The Soviet Union fell apart due to economic inefficiencies and the costly military conflict in Afghanistan. The communist system of central planning and quotas struggled to match the productivity of capitalist market incentives. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan from 1979-1988 to prop up a communist regime was very expensive and contributed to public dissatisfaction. By 1991, the USSR dissolved and former Soviet republics like Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan became independent states, marking the end of the Cold War.