Education is designed to produce existing knowledge in new minds and to make these minds more receptive and more capable of absorbing transforming, creating and using knowledge. However, the ability to understand is a scarce good but can be expanded by suitable training. There is a scheme of plugging the knowledge gap in economics for university and college teachers better known as Refresher Course, fully funded by University Grants Commission. Every year almost twenty universities are assigned the work of refreshing the teachers in the courses of economics. Every teacher has to attend minimum four such refreshers. However, it is intrigue to note that content of refreshers courses in economics bypass the principles and emphasises topics on general economics. The obvious results of this strategy are no significant improvement in the knowledge of teachers in economics. It is to be noted that diffusion of knowledge can be accomplished through several roots. However, knowledge cannot be absorbed unless some knowledge is already possessed. Finally as our stock of knowledge expands it becomes necessary to communicate properly this knowledge. Unless there is improved efficiency in teaching, it may become increasingly difficult to free resources for the discovery of new knowledge. Mr. Shaikh Matin Shaikh Husen ""Facts of Economics Curriculum and Teaching Method"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd24015.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/24015/facts-of-economics-curriculum-and-teaching-method/mr-shaikh-matin-shaikh-husen
The document discusses the relationship between investment in education and economic growth in the MENA region. It finds that while MENA countries invested heavily in education in the 1960s-1990s, this investment did not consistently translate into higher economic growth. Several studies show no significant relationship between levels of education and GDP growth in MENA. Total factor productivity growth, a measure of technological progress, was also relatively low in MENA compared to other regions despite investment in human capital. So while education levels rose, other growth-enhancing policies were lacking, preventing the full benefits of education investment from being realized in terms of economic growth.
The Grey Correlation Analysis of the Coordinated Development of Education and...journal ijrtem
The coordinated development of education and economy is the objective requirement of the
economic and social development. Based on the present situation of education and economic development in
Shaanxi Province, this paper used the grey system theory, and took the statistical data of education and economy
in Shaanxi Province as an empirical calculus, and analysed the relationship between education and economic
development in Shaanxi province. The analysis results show that the correlation coefficient of education and
economic development indicators in Shaanxi is 0.5202, which has a positive correlation and a strong correlation
on the whole. This shows that education investment in Shaanxi is insufficient and cannot fully promote the
development of the economy.
Agriculture: working toward a new political paradigm in Tunisia
Jobs for Tunisia?is a project developed by the Maghreb Economic Forum with the aim of exploring opportunities for job creation in three strategic sectors: Agriculture, Information Technology and Renewable Energies. At the
core of the project are a series of workshops and round-tables held in different
regions of Tunisia and through which experts have developed key policy recommendations.
Unemployment Problem and Global Financing Related to COVID-19 EpidemicVedat Akman
AKMAN HÜSEYİN VEDAT,KIZIL CEVDET (2020). Unemployment Problem and Global Financing Related to COVID-19 Epidemic. International Asian Congress of Contemporary Sciences - IV (Tam Metin Bildiri/Sözlü Sunum)
Making Tunisia the 'SiliconValley' of the Maghreb.
Youth unemployment remains a major challenge of the Tunisian economy. Lack of access to decent jobs represents a major difficulty particularly for Tunisian graduates. In order to foster socio-economic development as well as creating sustainable job creation it is necessary to strengthen the private sector and facilitate the creation of new enterprises. However, starting a business requires as much financial and managerial knowledge as it doestechnologicalandmarket expertise.While many Tunisians have technical skills, they lack entrepreneurial skills. In order to address these challenges this policy briefs suggests investing in the creation of innovation laboratories and co-working spaces as well as designing a new legal framework that can facilitate entrepreneurial procedures.
The Krityanand UNESCO Club in Jamshedpur, India offers a post-graduate internship program focused on economic and political development. The program runs from mid-April to late July and accepts around 50 interns from India and abroad. Interns produce a supervised research project and participate in internship, research, and social activities. The program aims to promote economic growth, employment, and macroeconomic stability while encouraging equitable development. Interns can specialize in areas like political economy, political development, and development economics. The internship involves coursework, lectures, and practical experience analyzing economic conditions and development policies.
The Maghreb region stands at a strategic crossroad today. It can embark on a path of reform and prosperity by transforming its rich natural endowment and human capital into inclusive economic growth. Moreover, the region’s geo-strategic situation positions it at a key junction of global trade. In order to contribute to the existing efforts towards the utilization of these potentials for growth in the region, the study at hand thus aims to give concrete recommendations on structural reforms to stimulate potentials for economic growth and inclusive development.
Authors: Hedi Larbi and Lars Christensen
The 2016 International Expert Workshop for ‘Employability in Agriculture, Renewable Energies and IT in Tunisia’, held by the Maghreb Economic Forum (Tunis, 27-30/07/2016), was a three days discussion among high-level experts from Tunisia and around the world. (See list of participants and bios of the experts). The workshop was the final component in a series of four workshops held by the MEF on the same subject throughout the year, in three regions of the country: Tunis, Gafsa and Tataouine. The workshop focused on the role of multilateral organizations, foreign foundations and international experts in providing guidance throughout Tunisia’s socio-economic transition towards inclusive growth. In order to prevent this long-term process from failing, we must identify the major obstacles standing in the way of large- scale job creation programs and identify new opportunities and innovative solutions.
The key questions raised at the workshop were:
How can the state better identify emerging trends and assess the needs of local communities?
Which structural reforms are needed and which legislative policies are to be drafted by the parliament to tackle the issue of illegal employment in the informal sector and improve informal worker access to
decent work and government protections?
How can executive power close the gap between policies and implementation?
How can leaders from civil society organizations, the media and the private sector exert pressure on
ruling elites to revisit the education system and increase labor market efficiency?
How can the state create an enabling and secure environment to boost employment, promote a
favorable investment climate, improve conditions for start-up founders and enhance trade?
Which best practices and innovative value-added solutions from abroad can be adapted to the
Tunisian context?
The document discusses the relationship between investment in education and economic growth in the MENA region. It finds that while MENA countries invested heavily in education in the 1960s-1990s, this investment did not consistently translate into higher economic growth. Several studies show no significant relationship between levels of education and GDP growth in MENA. Total factor productivity growth, a measure of technological progress, was also relatively low in MENA compared to other regions despite investment in human capital. So while education levels rose, other growth-enhancing policies were lacking, preventing the full benefits of education investment from being realized in terms of economic growth.
The Grey Correlation Analysis of the Coordinated Development of Education and...journal ijrtem
The coordinated development of education and economy is the objective requirement of the
economic and social development. Based on the present situation of education and economic development in
Shaanxi Province, this paper used the grey system theory, and took the statistical data of education and economy
in Shaanxi Province as an empirical calculus, and analysed the relationship between education and economic
development in Shaanxi province. The analysis results show that the correlation coefficient of education and
economic development indicators in Shaanxi is 0.5202, which has a positive correlation and a strong correlation
on the whole. This shows that education investment in Shaanxi is insufficient and cannot fully promote the
development of the economy.
Agriculture: working toward a new political paradigm in Tunisia
Jobs for Tunisia?is a project developed by the Maghreb Economic Forum with the aim of exploring opportunities for job creation in three strategic sectors: Agriculture, Information Technology and Renewable Energies. At the
core of the project are a series of workshops and round-tables held in different
regions of Tunisia and through which experts have developed key policy recommendations.
Unemployment Problem and Global Financing Related to COVID-19 EpidemicVedat Akman
AKMAN HÜSEYİN VEDAT,KIZIL CEVDET (2020). Unemployment Problem and Global Financing Related to COVID-19 Epidemic. International Asian Congress of Contemporary Sciences - IV (Tam Metin Bildiri/Sözlü Sunum)
Making Tunisia the 'SiliconValley' of the Maghreb.
Youth unemployment remains a major challenge of the Tunisian economy. Lack of access to decent jobs represents a major difficulty particularly for Tunisian graduates. In order to foster socio-economic development as well as creating sustainable job creation it is necessary to strengthen the private sector and facilitate the creation of new enterprises. However, starting a business requires as much financial and managerial knowledge as it doestechnologicalandmarket expertise.While many Tunisians have technical skills, they lack entrepreneurial skills. In order to address these challenges this policy briefs suggests investing in the creation of innovation laboratories and co-working spaces as well as designing a new legal framework that can facilitate entrepreneurial procedures.
The Krityanand UNESCO Club in Jamshedpur, India offers a post-graduate internship program focused on economic and political development. The program runs from mid-April to late July and accepts around 50 interns from India and abroad. Interns produce a supervised research project and participate in internship, research, and social activities. The program aims to promote economic growth, employment, and macroeconomic stability while encouraging equitable development. Interns can specialize in areas like political economy, political development, and development economics. The internship involves coursework, lectures, and practical experience analyzing economic conditions and development policies.
The Maghreb region stands at a strategic crossroad today. It can embark on a path of reform and prosperity by transforming its rich natural endowment and human capital into inclusive economic growth. Moreover, the region’s geo-strategic situation positions it at a key junction of global trade. In order to contribute to the existing efforts towards the utilization of these potentials for growth in the region, the study at hand thus aims to give concrete recommendations on structural reforms to stimulate potentials for economic growth and inclusive development.
Authors: Hedi Larbi and Lars Christensen
The 2016 International Expert Workshop for ‘Employability in Agriculture, Renewable Energies and IT in Tunisia’, held by the Maghreb Economic Forum (Tunis, 27-30/07/2016), was a three days discussion among high-level experts from Tunisia and around the world. (See list of participants and bios of the experts). The workshop was the final component in a series of four workshops held by the MEF on the same subject throughout the year, in three regions of the country: Tunis, Gafsa and Tataouine. The workshop focused on the role of multilateral organizations, foreign foundations and international experts in providing guidance throughout Tunisia’s socio-economic transition towards inclusive growth. In order to prevent this long-term process from failing, we must identify the major obstacles standing in the way of large- scale job creation programs and identify new opportunities and innovative solutions.
The key questions raised at the workshop were:
How can the state better identify emerging trends and assess the needs of local communities?
Which structural reforms are needed and which legislative policies are to be drafted by the parliament to tackle the issue of illegal employment in the informal sector and improve informal worker access to
decent work and government protections?
How can executive power close the gap between policies and implementation?
How can leaders from civil society organizations, the media and the private sector exert pressure on
ruling elites to revisit the education system and increase labor market efficiency?
How can the state create an enabling and secure environment to boost employment, promote a
favorable investment climate, improve conditions for start-up founders and enhance trade?
Which best practices and innovative value-added solutions from abroad can be adapted to the
Tunisian context?
11.human capital development and economic growth in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. It analyzes the relationship between investments in education, health, and skills training (proxies for human capital) and GDP (a proxy for economic growth).
2) The analysis finds a strong positive relationship between human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. However, Nigeria still struggles with high illiteracy, unskilled workers, and uneven distribution of skilled labor.
3) To promote continued economic growth, the document recommends that Nigeria evolve more effective strategies for developing skills and capabilities across its population. It also calls for improved institutions to align training with the needs of different economic sectors.
Human capital development in technical vocational education (tve) for sustain...Alexander Decker
This document discusses human capital development in technical vocational education for sustainable national development in Nigeria. It makes three key points:
1. Technical vocational education plays an important role in human capital development by developing skills that increase productivity and employability, which supports sustainable economic growth and national development.
2. For technical vocational education to effectively contribute to human capital development, institutions must be well-equipped with infrastructure, workshop facilities, and qualified teachers to ensure graduates acquire skills for gainful employment.
3. Nigeria has faced challenges in technical vocational education like insufficient facilities and teachers, but it remains an important way to reduce unemployment and poverty through skills training.
Analysis of Public Investment Expenditure on Economic Growth in WAEMU Countriesinventionjournals
Public investment expenditure plays an important role in the economy to produce goods and services needed for economic development. This study analyzes the influence of public investment spending on the economic growth of the WAEMU zone. The study considers a linear approach through individual fixed effects models with Beck-Katz and Driscoll-Kraay corrections, the spatial autocorrelation model (SAC) and the longterm model (DOLS). The empirical results of the study using panel data covering the period 1990-2015 indicate that public investment spending can promote economic growth in WAEMU countries when they are allocated in decreasing order to Education, health, public investment in basic road infrastructure and agriculture. However, they are also likely to slow it down when they focus on military spending, even though their primary objective is to ensure security for economic development. Finally, the study recommends that policy makers in WAEMU countries refocus their public expenditure policies in key sectors of development, notably human capital, in order to ensure a multiplier effect of public spending on economic growth and strengthen institutions Democracy to ensure their independence through their interdependence.
The document discusses different types and measurements of unemployment. It describes seasonal, frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment. It also discusses how unemployment is measured using the claimant count and labour force survey. Unemployment trends in the UK since 1990 are presented, showing the impacts of recessions. Policies to reduce unemployment through demand-side and supply-side approaches are outlined.
Las economías de la eurozona recuperan su velocidad de crecimiento. La mejora iniciada este año alcanzó un +0,4% en el primer cuatrimestre, y actualmente ha superado el crecimiento de USA y UK en el mismo periodo.
The document discusses business cycles, unemployment, inflation, and the Philippine experience. It covers theories of business cycles and the different phases. It also defines unemployment and inflation, and discusses the government's policies in response to the Philippine recession in the 1980s to promote economic recovery.
A Report on Unemployment - A basic studyDhanya Pravin
This document discusses unemployment, including definitions, types, causes, and measurements. It defines unemployment as people without a job who are actively looking for work. Unemployment is measured through surveys and government records. The main types of unemployment are demand-deficient, structural, real wage, frictional, and voluntary. Causes of unemployment include economic downturns, technological changes, minimum wages, and union policies. High unemployment can harm the economy through reduced consumer spending. The document also discusses other unemployment concepts and how governments use unemployment statistics.
Economic reasons for high unemployment in pakistanMohammadOsama39
This document discusses unemployment in Pakistan. It provides background on unemployment rates and types in Pakistan. Some key points:
- Unemployment in Pakistan is over 12% which equates to over 113 million people. The rate has increased in recent years.
- Major causes of unemployment include a declining agriculture sector due to technology and water issues, a lack of investment and economic crisis, and rapid population growth.
- Types of unemployment discussed include frictional, structural, natural rate, and demand deficient unemployment.
- Pakistan's unemployment rates have fluctuated over the past few decades from a low of 3.13% to a high of 8.27%. Rates are higher for youth and decrease with age.
This document discusses unemployment, including its definition, measurement, types, causes, and rates in Pakistan. It defines unemployment as people who are without work but actively seeking employment. There are four main types of unemployment discussed - frictional, seasonal, cyclical, and structural. Frictional unemployment results from transitions between jobs, seasonal from industries that vary by season, cyclical from insufficient aggregate demand in the economy, and structural from mismatch between worker skills and job requirements. Causes and measures to address unemployment are also reviewed.
This document discusses youth unemployment in Nigeria and proposes ways to address the issue. It begins by introducing the scope and objectives, which are to understand the causes of youth unemployment, challenges to solving it, and how to transition to more employment opportunities. It then analyzes the nature and characteristics of youth unemployment in Nigeria, finding high rates particularly for those aged 15-24 and those with secondary education. The document outlines many challenges to sustainable youth employment, including weak institutions, corruption, and insecurity. Finally, it proposes a path forward through reforms like improving institutions, investing in infrastructure, developing technical skills programs, and supporting small businesses and entrepreneurship.
The Impact of the New Economic Policy in MalaysiaJustin Ooi
This document is a 1952 word essay analyzing the impact of Malaysia's New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced in 1971. The NEP aimed to eradicate poverty and restructure Malaysian society. It succeeded in reducing poverty and establishing an urban Malay middle class through policies favoring the Bumiputera population. However, it is argued that the NEP failed to achieve its goal of national unity by dividing society along ethnic lines and creating resentment among non-Bumiputeras. While the NEP helped the economy, it also politicized the ruling party UMNO and led to corruption. In education, the NEP established quotas that favored Bumiputeras and caused distress among non-Bumip
AS Macroeconomics - Aspects of UK Fiscal Policytutor2u
The document discusses aspects of fiscal policy, including government spending, taxation, and borrowing. It provides examples of fiscal policies that could be used to influence aggregate demand and supply to achieve objectives like low inflation and high employment. There is debate around using austerity versus stimulus, as well as spending on infrastructure to boost productivity and attract investment.
Economists analyze education as an economic system where resources like funding, buildings, and teachers are scarce. This requires policymakers to decide how much to spend on each level of education, how to deliver it efficiently, and who has access. Economic theory aims to establish facts about the system and inform values in decision-making. Society should arrange education to be efficiently produced and distributed equitably. However, expanding some levels of education may come at the opportunity cost of others due to scarce resources.
Discussion on economic aspects of education has acquired great significance in education research during the new millennium earmarked as Knowledge Economy. Education for the Knowledge Economy (EKE) refers to efforts at production of the highly skilled and flexible human capital needed to compete effectively in today’s dynamic global markets. Experiences of last one decade in the IT enabled BPO sector has proved India’s ability to produce and use knowledge as a major factor in economic development and has proved to be critical to India’s comparative advantage. Economists have recognized importance of EKE to develop a workforce that is well-trained and capable of generating knowledge-driven economic growth.
Economics of Education analyzes both what determines or creates education and what impact education has on individuals and the societies and economies in which they live. Historically a great deal of emphasis has been placed on determining outcomes to educational investment and the creation of human capital. The primary mission of the economics of education group is to identify opportunities for improved efficiency, equity, and quality of education and promote effective education reform processes, to enhance knowledge of what drives education outcomes and results; to better understanding how to strengthen the links of education systems with the labour market; and to build and support a network of education economists for education policy planning and evolve structures and mechanisms for implementation.
An Essay On The Philosophy And Methodology Of EconomicsAmanda Moore
This document summarizes an essay on the philosophy and methodology of economics. It discusses:
1. How dominant economic theories like equilibrium theory are linked to philosophy and raise philosophical questions about concepts like choice and free will. Clarifying these links is important for understanding economics.
2. It questions whether economics can make claims independent of other social sciences like psychology and argues economics must justify isolating economic phenomena.
3. Conceptual analysis of key economic concepts like "economic man" can provide clarity and reveal underlying philosophical assumptions, which has value for understanding and critiquing economic theories.
Welcome to The Power of Macroeconomics!
This presentation will help you understand classic and innovative ideas to make sense of our world and build a better future.
I am Laura Navarro, an economics student at Duke Kunshan University and I will be guiding you through this journey. This presentation is based on my experience taking intermediate Macroeconomics at DKU with Professor Luyao Zhang.
Why i Want to go to College Essay | Essay on Why i Want to go to .... ⇉Should Everyone Go to College? Essay Example | GraduateWay. Unforgettable Should Everyone Go To College Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Should Everyone Go to College essay - ENGL 111 Dr. Makin September 8 .... Why do i want to go to college essay the ideal health. Essay why i want to attend graduate school. Why do you want to go to College Essay | Essay on Why do you want to go .... 28+ Why Do I Want To Go To College Essay Examples Full - Essay. People attend college or university for many different reasons Free .... 004 Essay Example Why Is College Important On Importance Of Education .... Writing An Essay To Get Into College - Writing a strong college .... Reasons for going to college essay pros of using. Essay on reasons for going to college essaydepot.com. Reasons for Attending College or University - Free Essay Sample. ️ Why i want to go to college essay examples. Reasons for Going to .... Motivation for going back to college essay - reportz870.web.fc2.com. How To Write A College Essay | Step by step guide on How To Write A .... 003 Reasons To Go College Essay Image 15 ~ Thatsnotus. Essay on Why i Want to go to College - I enroll in colleges for a few ....
Why i Want to go to College Essay | Essay on Why i Want to go to .... ⇉Should Everyone Go to College? Essay Example | GraduateWay. Unforgettable Should Everyone Go To College Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Should Everyone Go to College essay - ENGL 111 Dr. Makin September 8 .... Why do i want to go to college essay the ideal health. Essay why i want to attend graduate school. Why do you want to go to College E
Why i Want to go to College Essay | Essay on Why i Want to go to .... ⇉Should Everyone Go to College? Essay Example | GraduateWay. Unforgettable Should Everyone Go To College Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Should Everyone Go to College essay - ENGL 111 Dr. Makin September 8 .... Why do i want to go to college essay the ideal health. Essay why i want to attend graduate school. Why do you want to go to College Essay | Es
Identification of regularities in the development of the baby economy as a co...Igor Britchenko
This study has proven that the economic system is determined by various components, in particular, it includes the real sector of the economy, which is formed on mega-, macro, meso-, micro-and nano-levels. In addition, it was proved that the nano-level is determined by the activities of individuals whose economic activity begins with the birth and attitude of parents, attending various educational and upbringing institutions, and studying at university. A separate segment of the nano-level of the economic system is the baby industry responsible for the production of goods and services for children and future parents. All these aspects are indicators of the development of the baby economy. Such an economic category as the baby economy was separated and defined. The study uses the following methods: analysis, synthesis, structural analysis, systemic approach, observation, comparison, multifactor regression. These methods made it possible to achieve the results, which involve isolation of the baby economy as a component of nanoeconomy and definition of such components of the baby economic segment of nanoeconomy as a family or household economy, the baby industry, the economy of the educational process and upbringing. For this purpose, the value-institutional approach was applied. In addition, multifactorial analysis of the impact of indicators of the baby economy development on the population of a country with a transitive economy with incomes below the subsistence minimum was performed. This analysis identified a direct but minor relationship between these phenomena, which demonstrates the need to intensify and create a policy for the baby economy in similar states. The theoretical significance of the obtained results is determined by the introduction of a new economic category of "the baby economy" for the formation of a nano economic component within socio-economic systems.
The document summarizes the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme's Economics Standard Level course. It outlines the course's aims of developing students' understanding of microeconomic and macroeconomic theories and their real-world applications. The curriculum is divided into four main sections covering microeconomics, macroeconomics, international economics, and development economics. Students are assessed through external exams testing knowledge and analysis, and an internal portfolio assessing commentary writing. Sample exam questions test distinguishing unemployment types and analyzing exchange rate impacts.
ANXIETY LEVELS OF AN INDIVIDUAL IS AFFECTED BY THE BUSINESS CYCLE OF A COUNTRYAnnisa Tiara
This document summarizes a research project about how the business cycle of a country can affect individual anxiety levels. The researcher conducted a study in Indonesia that involved distributing questionnaires to employed and unemployed individuals about their financial situations and anxiety levels. The results showed that financial instability does increase anxiety, though it did not determine a clear extent. This supports the researcher's hypothesis that the business cycle impacts anxiety. The document provides background on the business cycle and different economic theories about its causes and phases. It also discusses types of anxiety and how economic fluctuations could correlate with changes in anxiety levels.
11.human capital development and economic growth in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. It analyzes the relationship between investments in education, health, and skills training (proxies for human capital) and GDP (a proxy for economic growth).
2) The analysis finds a strong positive relationship between human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. However, Nigeria still struggles with high illiteracy, unskilled workers, and uneven distribution of skilled labor.
3) To promote continued economic growth, the document recommends that Nigeria evolve more effective strategies for developing skills and capabilities across its population. It also calls for improved institutions to align training with the needs of different economic sectors.
Human capital development in technical vocational education (tve) for sustain...Alexander Decker
This document discusses human capital development in technical vocational education for sustainable national development in Nigeria. It makes three key points:
1. Technical vocational education plays an important role in human capital development by developing skills that increase productivity and employability, which supports sustainable economic growth and national development.
2. For technical vocational education to effectively contribute to human capital development, institutions must be well-equipped with infrastructure, workshop facilities, and qualified teachers to ensure graduates acquire skills for gainful employment.
3. Nigeria has faced challenges in technical vocational education like insufficient facilities and teachers, but it remains an important way to reduce unemployment and poverty through skills training.
Analysis of Public Investment Expenditure on Economic Growth in WAEMU Countriesinventionjournals
Public investment expenditure plays an important role in the economy to produce goods and services needed for economic development. This study analyzes the influence of public investment spending on the economic growth of the WAEMU zone. The study considers a linear approach through individual fixed effects models with Beck-Katz and Driscoll-Kraay corrections, the spatial autocorrelation model (SAC) and the longterm model (DOLS). The empirical results of the study using panel data covering the period 1990-2015 indicate that public investment spending can promote economic growth in WAEMU countries when they are allocated in decreasing order to Education, health, public investment in basic road infrastructure and agriculture. However, they are also likely to slow it down when they focus on military spending, even though their primary objective is to ensure security for economic development. Finally, the study recommends that policy makers in WAEMU countries refocus their public expenditure policies in key sectors of development, notably human capital, in order to ensure a multiplier effect of public spending on economic growth and strengthen institutions Democracy to ensure their independence through their interdependence.
The document discusses different types and measurements of unemployment. It describes seasonal, frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment. It also discusses how unemployment is measured using the claimant count and labour force survey. Unemployment trends in the UK since 1990 are presented, showing the impacts of recessions. Policies to reduce unemployment through demand-side and supply-side approaches are outlined.
Las economías de la eurozona recuperan su velocidad de crecimiento. La mejora iniciada este año alcanzó un +0,4% en el primer cuatrimestre, y actualmente ha superado el crecimiento de USA y UK en el mismo periodo.
The document discusses business cycles, unemployment, inflation, and the Philippine experience. It covers theories of business cycles and the different phases. It also defines unemployment and inflation, and discusses the government's policies in response to the Philippine recession in the 1980s to promote economic recovery.
A Report on Unemployment - A basic studyDhanya Pravin
This document discusses unemployment, including definitions, types, causes, and measurements. It defines unemployment as people without a job who are actively looking for work. Unemployment is measured through surveys and government records. The main types of unemployment are demand-deficient, structural, real wage, frictional, and voluntary. Causes of unemployment include economic downturns, technological changes, minimum wages, and union policies. High unemployment can harm the economy through reduced consumer spending. The document also discusses other unemployment concepts and how governments use unemployment statistics.
Economic reasons for high unemployment in pakistanMohammadOsama39
This document discusses unemployment in Pakistan. It provides background on unemployment rates and types in Pakistan. Some key points:
- Unemployment in Pakistan is over 12% which equates to over 113 million people. The rate has increased in recent years.
- Major causes of unemployment include a declining agriculture sector due to technology and water issues, a lack of investment and economic crisis, and rapid population growth.
- Types of unemployment discussed include frictional, structural, natural rate, and demand deficient unemployment.
- Pakistan's unemployment rates have fluctuated over the past few decades from a low of 3.13% to a high of 8.27%. Rates are higher for youth and decrease with age.
This document discusses unemployment, including its definition, measurement, types, causes, and rates in Pakistan. It defines unemployment as people who are without work but actively seeking employment. There are four main types of unemployment discussed - frictional, seasonal, cyclical, and structural. Frictional unemployment results from transitions between jobs, seasonal from industries that vary by season, cyclical from insufficient aggregate demand in the economy, and structural from mismatch between worker skills and job requirements. Causes and measures to address unemployment are also reviewed.
This document discusses youth unemployment in Nigeria and proposes ways to address the issue. It begins by introducing the scope and objectives, which are to understand the causes of youth unemployment, challenges to solving it, and how to transition to more employment opportunities. It then analyzes the nature and characteristics of youth unemployment in Nigeria, finding high rates particularly for those aged 15-24 and those with secondary education. The document outlines many challenges to sustainable youth employment, including weak institutions, corruption, and insecurity. Finally, it proposes a path forward through reforms like improving institutions, investing in infrastructure, developing technical skills programs, and supporting small businesses and entrepreneurship.
The Impact of the New Economic Policy in MalaysiaJustin Ooi
This document is a 1952 word essay analyzing the impact of Malaysia's New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced in 1971. The NEP aimed to eradicate poverty and restructure Malaysian society. It succeeded in reducing poverty and establishing an urban Malay middle class through policies favoring the Bumiputera population. However, it is argued that the NEP failed to achieve its goal of national unity by dividing society along ethnic lines and creating resentment among non-Bumiputeras. While the NEP helped the economy, it also politicized the ruling party UMNO and led to corruption. In education, the NEP established quotas that favored Bumiputeras and caused distress among non-Bumip
AS Macroeconomics - Aspects of UK Fiscal Policytutor2u
The document discusses aspects of fiscal policy, including government spending, taxation, and borrowing. It provides examples of fiscal policies that could be used to influence aggregate demand and supply to achieve objectives like low inflation and high employment. There is debate around using austerity versus stimulus, as well as spending on infrastructure to boost productivity and attract investment.
Economists analyze education as an economic system where resources like funding, buildings, and teachers are scarce. This requires policymakers to decide how much to spend on each level of education, how to deliver it efficiently, and who has access. Economic theory aims to establish facts about the system and inform values in decision-making. Society should arrange education to be efficiently produced and distributed equitably. However, expanding some levels of education may come at the opportunity cost of others due to scarce resources.
Discussion on economic aspects of education has acquired great significance in education research during the new millennium earmarked as Knowledge Economy. Education for the Knowledge Economy (EKE) refers to efforts at production of the highly skilled and flexible human capital needed to compete effectively in today’s dynamic global markets. Experiences of last one decade in the IT enabled BPO sector has proved India’s ability to produce and use knowledge as a major factor in economic development and has proved to be critical to India’s comparative advantage. Economists have recognized importance of EKE to develop a workforce that is well-trained and capable of generating knowledge-driven economic growth.
Economics of Education analyzes both what determines or creates education and what impact education has on individuals and the societies and economies in which they live. Historically a great deal of emphasis has been placed on determining outcomes to educational investment and the creation of human capital. The primary mission of the economics of education group is to identify opportunities for improved efficiency, equity, and quality of education and promote effective education reform processes, to enhance knowledge of what drives education outcomes and results; to better understanding how to strengthen the links of education systems with the labour market; and to build and support a network of education economists for education policy planning and evolve structures and mechanisms for implementation.
An Essay On The Philosophy And Methodology Of EconomicsAmanda Moore
This document summarizes an essay on the philosophy and methodology of economics. It discusses:
1. How dominant economic theories like equilibrium theory are linked to philosophy and raise philosophical questions about concepts like choice and free will. Clarifying these links is important for understanding economics.
2. It questions whether economics can make claims independent of other social sciences like psychology and argues economics must justify isolating economic phenomena.
3. Conceptual analysis of key economic concepts like "economic man" can provide clarity and reveal underlying philosophical assumptions, which has value for understanding and critiquing economic theories.
Welcome to The Power of Macroeconomics!
This presentation will help you understand classic and innovative ideas to make sense of our world and build a better future.
I am Laura Navarro, an economics student at Duke Kunshan University and I will be guiding you through this journey. This presentation is based on my experience taking intermediate Macroeconomics at DKU with Professor Luyao Zhang.
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Why i Want to go to College Essay | Essay on Why i Want to go to .... ⇉Should Everyone Go to College? Essay Example | GraduateWay. Unforgettable Should Everyone Go To College Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Should Everyone Go to College essay - ENGL 111 Dr. Makin September 8 .... Why do i want to go to college essay the ideal health. Essay why i want to attend graduate school. Why do you want to go to College E
Why i Want to go to College Essay | Essay on Why i Want to go to .... ⇉Should Everyone Go to College? Essay Example | GraduateWay. Unforgettable Should Everyone Go To College Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Should Everyone Go to College essay - ENGL 111 Dr. Makin September 8 .... Why do i want to go to college essay the ideal health. Essay why i want to attend graduate school. Why do you want to go to College Essay | Es
Identification of regularities in the development of the baby economy as a co...Igor Britchenko
This study has proven that the economic system is determined by various components, in particular, it includes the real sector of the economy, which is formed on mega-, macro, meso-, micro-and nano-levels. In addition, it was proved that the nano-level is determined by the activities of individuals whose economic activity begins with the birth and attitude of parents, attending various educational and upbringing institutions, and studying at university. A separate segment of the nano-level of the economic system is the baby industry responsible for the production of goods and services for children and future parents. All these aspects are indicators of the development of the baby economy. Such an economic category as the baby economy was separated and defined. The study uses the following methods: analysis, synthesis, structural analysis, systemic approach, observation, comparison, multifactor regression. These methods made it possible to achieve the results, which involve isolation of the baby economy as a component of nanoeconomy and definition of such components of the baby economic segment of nanoeconomy as a family or household economy, the baby industry, the economy of the educational process and upbringing. For this purpose, the value-institutional approach was applied. In addition, multifactorial analysis of the impact of indicators of the baby economy development on the population of a country with a transitive economy with incomes below the subsistence minimum was performed. This analysis identified a direct but minor relationship between these phenomena, which demonstrates the need to intensify and create a policy for the baby economy in similar states. The theoretical significance of the obtained results is determined by the introduction of a new economic category of "the baby economy" for the formation of a nano economic component within socio-economic systems.
The document summarizes the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme's Economics Standard Level course. It outlines the course's aims of developing students' understanding of microeconomic and macroeconomic theories and their real-world applications. The curriculum is divided into four main sections covering microeconomics, macroeconomics, international economics, and development economics. Students are assessed through external exams testing knowledge and analysis, and an internal portfolio assessing commentary writing. Sample exam questions test distinguishing unemployment types and analyzing exchange rate impacts.
ANXIETY LEVELS OF AN INDIVIDUAL IS AFFECTED BY THE BUSINESS CYCLE OF A COUNTRYAnnisa Tiara
This document summarizes a research project about how the business cycle of a country can affect individual anxiety levels. The researcher conducted a study in Indonesia that involved distributing questionnaires to employed and unemployed individuals about their financial situations and anxiety levels. The results showed that financial instability does increase anxiety, though it did not determine a clear extent. This supports the researcher's hypothesis that the business cycle impacts anxiety. The document provides background on the business cycle and different economic theories about its causes and phases. It also discusses types of anxiety and how economic fluctuations could correlate with changes in anxiety levels.
About My School Essay. Essay writing about my school Order Custom Essays at ...Yvonne Porter
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Concepts and assumptions in the economics of educationRukhsana Murtaza
This document discusses key concepts in the economics of education. It defines economics as the study of how societies make choices about producing goods and services. The economics of education applies these economic principles to the process of education. Specifically, it studies human decision-making and behavior regarding schooling. While related, human capital theory focuses more narrowly on how individuals view education as an investment in their future earnings potential. The document also discusses concepts of efficiency in education, differentiating between technical efficiency related to output and inputs, and economic efficiency related to costs. Potential problems with efficiency in education systems are outlined as well.
Humanities Graduates and the British Economy - University of OxfordZoe Burgess
This document summarizes the findings of a research project that examined the career paths and economic contributions of over 11,000 humanities graduates from the University of Oxford between 1960-1989. The research had two parts: 1) A statistical analysis of graduates' degree subjects and occupations over time. It found that humanities graduates increasingly entered high-growth sectors like finance, law and media. 2) In-depth interviews that tracked graduates' lifelong careers, finding many changed occupations but applied skills like communication from their degrees. The research provides new evidence that humanities education serves both individuals and the economy well over the long-term.
This document discusses how economic factors affect educational planning. It begins by defining key economic concepts like investment, saving, consumption, and production, and how they relate to educational planning. It explains that educational planning requires understanding economics because resources are limited and choices must be made. The document also discusses applying economic concepts to educational planning, characteristics of analyzing education through an economic lens, and some weaknesses of economic influences on education. Overall, the document analyzes how economics influences educational planning and decision making.
Re thinking the marketing mix for universities c j birch feb 2011[1]Andrea Ortiz
This document discusses the need for universities to rethink their marketing strategies in response to new challenges. It outlines the rapidly changing global context for higher education, with increased competition and economic uncertainty. Universities will need to adapt their cultures, resources, and capabilities to survive in this new environment. Specifically, universities will need to become more market-driven and marketing-oriented to respond to student demands. Only the most agile universities that can quickly adapt to changes will thrive in the increasingly competitive landscape.
Unified Exams as a Restriction to Higher Education in Latin AmericaEmilio José Calle Celi
A brief analysis of the economic results of restricting access to higher education through the application of a unified admission exam, from the perspective of 12 Latin American countries
IRM 503 ECONOMICS OF EDUCTION
(8) Are There Social Returns to Education (9) Education and Economic Growth
PROFESSOR: DR. MARIANO DE JESUS
PhD STUDENT : DR. ROSEMARIE S. GUIRRE
3RD SEMESTER AY 2019-2020
There are still many prevalent problems surrounding the high school curriculum. This can be seen with
many teachers still struggling with students’ retention on subjects being taught, as well as students having
difficulty with test taking. A focal point with the matter is the subjects themselves that are taught, as both teachers
and students complain about how many of the school subjects do not object towards practical skill sets needed
towards real life. In several countries, students are taught subjects related to vocation, career, finances, and even
investment. A main reason as to why these countries suffer less from economic distress, as well as having more
successful outputs for students, is because financial education is well implemented into the high school curriculum.
The purpose for this paper is to show case studies of various countries showing success due to financial education
taught in schools, and to therefore prove the point that financial education is needed all around for the youth.
A Curriculum Content Analysis Of Master S Degree Programs In Agricultural Eco...Justin Knight
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the curriculum content of Master's degree programs in agricultural economics in selected Canadian and U.S. schools. The study constructed a model curriculum based on required knowledge contents and objectives. It then compiled empirical data on course requirements, concentrations, research requirements, and evaluation procedures from 14 university programs. The study aims to describe current programs, evaluate them against the model, and recommend improvements to better prepare agricultural economics students.
Similar to Facts of Economics Curriculum and Teaching Method (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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The economic courses at college and university level carry a
tremendous burden of responsibility.Itisnoexaggeration to
say that these play the key role in determining the level of
economic literacy achieved by the general population of any
country. The importance of a citizenry well-versed in
economics is growing rapidly.Avoidinginflation,eliminating
international payments deficits and financingthesocietyare
a few of the increasingly complex problems, the public
currently facing. Since, our votes broadly determinehowwe
try to solve this working knowledge of economicsbecomesa
prerequisite for effective citizenship and the future success
of democracy may well hinge on how successfullyweimpart
the knowledge of economics.
In our country we lack economic educationtoourpublic. We
do not have any such programme which the USA has
developed for educating the public in economic education
like Joint Council on Economic Education (JCEE) and a
Committee for Economic Development (CED). Since,now18
years is the criteria of vote, our students make up the bulk of
our voting population. Our first task should be to set forth
the minimum economic-understand essential for good
citizenship. Whereas in USA more and more business
enterprises, labour organisations and government agencies
are buying TV courses in economics and using localteachers
to lecture their staff, we in India completely ignorant about
the role of economics in daily life. In his ‘Poor Richard’s
Almanack’, Benjamin Franklin contemporarytoAdamSmith
said “An investment in knowledge pays the best interest”.
This is truer for the knowledge of economics- education.But
aside from the private return to individuals, economics-
education pays large dividends to society in a democracy. It
is in the formation of opinion about government policy that
the expansion of economic knowledge to more and more
citizens is particularly useful. The real value of economic
education, then, lays not so much in making people better
producers and consumers as in making them better
observers of the formation of economic policies.Thegeneral
public comes into contact with economics and economists
when the latter write and speak to explain economic
problems and recommend particular action, (or lack of
action) in public policy.
Framing of Curriculum
Consequently Economics as a subject is gaining much
importance amongst Social Sciences. So much so that Nobel
Prize in the discipline in economics was constitutedin1969.
However, it is heartrending to note that in our country the
curriculum of economics at school, college and university
levels has never received the attention and have never been
subject is gaining the subject of serious discussions, debate
and research amongst economic educators. This situation
has been continuing since long because curriculum framers
spend most of their time in repetition of the same contents
and same sources at undergraduateand postgraduatelevels.
Most of the students when asked about the courses in
economics will reply that they did the course in economics
but it was not, very good. This indicates that economic
literacy among studentsandmoreamongteacherscontinues
to prevail even after completing their post-graduation. The
results are predictable, most of them complaining that the
content of the curriculum are not up to date and do not
match to their interest and requirements. The inevitable
outcome of this approach is that never havesomanylearned
so little about so much.
It is apt saying that when there are three economists, there
are four opinions. However economists unanimously agree
on the issue of improper and insufficient curriculum in
economics. It is commonly said that the gap between
aspirations and accomplishments isequaltounrest. Perhaps
this is more applicable to courses in economics. Many
students undoubtedly select theeconomicsas anoption with
anticipation that it will provide them clear- cut vision on
economic issues but these aspirations are never fulfilled. In
our country there are about 150 universities where Courses
of Economics are taught. The curri in these universities
except either there is some change in the nomenclature of
the paper or in some contents somewhere in some papers.
The reasons are not far to seek as most universities try to
duplicate the Syllabi of other universities without
diversification and is also more or less the same by UGC.
Wrong references are specialization. In most cases even
contents are chosen in a haphazard unsystematic manner.
Even this aspect is true in framing the model curriculum of
macroeconomics manner and clubbed together in an again a
usual feature rather than exceptions. In most of the
Universities the syllabiandits contentsarenotchanged even
for the last one-decade or so.
Amongst all the academic activities of the universities, the
most neglected one is in fact the framing of the curriculum.
In many instances those who are made responsible
consequences are irrelevant and uninteresting inclusion of
the contents. The college level economics does not teach the
students how to think on economic incapacitated. There are
question. The brief exposure to vast array of techniques
leaves students with no basic economic logic with which to
analyse the economicproblems. Astudentsimplymemorises
a few facts, diagrams and policy recommendations. After
leaving the college the student will be untutored in
economics as the day he entered the class. Unfortunately, in
this world of many desirableeconomiceducationalgoals,the
opportunity cost principle holds as it does in an economy. A
course with an inappropriate frustrates both students and
teachers. This frustration in turn reduces the enrolments
dramatically at college and university levels and graduallyat
school levels. Thishashappened throughoutthe country. Not
only is the student enrolment in economics is reduced at
college and university level but in competitive examinations
also. The economics is one amongst the last choice subjects.
In the face of such reduction in the demand of economics, it
is natural that pressures for changes in coursesarestronger.
This requires that there should be proper curriculum
planning and its implementation, if the or economic
education is to be improved. In quality fact, economic
analysis is the very heart of discipline of economics. Inevery
field the aim of theories is to provide hypotheses about the
way the various elements in particular problems arerelated,
thus making it possible to predict the results of changes in
some of those elements. In this respect the role of economic
analysis is to articulate the mechanism by which economic
causes are translated into economic consequences. In
discussing the economic theory economists naturally focus
on formal theory which naturally is a simplified version of
the real world; and establishes the general propositions
about its operation.Another version of economictheoryuses
economic facts in ways that change the focus of applied
research and the development of formal theory. If one
reviews the history of economics over the course of this
century, the accomplishments of formal economic theory
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have been major.Theprofession of economicshasdeveloped
comprehensive theory of consumer and producer choice,
starting from static model buildings to extending these to
dynamics, uncertainty and incomplete information. Using
these developments, it established core proposition about
the nature and efficiency of general equilibrium with
interacting consumers and producers.
As Keynes said the theory of economics does not furnish a
body of settled conclusions immediately applicable to
doctrine, an apparatus of mind, a technique of thinking
which help conclusions. The above statement amply clears
that economics is not a mere collection of concepts and
readymade conclusions but it is rather a technique of
analysis, a way of thinking about problems and this fact
should be accepted by teachers of economics while framing
curriculum and teaching economics. Therefore, if the
students of economics are learn economics, they must be
taught theory both micro and macro in a very systematic
manner and religiously. In designing courses and in the
teaching process the approach should beanalytical, problem
solving and an economic way of thinking. In fact, Economics
is fundamentally and therefore, it should be taught in such a
fashion that students could learn economic principles to
reason like economists.
The puzzlement and frequent irritation of the public with
economics and economists is because of the fault of the
profession. That economists claim too much, prescribe
rather than explain, propound answersratherthan elucidate
problems and assume the applicability to the real world of
the models which they use in then-researches. In practice
even the most of teachers of economics have lack of grasp of
fundamental concepts and analysis what to say about an
average Social Studies teacher who is partly trained in
economics. The treatment of the subject in textbooks at
school levels leaves much to be desired. The best example is
the books on Economics produced for CBSE. The book on
Indian Economy for class eleventh is merelyparadeoutfacts
and figures with little attempt to analyse economic
relationships. ThebookonMacroeconomics,forclass twelfth
where analysis is attempted is totally inadequate and hence
frustrates the students and teachers alike. All of this boils
down to the fact that our educational system is not serving
up a balanced diet of economics that will properly prepare
future voters for the issues that lie ahead.
Aims of Teaching Principles in Economics Course
The primary goal of teaching principles should betoproduce
students who can think intelligently about economic issues
five and ten years tell after they have left the university and
college Economics is a way of thinking about problem, not a
set of answer, and economics teachers ought to accept this
fact while teaching. Psychological studies on learning and
retention indicate that people tend to retain more of what
they study when the subject matter is properly organised
and meaningful. The acquisition of knowledge is faster and
easier if the learning is relevant, and examples arecited from
day-to-day happenings. This may be the problem in some
other subjects but not in economics as the principles in
economics are based on the behaviour of human beings in
performing economic activities. Anything that is rote-learnt
is likely to have a short half-life. Since it is known that
students learn and retain only a limited amount in any day’s
work in any class, it is essential that Economics teachers
should pare down the content of the course to the core.
The teachers task in teaching principlesof Economics course
is to be well-versed in a common box of tools and be able to
assist a student in mastering concepts. This will lead the
student to a creditable analysis and analytical procedures. It
is felt that an understanding of economics gives one an
important perspective on both individual and social
problems. The principles-course may be the best place,
economists have to let non-economists find this out for
themselves. To generate and hold student interest must be
the most difficult part of college and university teaching. For
this, two ingredients are necessary (i) a logical integrated
course structure and repeated demonstration of the
usefulness of learning and (ii) a competent teacher.
Lack of Incentives in Teaching
However, the trend is in reverse direction. The number of
universities and colleges where serious work is done has
reduced to one fifth during the last fifty years. Further the
proportion of the group that contributes significantly to the
advancement of economics reduced to a very smallersize. In
fact we lack incentives for teaching. The reason is obvious.
The rewards are largely in favour of Specialists-those who
write articles and engage in research. The more a teacher is
successful and celebrated as a Scholar, the less willing he is
to teach. After all, in this era of specialisation the general
practitioner is held in relatively low esteem. Stated
differently, many problems of teaching good economics
(other subjects also) will disappear if the incentivesystemis
revised to reward those who demonstrate outstanding
competence in teaching. This practice of devoted teaching
will certainly improve the knowledge of principles of
economics.
Education is designed to produce existing knowledgeinnew
minds and to make these minds more receptive and more
capable of absorbing transforming, creating and using
knowledge. However, the ability to understand is a scarce
good but can be expanded by suitable training. There is a
scheme of plugging the knowledge-gap in economics for
university and college teachers better known as Refresher
Course, fully funded byUniversityGrantsCommission. Every
year almost twenty universities are assigned the work of
refreshing the teachers in the courses of economics. Every
teacher has to attend minimum four such refreshers.
However, it is intrigue to note that content of refreshers
courses in economics bypass the principles and emphasises
topics on general economics. The obvious results of this
strategy are no significant improvement in theknowledgeof
teachers in economics. It is to be noted that diffusion of
knowledge can be accomplished through several roots.
However, knowledge cannot be absorbed unless some
knowledge is already possessed. Finally as our stock of
knowledge expands it becomes necessary to communicate
properly this knowledge. Unless thereisimprovedefficiency
in teaching, it may become increasingly difficult to free
resources for the discovery of new knowledge. The teacher
of economics should note that importanceofknowledgewas
recognised first by Adam Smith. He argued that, “Man
educated at the expense of much labour and time may be
compared to an expensive machine”. Further,thoseto whom
knowledge is diffused must be able to understand and adapt
However, the refresher course programme meant for
increasing the knowledge in economics could not yield the
required results the way in which it is implemented. In fact,
the time bound programme of promotions in the teaching
discipline at college and university level does not motivate
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the teachers to invest great quantity of time in classroom
preparation The ultimate results of all these half-hearted
efforts means deficiency in skillsofteaching,framingof good
curriculum, the conduct of lively discussion in the
classrooms, delivery of a good lecture and ultimately the
deficiency in evaluation of examination work.
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