thanks
The inspiration for the experiments shown in this presentation came from
the Terminology meeting at the January meeting 2014 and the revision
phase of the Italian translation of the CIRP Dictionary.
We take the opportunity to thank:
• CIRP Terminology Committee: for their curiosity in investigating this
analysis and for their invitation to present the results.
• Springer: for providing the CIRP Dictionary in electronic format;
• Prof. Tolio for his interest and support in this analysis.
• Italian translation team: all the persons involved in the Italian
translation of the CIRP Dictionary.
• Prof. Sami Chatti: for providing the revised version of the Vol. 1
together with the new structure, although in progress;
• Felice dell’Orletta: CNR, NLP specialist;
• Tommaso Pavanello: IT Patent analysts at Erre Quadro srl, spin off
company of the University of Pisa;
• Palazzesi Christian and Zigoni Alberto: Elsevier.
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3. A methaphor
The higher the quality of the
maps, the lower the possibility
of getting lost.
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The higher the quality of the
course, the higher the
possibility of understanding
and learning.

4. Text-to-Knowledge and Knowledge-to-Text
Text-to-Knowledge combines a battery of tools for Natural Language
Processing (NLP), statistical text analysis and machine language learning
which are dynamically integrated to provide an accurate representation of
the domain-specific context of text corpora in different domains. It allow to
extract relevant concepts and the map of their relationship.
Knowledge-to-Text is a technique to enrich a text with high value
information derived from certified sources. Automatic disambiguation,
references, cross linking are key elements in searching and
understanding documents and allows users to increase the precision of
their queries.
The more structured and complete is the source of information, the higher
is the precision of the query. Google, EPO, etc.. are interested in the
theme.
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5. Natural Language Process technology
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text
Tokenizer
Morphological
Analyzer
PoS Tagger
Chunk extractor
Dependency Parser
annotated text
Sentence Splitter
The Natural Language Process
technology is used to extract:
Named Entities
Semantic relations
Domain-relevant entities

6. From text to knowledge and … viceversa
Dealing with technical texts, we need to take into account:
• the extraction of terms corresponding to domain-relevant concepts
• the identification of the specific domain they refer to (i.e. papers on a
particular subject or the legal domain e.g. patents)
We adopted
• a contrastive approach to entity extraction
The domain relevance of entities is assessed on the basis of the
contrastive distribution of relevant candidate entities across an input
corpus and a different corpus
The contrastive analysis is iterated twice:
1. against a top list of open-domain entities (e.g. from newspapers) to
prune common entities (e.g. following day)
2. against a top list of entities from e.g. a different regulated domain
(e.g. papers belonging to different subjects)
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7. Experiments
We applied the NLP technology on CIRP knowledge base and in particular
we performed 3 experiments:
1. CIRP dictionaries to discover missing definitions (if any).
2. CIRP papers from STC-F to find missing definitions (single and
multiwords).
3. Scopus indexed and author keywords1 to generate a Researcher’s
profile.
1 the possibility of accessing many of the data in Scopus have been provided by
Elsevier through the API service. In particular the authors would like to thank
Palazzesi Christian and Zigoni Alberto.
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8. CIRP Dictionary
Potentially missing terms (1)
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CIRP Dictionary
Definitions in English
Not in CIRP Dictionary
and not generic terms
Missing terms (?)

9. CIRP Dictionary
Potentially missing terms (2)
The CIRP Dictionary is tailored to a specific area, hence, it may not
contain really general terms that can be considered as generally agreed
in a given language:
surface, process, machine, etc.
Nevertheless it could be worth taking into consideration some terms:
• Electrode: frequently used in lemmas and definitions in Vol. 2 and 4;
• Grinding wheel: frequently used in lemmas ( e.g., grinding wheel
radial wear) and definitions in Vol. 2;
• Feed direction: frequently used in definitions in Vol. 2;
• Cutting tool: frequently used in lemmas ( e.g., combination cutting
tool) and definitions in Vol. 2;
• Insert: frequently used in lemmas ( e.g., brazed insert) and definitions
in Vol. 1,2 and 4;
• Working roll: used in definitions in Vol. 1;
• …
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10. CIRP Dictionary
Enriching the knowledge (1)
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CIRP STC-F
Definitions in English
Not in CIRP Dictionary
New terms (?)

11. CIRP Dictionary
Potentially missing terms (2)
The candidate terms could identify new trends of the research in the
Metal Forming area, or specific terms whose use has become so
common to take into consideration their presence in the Dictionary...
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supporting roll
lubricant escape
punched sheet
forming step
plane strain
boss height
accumulative roll bonding
strain distribution
splitting roll
press hardening
punching load
textured roll
dummy sheet
conical punch
plastic anisotropy
pulsating hydroforming
subsequent yield locus
surface grain
deep drawing test
fracture zone
indentation pressure
bending test
friction model
skin pass rolling
….
.. or put reference to other dictionaries or encyclopedias.
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12. Search using semantic structured information
Example – People’s research fingerprint
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Dr. Matteo STRANO #
Bending (+Tube bending+draw bending) 15
Rotary draw bending 6
Tube hydroforming 6
Roll forming 3
Sheet forming processes 4
metal foam 13
FEM 13
Optimization 11
Numerical approaches 6
Objective functions 3
Process condition 11
Reliability 6
Metamodeling 3
Uncertainty 3
Dr. Marcello URGO #
Production Planning 18
Production process 10
Scheduling 7
Stochastic methods 7
Virtual factory 6
Manufacturing-to-order 5
Project scheduling 5
Material requirement planning 4
Precedence relations 3
Production system 3
Reconfiguration 3
Material procurement 2
Performance Evaluation 2
More than 50
keywords belong to
the CIRP Dictionary
Vol.1 on Metal
Forming
0 keywords belong to
the CIRP Dictionary
Vol.1 on Metal
Forming, no match
with Matteo Strano

13. Search using semantic structured information
Example
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We look for documents and resource related to the production of tubes in
metal through a forming process.
Looking into the CIRP Dictionary Vol. I, we find two occurrences of the
term “tube”, one in the “Rolling” subchapter and one in the “Drawing”
subchapter.
tube: product open at both ends
with a circular or polygonal
cross-section.
1: Metal Forming
5: Rolling
6: Rolled components
and properties
tube: product with a round or a
polygonal cross section open at
both ends.
1: Metal Forming
6: Drawing
6: Drawn components
and properties

14. Search using semantic structured information
Example – Documents (1)
Source: Scopus
Query: TITLE-ABS-KEY(tube) AND (LIMIT-TO(DOCTYPE, "ar"))
Order By: Relevance Date: 18 August 2014
1. Tube side performance of new efficient composite enhanced heat exchanger,
Zhu, D., An, D., Li, X.,, Zhu, H., Yu, T., 2014, Huagong Xuebao/CIESC Journal, 65
(2), pp. 453-459.
2. Tube current reduction in pediatric non-ECG-gated heart CT by combined tube
current modulation, Goo, H.W., Suh, D.S., 2006, Pediatric Radiology.
3. Tube introducer catheter as an adjunct to the airway scope for tracheal
intubation in a manikin model, Iizuka, T., Shimoyama, N., Notoya, A., 2010,
Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology
4. Tube support effectiveness and wear damage assessment in the U-bend region
of nuclear steam generators, Boucher, K.M., Taylor, C.E., 1996, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division (Publication)
5. Tube worms promote community change, Callaway, R., 2006, Marine Ecology
Progress Series
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15. Search using semantic structured information
Example – Documents (2)
Source: Scopus
Query: (TITLE-ABS-KEY(tube) AND ALL(rolling) AND ALL(metal forming))
AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, "English")) AND (LIMIT-TO(DOCTYPE, "ar"))
Order By: Relevance Date: 18 August 2014
1. Control of change in transverse wall thickness variation during batch rolling of
tubes, Popov, M.V., Khaustov, G.I., Vol'fovich, G.V., Furmanov, V.B., Rasin,
G.V.,1989, Steel in the USSR, 19 (1), pp. 33-36.
2. Three dimensional thermo-mechanical simulation of the tube forming process
in Diescher's mill, Pater, Z., Kazanecki, J., Bartnicki, J., 2006, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology.
3. Explorative study of tandem skew rolling process for producing seamless steel
tubes, Wang, F.-J., Shuang, Y.-H., Hu, J.-H., Wang, Q.-H., Sun, J.-C., 2014, Journal
of Materials Processing Technology.
4. Optimization of Cold Rolling of Precision Tubes, Huml, P., Fogelholm, R., Salwén,
A., 1993, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology.
5. Present and future developments of metal forming: selected examples, Voelkner,
W., 2000, Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
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16. Search using semantic structured information
Example – Documents (3)
Source: Scopus
Query: (TITLE-ABS-KEY(tube) AND ALL(drawing) AND ALL(metal forming))
AND (LIMIT-TO(LANGUAGE, "English")) AND (LIMIT-TO(DOCTYPE, "ar"))
Order By: Relevance Date: 18 August 2014
1. A conical mandrel tube drawing test designed to assess failure criteria,
Linardon, C., Favier, D., Chagnon, G., Gruez, B., 2014, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 214 (2), pp. 347-357.
2. Numerical and experimental analysis of tube drawing with fixed plug, Neves,
F.O., Button, S.T., Caminaga, C., Gentile, F.C., 2005, Journal of the Brazilian Society
of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering.
3. Investigation of zipper defects in the floating mandrel drawing of small diameter
copper tubes, Damodaran, D., Wibowo, F., Shivpuri, R., 1996, Technical Paper -
Society of Manufacturing Engineers.
4. Effects of anisotropy in drawing and extrusion processes of bulk metal forming,
Pöhlandt, K., Lange, K., Zucko, M., 2006, Steel Research International.
5. Description of a mathematical model of deformability for the process of drawing
tubes on a fixed mandrel, Pospiech, J.,1998, Journal of Materials Engineering and
Performance.
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17. Search using semantic structured information
Example – Patents (1)
Source: http://www.google.com/advanced_patent_search
Query:
https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=pts&hl=en&q=tube&num=10&gws_r
d=ssl
Order By: Relevance Date: 18 August 2014
1. Cathode-ray tube amusement device, US2455992, 14 Dec 1948,
Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr, Du Mont Allen B Lab Inc.
2. Draft tube for hydraulic turbine, US4515524, 7 May 1985, Richard
K. Fisher Jr., Allis-Chalmers Corporation.
3. Vortex tube, US3173273, 16 Mar 1965, Fulton Charles D.
4. Twisted bourdon tube, US3463011, 26 Aug 1969, Werner Ries,
Teldix Gmbh.
5. Eustachian tube stent, US6589286, 8 Jul 2003, Jason Litner.
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18. Search using semantic structured information
Example – Patents (2)
Source: http://www.google.com/advanced_patent_search
Query:
https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=pts&hl=en&q=tube+rolling+metal+
forming&num=10&gws_rd=ssl
Order By: Relevance Date: 18 August 2014
1. Roller tube for awning and method of forming, US5383346, 24 Jan
1995, Ronald A. Laffler, White Consolidated Industries.
2. Apparatus for rolling threads into metal pipe, US2669139, 16 Feb
1954, Finch Harry J, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
3. 半管滚压成型机Half Pipe Roll Forming Machine, CN201613281U, 27
Oct 2010, 孙书霞, 澳森凯（山东）机械制造有限公司.
4. Mill for roll forming a fluted tube, EP0164233A2, 11 Dec 1985,
Theodore H. Krengel, ALLIED TUBE & CONDUIT CORPORATION.
5. Calibration of an instrument for the cold-rolling of tubes,
US6360575, 26 Mar 2002, Sergey Yurievich Zavodchikov, Joint Stock
Company “Chepetskiy Mechanical Plant”.
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19. Search using semantic structured information
Example – Patents (3)
Source: http://www.google.com/advanced_patent_search
Query:
https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=pts&hl=en&q=tube+drawing+metal+
forming&num=10&gws_rd=ssl
Order By: Relevance Date: 18 August 2014
1. Tube joint formed with adhesive and metal forming process,
US5498096, 12 Mar 1996, James A. Johnson, Hoover Universal, Inc.
2. Composition and process for metal forming, US3454495, 8 Jul
1969, Horst Schneider, Hooker Chemical Corp.
3. Production method of internally-ribbed steel pipe and drawing plug
for use therein, EP2228149A1, 15 Sep 2010, Kenichi Beppu, Sumitomo
Metal Industries, Ltd.
4. Lubricant for use in non-chip metal forming, US4138348, 6 Feb 1979,
Hans D. Grasshoff, Deutsche Texaco Aktiengesellschaft.
5. Production method of internally ribbed steel tube and drawing plug
for use therein, US8281635, Kenichi Beppu, Sumitomo Metal Industries
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20. CIRP Terminology Committee
Assets and Challenges
The information contained in the index of the CIRP Dictionary or the
structure of the keywords can be used as a map to explore unknown
sets of information (documents, patents, etc.).
Moreover, articles published and classified according to the STCs,
constitute an homogeneous set of information that can be used to enrich
the structured semantic data (e.g. the CIRP Dictionary) or as a “reference
sample” to identify similarity among documents, research communities,
researches, etc.
CIRP publications (CIRP Dictionary, CIRPedia, CIRP Annals, STC-related
conferences) embed a layer of structured semantic information that
constitutes an asset for the CIRP community.
Preserve, maintain, enhance and exploit these assets are important
challenges the CIRP community will need to face in the future.
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