The document discusses a study that investigated the relationship between the quality of arc welding and an artisan's mode of training. The study involved 36 artisans with secondary education and 36 with primary education from both formal and informal training backgrounds in urban and rural areas. They fabricated steel products which were assessed for welding quality. The study found that informally trained urban artisans with secondary education had the highest quality, while informally trained rural artisans with primary education had the lowest. Formal training was found to significantly improve quality for rural but not urban artisans. The findings provide evidence that training can improve product quality, especially for rural artisans.
IRJET- Fabric Defect Classification using Modular Neural NetworkIRJET Journal
The document describes a study on classifying fabric defects using a modular neural network approach. 164 fabric images were analyzed to extract wavelet transform coefficients as features. A modular neural network with one hidden layer of 8 processing elements was found to accurately classify defects 92.65% of the time when trained on the images. The algorithm is presented as an effective alternative to traditional fabric defect analysis methods for evaluating fabric quality.
IRJET- A Review on the Examination of the Residual Stresses Present in the...IRJET Journal
This document reviews investigations into residual stresses present in welded joints. It begins with an introduction to residual stresses and their effects on structural integrity and fatigue life. It then summarizes several studies that have examined residual stresses in welded joints through experimental testing and numerical simulation methods like finite element analysis. Key findings include that residual stresses peak at the weld material's yield stress after welding and tensile residual stresses in the heat-affected zone can cause stress corrosion cracking. The document concludes that identifying residual stresses early is important to take remedial actions and prevent failures from cyclic loads exceeding material strength.
This document provides information about a PhD selection presentation given by Mrs. Anjali, who has an ME in Mechanical Engineering. The presentation discusses her past academic qualifications and PG project on predictive modeling and numerical studies of single point incremental sheet forming of a commercial aluminum alloy. Her proposed PhD research objectives include studying the effects of anisotropy and process parameters on SPIF performance, optimizing SPIF using multi-objective techniques, and evaluating high-speed SPIF for commercialization. The presentation outlines her proposed research plan and provides relevant references to support her objectives.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of a PMC and H...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of a glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite (PMC) and a hybrid composite made with glass fibers and stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM). Specimens of the two materials were fabricated using hand layup. Tensile and impact tests were performed on the specimens to determine properties like ultimate strength, modulus, and impact energy absorption. The results showed that the hybrid composite had lower ultimate strength but slightly higher impact resistance than the PMC. The random orientation of fibers limited the contribution of the SSWM to properties. Orienting the fibers could improve the hybrid composite's performance.
IRJET- Effect of Injection Moulding Process Parameter on Warpage of using Tag...IRJET Journal
The document discusses using the Taguchi method to minimize warpage, a common defect, that occurs during the injection molding process for manufacturing plastic products. It examines how process parameters like melt temperature, mold temperature, packing pressure, packing time, and cooling time affect warpage. The goal is to identify the optimal levels for these parameters to reduce warpage through an experimental design using orthogonal arrays as outlined in the Taguchi method.
Work-life balance of labor in Plastic industry of pakistanFaris Ijaz
The document summarizes a research study on the work-life balance of laborers in Pakistan's plastic industry. Key findings from interviews with over 500 laborers at 8 plastic factories in Gujranwala include:
- 51% of laborers said they are unable to maintain a balance between work and personal life due to long work hours and inflexible schedules.
- Most laborers earn less than Rs. 5,000 per month, insufficient to cover monthly expenses.
- Benefits like annual increments, bonuses, and accommodating personal needs are lacking according to laborers.
- The study aims to help industry researchers, employers, and labor associations address laborers' issues and demands.
Study on Effect of Manual Metal Arc Welding Process Parameters on Width of He...IJMER
This document summarizes a study on the effect of welding parameters on the width of the heat affected zone (HAZ) during manual metal arc welding (MMAW) of mild steel. The welding parameters investigated included current, voltage, welding speed, and heat input. Samples were welded with varying combinations of these parameters. The microstructure and width of the HAZ was then analyzed for each sample. The goal of the study was to determine the relationship between welding parameters and HAZ width in order to control and minimize the HAZ during MMAW welding of mild steel.
The document discusses a study that investigated the relationship between the quality of arc welding and an artisan's mode of training. The study involved 36 artisans with secondary education and 36 with primary education from both formal and informal training backgrounds in urban and rural areas. They fabricated steel products which were assessed for welding quality. The study found that informally trained urban artisans with secondary education had the highest quality, while informally trained rural artisans with primary education had the lowest. Formal training was found to significantly improve quality for rural but not urban artisans. The findings provide evidence that training can improve product quality, especially for rural artisans.
IRJET- Fabric Defect Classification using Modular Neural NetworkIRJET Journal
The document describes a study on classifying fabric defects using a modular neural network approach. 164 fabric images were analyzed to extract wavelet transform coefficients as features. A modular neural network with one hidden layer of 8 processing elements was found to accurately classify defects 92.65% of the time when trained on the images. The algorithm is presented as an effective alternative to traditional fabric defect analysis methods for evaluating fabric quality.
IRJET- A Review on the Examination of the Residual Stresses Present in the...IRJET Journal
This document reviews investigations into residual stresses present in welded joints. It begins with an introduction to residual stresses and their effects on structural integrity and fatigue life. It then summarizes several studies that have examined residual stresses in welded joints through experimental testing and numerical simulation methods like finite element analysis. Key findings include that residual stresses peak at the weld material's yield stress after welding and tensile residual stresses in the heat-affected zone can cause stress corrosion cracking. The document concludes that identifying residual stresses early is important to take remedial actions and prevent failures from cyclic loads exceeding material strength.
This document provides information about a PhD selection presentation given by Mrs. Anjali, who has an ME in Mechanical Engineering. The presentation discusses her past academic qualifications and PG project on predictive modeling and numerical studies of single point incremental sheet forming of a commercial aluminum alloy. Her proposed PhD research objectives include studying the effects of anisotropy and process parameters on SPIF performance, optimizing SPIF using multi-objective techniques, and evaluating high-speed SPIF for commercialization. The presentation outlines her proposed research plan and provides relevant references to support her objectives.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of a PMC and H...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of a glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite (PMC) and a hybrid composite made with glass fibers and stainless steel wire mesh (SSWM). Specimens of the two materials were fabricated using hand layup. Tensile and impact tests were performed on the specimens to determine properties like ultimate strength, modulus, and impact energy absorption. The results showed that the hybrid composite had lower ultimate strength but slightly higher impact resistance than the PMC. The random orientation of fibers limited the contribution of the SSWM to properties. Orienting the fibers could improve the hybrid composite's performance.
IRJET- Effect of Injection Moulding Process Parameter on Warpage of using Tag...IRJET Journal
The document discusses using the Taguchi method to minimize warpage, a common defect, that occurs during the injection molding process for manufacturing plastic products. It examines how process parameters like melt temperature, mold temperature, packing pressure, packing time, and cooling time affect warpage. The goal is to identify the optimal levels for these parameters to reduce warpage through an experimental design using orthogonal arrays as outlined in the Taguchi method.
Work-life balance of labor in Plastic industry of pakistanFaris Ijaz
The document summarizes a research study on the work-life balance of laborers in Pakistan's plastic industry. Key findings from interviews with over 500 laborers at 8 plastic factories in Gujranwala include:
- 51% of laborers said they are unable to maintain a balance between work and personal life due to long work hours and inflexible schedules.
- Most laborers earn less than Rs. 5,000 per month, insufficient to cover monthly expenses.
- Benefits like annual increments, bonuses, and accommodating personal needs are lacking according to laborers.
- The study aims to help industry researchers, employers, and labor associations address laborers' issues and demands.
Study on Effect of Manual Metal Arc Welding Process Parameters on Width of He...IJMER
This document summarizes a study on the effect of welding parameters on the width of the heat affected zone (HAZ) during manual metal arc welding (MMAW) of mild steel. The welding parameters investigated included current, voltage, welding speed, and heat input. Samples were welded with varying combinations of these parameters. The microstructure and width of the HAZ was then analyzed for each sample. The goal of the study was to determine the relationship between welding parameters and HAZ width in order to control and minimize the HAZ during MMAW welding of mild steel.
Optimization of mig welding process parameters for maximum yield strength in ...AJIT HOODA
This document discusses optimizing MIG welding process parameters to predict the maximum yield strength of AISI 1040 steel joints. Experiments were conducted using a four-factor design to study the effects of welding voltage, current, wire speed, and gas flow rate. Response surface methodology was used to develop a model relating the parameters to yield strength and to optimize the parameters for maximum strength. The model can predict yield strength and identify the optimal welding conditions for strong AISI 1040 steel welds.
Submerged arc welding (SAW) involves heating metals with an arc between a bare metal electrode and the workpiece. The arc is shielded by a blanket of granular fusible material on the workpiece. Key aspects of SAW include:
- Equipment includes a welding machine, wire feeder, flux hopper, and sometimes a travel mechanism.
- The arc is not visible as it is submerged under the layer of flux. The flux forms a slag that protects the weld area.
- Filler metal is obtained from the continuously fed electrode. As the electrode melts, the metal transfers through the arc to the workpiece where it becomes the deposited weld.
Electric arc welding is a process that joins metals by heating them with an electric arc between an electrode and the metals. It is one of the most common welding processes and uses a consumable electrode coated in flux to lay the weld. The electric arc melts the tip of the electrode and filler metal is deposited into the weld pool while the flux provides shielding from contamination and leaves a slag layer. Proper welding techniques along with the right equipment, electrodes, and power source are required to perform arc welding.
The document discusses metal inert gas (MIG) welding. It describes how MIG welding works, the different types of equipment used including wire feeders and torches, parameters that affect the process such as current, voltage, wire size and gas composition. It also covers the different metal transfer modes in MIG welding and common defects that can occur. Penetration is identified as a critical quality parameter that should be around 20% of the workpiece thickness. Penetration can be tested through a penetration test where the weld cross-section is examined after etching.
This document provides an overview of gas metal arc welding (GMAW), also known as metal inert gas (MIG) welding. It discusses the safety hazards of GMAW, different types of metal transfer including short circuit, globular, and spray arc, advantages and disadvantages of each transfer type, and components of manual GMAW equipment including the welding torch, wire feed motor and control, and power source. The document is intended as an introduction to GMAW fundamentals and processes.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
This study investigated the relationship between arc welding quality in small-scale metalworking businesses in Kenya and artisans' education levels, training modes, and business locations. 72 artisans participated, divided into groups based on primary or secondary education, formal training or on-the-job training, and urban or rural business locations. Artisans fabricated steel products which were assessed for welding quality. The study found that informally trained artisans with secondary education working in urban areas had the highest quality, while informally trained primary educated artisans in rural areas had the lowest. Generally, secondary educated artisans performed better. Formal training improved quality for rural artisans. Business location only affected informally trained artisans' quality.
Optimization of friction stir welding process parameter using taguchi method ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is relatively new solid state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly and versatile. Welding is a multiinput-output process in which quality of welded joint is depends upon a input parameter. Therefore optimization of input process parameter is required to achieve good quality of welding. There are so many methods of optimization in which Taguchi method and Response surface methodology are selected for optimization of process parameter. In this review the effect of process parameter on welded joint studied and optimizes the parameter by using Taguchi method and Response surface methodology. The study of Friction stir welding of Aluminium alloy and High density polyethylene sheets shows the improvement in welded joint quality by optimization of process parameter. The main process parameters which affect the strength of welded joint is tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin profile. Keywords: Friction stir welding (FSW), Optimization, Taguchi Method Response surface Methodology Prediction models
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WELDING FIXTURES AND POSITIONERSvivatechijri
The document describes the design and fabrication of welding fixtures and positioners. It discusses how welding fixtures are used to accurately position components during welding in mass production. The document outlines the methodology used, including modeling fixtures in CAD software, calculating forces, and analyzing precision placement of circular components. It also discusses other aspects of welding automation like manipulators and positioners. The goal is to develop a new fixture design that can accurately position components within 0.1mm for mass production welding without using robots.
IRJET- Recognition of Factor Impacting Labor Productivity for Reinforcement I...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to identify and rank the important factors affecting labor productivity for reinforcement installation activities in the construction industry in India. A questionnaire was developed based on literature review and expert consultation to assess 23 potential factors across 4 categories: management, technical/technological, human/labor, and external job conditions. Constructors, builders, and consultants participated in the survey. The results found that the most significant factors impacting productivity included the skills of reinforcement installers, supervision quality, timely material supply, safety measures, crew size, design accuracy and details, steel hauling methods, and work height. Identifying these key factors can help construction practitioners improve practices and labor utilization to enhance productivity.
Prediction of output Responses in Milling of Casted Aluminum by using ANNijiert bestjournal
The important goal in the modern industries is to m anufacture the products with lower cost and with hi gh quality in short span of time. There are two main p ractical problems that engineers face in a manufacturing process. The first is to determine th e values of process parameters that will yield the desired product quality (meet technical specificati ons) and the second is to maximize manufacturing system performance using the available resources. T he increase of customer needs for quality products (more precise tolerances and better product surface roughness) have driven the metal cutting process. The main objective of this project work is to study the effect of surface roughness and Material Removal R ate in a machining of cast aluminum on CNC milling mach ine with High Speed Steel cutting tool. The feasibility of implementation of design of experime nts (DOE),and Artificial Neural network in milling process is analyzed.
A Review on Efficiency of Migrated Labours in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review on the efficiency of migrated laborers in the construction industry. It begins by introducing the challenges of improving labor productivity in construction. It then discusses how previous studies have examined labor behavior but further understanding is needed. The objectives are to study the behavior of local versus migrated laborers, assess their efficiency, and recommend improvements. Factors that influence productivity like wages, overtime, fatigue are identified from literature. A methodology is described to collect data from laborers and site engineers via questionnaires on the identified factors. The responses will be analyzed to compare the efficiency of local and migrated laborers with the goal of improving overall productivity in the construction industry.
Knowledge and skill requirements in the installation of prefabricated membersIAEME Publication
This document discusses knowledge and skill requirements for installing prefabricated members in construction. It provides background on prefabricated construction and issues with personnel. The key points are:
1. Installation of prefabricated members involves workers, a crane operator, and a foreman. The foreman supervises the process and manages changes.
2. The installation process has three main steps: checking members, deciding on installation, and installing members. Additional steps may be included.
3. Changes like unavailable members, shuffled stock locations, and resource issues require adaptations to the process.
4. Errors can occur and additional knowledge and skills are needed to address them. The goal is to understand requirements to
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to simulate tool wear during drilling of difficult-to-cut nickel-based superalloys. A 3D finite element model was developed to model the drilling process and predict tool wear. Tool wear was modeled using Usui's wear model, which relates wear rate to cutting parameters like stress, temperature, and sliding velocity. The model was validated by comparing simulation results for cutting forces and temperatures to experimental data. Simulation results showed that increased cutting speed and feed rate led to faster predicted tool wear, in agreement with experiments. The study aims to provide a predictive capability for optimizing drilling processes of superalloys.
This thesis examines the structure, conduct and performance of the informal metal manufacturing industry in Zimbabwe and its implications for stakeholders in the agricultural sector. It uses a Structure-Conduct-Performance framework to assess the efficiency of the industry. Survey results from 200 informal metal firms show that the industry is competitive with standardized products and prices close to marginal costs. Firms are profitable with lower prices than formal competitors. The industry supplies agricultural materials to smallholder farmers at good prices and quality. The conclusion is that the informal metal industry makes a positive contribution to the agricultural supply chain in Zimbabwe. Recommendations include integrating the industry into economic development plans and improving business operations.
IRJET-Graduate Employability in the Field of Construction ManagementIRJET Journal
This document examines the employability of graduates in the field of construction management in India. It conducted a survey of post-graduate students and industry professionals to understand the gaps between education and employment. The survey found that students face difficulties in finding jobs and being prepared for work. Industry reported lacks in the skills of new graduates. Suggestions were made to integrate additional topics into curriculums to better prepare future engineers for the job market. The study aims to improve university education and industry partnerships to enhance graduate employability in construction fields.
IRJET- Review Paper on of Single Point Cutting Tool with Taguchi Robust ApproachIRJET Journal
This document presents a review paper on simulating a single point cutting tool process using the Taguchi robust design approach. It discusses using finite element modeling (FEM) software to numerically simulate the turning process and analyze three input factors (depth of cut, cutting speed, and rack angle) and two responses (stress and strain). The Taguchi design of experiments technique is used to develop relationships between factors and responses. Regression modeling is then used to develop equations relating the input parameters to output results. Previous research on measuring cutting temperatures, forces, and modeling metal cutting processes is also reviewed to provide context and validate the current study's approach.
This document analyzes turning parameters to minimize surface roughness when turning AISI 1040 steel using the Taguchi method. 27 experiments were conducted varying cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The results found that depth of cut had the most significant impact on lowering surface roughness, followed by feed rate. Cutting speed had the least effect. The Taguchi method showed that interactions between feed rate and depth of cut also influenced surface roughness. The analysis identified the optimal cutting conditions to achieve the lowest surface roughness.
Optimization of mig welding process parameters for maximum yield strength in ...AJIT HOODA
This document discusses optimizing MIG welding process parameters to predict the maximum yield strength of AISI 1040 steel joints. Experiments were conducted using a four-factor design to study the effects of welding voltage, current, wire speed, and gas flow rate. Response surface methodology was used to develop a model relating the parameters to yield strength and to optimize the parameters for maximum strength. The model can predict yield strength and identify the optimal welding conditions for strong AISI 1040 steel welds.
Submerged arc welding (SAW) involves heating metals with an arc between a bare metal electrode and the workpiece. The arc is shielded by a blanket of granular fusible material on the workpiece. Key aspects of SAW include:
- Equipment includes a welding machine, wire feeder, flux hopper, and sometimes a travel mechanism.
- The arc is not visible as it is submerged under the layer of flux. The flux forms a slag that protects the weld area.
- Filler metal is obtained from the continuously fed electrode. As the electrode melts, the metal transfers through the arc to the workpiece where it becomes the deposited weld.
Electric arc welding is a process that joins metals by heating them with an electric arc between an electrode and the metals. It is one of the most common welding processes and uses a consumable electrode coated in flux to lay the weld. The electric arc melts the tip of the electrode and filler metal is deposited into the weld pool while the flux provides shielding from contamination and leaves a slag layer. Proper welding techniques along with the right equipment, electrodes, and power source are required to perform arc welding.
The document discusses metal inert gas (MIG) welding. It describes how MIG welding works, the different types of equipment used including wire feeders and torches, parameters that affect the process such as current, voltage, wire size and gas composition. It also covers the different metal transfer modes in MIG welding and common defects that can occur. Penetration is identified as a critical quality parameter that should be around 20% of the workpiece thickness. Penetration can be tested through a penetration test where the weld cross-section is examined after etching.
This document provides an overview of gas metal arc welding (GMAW), also known as metal inert gas (MIG) welding. It discusses the safety hazards of GMAW, different types of metal transfer including short circuit, globular, and spray arc, advantages and disadvantages of each transfer type, and components of manual GMAW equipment including the welding torch, wire feed motor and control, and power source. The document is intended as an introduction to GMAW fundamentals and processes.
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
This document summarizes a study of CEO succession events among the largest 100 U.S. corporations between 2005-2015. The study analyzed executives who were passed over for the CEO role ("succession losers") and their subsequent careers. It found that 74% of passed over executives left their companies, with 30% eventually becoming CEOs elsewhere. However, companies led by succession losers saw average stock price declines of 13% over 3 years, compared to gains for companies whose CEO selections remained unchanged. The findings suggest that boards generally identify the most qualified CEO candidates, though differences between internal and external hires complicate comparisons.
This study investigated the relationship between arc welding quality in small-scale metalworking businesses in Kenya and artisans' education levels, training modes, and business locations. 72 artisans participated, divided into groups based on primary or secondary education, formal training or on-the-job training, and urban or rural business locations. Artisans fabricated steel products which were assessed for welding quality. The study found that informally trained artisans with secondary education working in urban areas had the highest quality, while informally trained primary educated artisans in rural areas had the lowest. Generally, secondary educated artisans performed better. Formal training improved quality for rural artisans. Business location only affected informally trained artisans' quality.
Optimization of friction stir welding process parameter using taguchi method ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is relatively new solid state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly and versatile. Welding is a multiinput-output process in which quality of welded joint is depends upon a input parameter. Therefore optimization of input process parameter is required to achieve good quality of welding. There are so many methods of optimization in which Taguchi method and Response surface methodology are selected for optimization of process parameter. In this review the effect of process parameter on welded joint studied and optimizes the parameter by using Taguchi method and Response surface methodology. The study of Friction stir welding of Aluminium alloy and High density polyethylene sheets shows the improvement in welded joint quality by optimization of process parameter. The main process parameters which affect the strength of welded joint is tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin profile. Keywords: Friction stir welding (FSW), Optimization, Taguchi Method Response surface Methodology Prediction models
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WELDING FIXTURES AND POSITIONERSvivatechijri
The document describes the design and fabrication of welding fixtures and positioners. It discusses how welding fixtures are used to accurately position components during welding in mass production. The document outlines the methodology used, including modeling fixtures in CAD software, calculating forces, and analyzing precision placement of circular components. It also discusses other aspects of welding automation like manipulators and positioners. The goal is to develop a new fixture design that can accurately position components within 0.1mm for mass production welding without using robots.
IRJET- Recognition of Factor Impacting Labor Productivity for Reinforcement I...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to identify and rank the important factors affecting labor productivity for reinforcement installation activities in the construction industry in India. A questionnaire was developed based on literature review and expert consultation to assess 23 potential factors across 4 categories: management, technical/technological, human/labor, and external job conditions. Constructors, builders, and consultants participated in the survey. The results found that the most significant factors impacting productivity included the skills of reinforcement installers, supervision quality, timely material supply, safety measures, crew size, design accuracy and details, steel hauling methods, and work height. Identifying these key factors can help construction practitioners improve practices and labor utilization to enhance productivity.
Prediction of output Responses in Milling of Casted Aluminum by using ANNijiert bestjournal
The important goal in the modern industries is to m anufacture the products with lower cost and with hi gh quality in short span of time. There are two main p ractical problems that engineers face in a manufacturing process. The first is to determine th e values of process parameters that will yield the desired product quality (meet technical specificati ons) and the second is to maximize manufacturing system performance using the available resources. T he increase of customer needs for quality products (more precise tolerances and better product surface roughness) have driven the metal cutting process. The main objective of this project work is to study the effect of surface roughness and Material Removal R ate in a machining of cast aluminum on CNC milling mach ine with High Speed Steel cutting tool. The feasibility of implementation of design of experime nts (DOE),and Artificial Neural network in milling process is analyzed.
A Review on Efficiency of Migrated Labours in Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review on the efficiency of migrated laborers in the construction industry. It begins by introducing the challenges of improving labor productivity in construction. It then discusses how previous studies have examined labor behavior but further understanding is needed. The objectives are to study the behavior of local versus migrated laborers, assess their efficiency, and recommend improvements. Factors that influence productivity like wages, overtime, fatigue are identified from literature. A methodology is described to collect data from laborers and site engineers via questionnaires on the identified factors. The responses will be analyzed to compare the efficiency of local and migrated laborers with the goal of improving overall productivity in the construction industry.
Knowledge and skill requirements in the installation of prefabricated membersIAEME Publication
This document discusses knowledge and skill requirements for installing prefabricated members in construction. It provides background on prefabricated construction and issues with personnel. The key points are:
1. Installation of prefabricated members involves workers, a crane operator, and a foreman. The foreman supervises the process and manages changes.
2. The installation process has three main steps: checking members, deciding on installation, and installing members. Additional steps may be included.
3. Changes like unavailable members, shuffled stock locations, and resource issues require adaptations to the process.
4. Errors can occur and additional knowledge and skills are needed to address them. The goal is to understand requirements to
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to simulate tool wear during drilling of difficult-to-cut nickel-based superalloys. A 3D finite element model was developed to model the drilling process and predict tool wear. Tool wear was modeled using Usui's wear model, which relates wear rate to cutting parameters like stress, temperature, and sliding velocity. The model was validated by comparing simulation results for cutting forces and temperatures to experimental data. Simulation results showed that increased cutting speed and feed rate led to faster predicted tool wear, in agreement with experiments. The study aims to provide a predictive capability for optimizing drilling processes of superalloys.
This thesis examines the structure, conduct and performance of the informal metal manufacturing industry in Zimbabwe and its implications for stakeholders in the agricultural sector. It uses a Structure-Conduct-Performance framework to assess the efficiency of the industry. Survey results from 200 informal metal firms show that the industry is competitive with standardized products and prices close to marginal costs. Firms are profitable with lower prices than formal competitors. The industry supplies agricultural materials to smallholder farmers at good prices and quality. The conclusion is that the informal metal industry makes a positive contribution to the agricultural supply chain in Zimbabwe. Recommendations include integrating the industry into economic development plans and improving business operations.
IRJET-Graduate Employability in the Field of Construction ManagementIRJET Journal
This document examines the employability of graduates in the field of construction management in India. It conducted a survey of post-graduate students and industry professionals to understand the gaps between education and employment. The survey found that students face difficulties in finding jobs and being prepared for work. Industry reported lacks in the skills of new graduates. Suggestions were made to integrate additional topics into curriculums to better prepare future engineers for the job market. The study aims to improve university education and industry partnerships to enhance graduate employability in construction fields.
IRJET- Review Paper on of Single Point Cutting Tool with Taguchi Robust ApproachIRJET Journal
This document presents a review paper on simulating a single point cutting tool process using the Taguchi robust design approach. It discusses using finite element modeling (FEM) software to numerically simulate the turning process and analyze three input factors (depth of cut, cutting speed, and rack angle) and two responses (stress and strain). The Taguchi design of experiments technique is used to develop relationships between factors and responses. Regression modeling is then used to develop equations relating the input parameters to output results. Previous research on measuring cutting temperatures, forces, and modeling metal cutting processes is also reviewed to provide context and validate the current study's approach.
This document analyzes turning parameters to minimize surface roughness when turning AISI 1040 steel using the Taguchi method. 27 experiments were conducted varying cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The results found that depth of cut had the most significant impact on lowering surface roughness, followed by feed rate. Cutting speed had the least effect. The Taguchi method showed that interactions between feed rate and depth of cut also influenced surface roughness. The analysis identified the optimal cutting conditions to achieve the lowest surface roughness.
IRJET- A Review on Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Machining using ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews optimization of cutting parameters in machining using the Taguchi method. It summarizes previous research that has investigated the effects of cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed rate on surface finish in end milling processes using the Taguchi method. The document also provides background on end milling, Taguchi methods, design of experiments, and reviews several previous studies that optimized cutting parameters for different materials using Taguchi methods and found that cutting speed typically has the greatest influence on surface finish, while depth of cut tends to have the smallest effect.
Experimental Analysis to Optimize the Process Parameter of Friction Stir Weld...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental analysis to optimize the process parameters of friction stir welding (FSW) for aluminum alloy AA6082. The researchers conducted FSW experiments using different combinations of tool rotation speed, tilt angle, and welding speed. Tensile strength results of the welded joints were analyzed using Taguchi methods and particle swarm optimization to determine the optimal parameter settings. Specifically, a central composite design was used with three factors at three levels each to evaluate the effects of the FSW parameters on tensile strength. The goal of the research was to develop relationships between FSW variables and tensile/yield strength and identify the best settings for maximizing strength in single and multi-pass welds of AA6082 aluminum alloy.
IRJET-Investigation and Numerical Analysis of Milling CutterIRJET Journal
This document discusses a numerical analysis of milling cutters conducted through finite element analysis. The analysis varied the geometry of flat end mill cutters by changing the rack angle to investigate its effect on stress formation during milling. Stress simulations were performed and results showed that stress decreased as the rack angle increased. Validation of the finite element model was performed by comparing simulated and experimental stress values, showing good agreement. Meshing of the cutters and workpiece was done using tetrahedral elements in ANSYS software. Analysis was conducted at various cutting speeds and feed rates to determine stress on the cutters. Varying the rack angle provided a way to minimize stress formation in milling.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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F215359
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 2 Issue 1 ǁ January. 2013 ǁ PP.53-59
www.ijesi.org 53 | P a g e
Impact Of Business Location On Product Quality
*C.M.M. Ondieki1
,E.T. Bisanda2
, and W.O.Ogola3
The Case Study of Arc Welding in Small Scale Metalworking Enterprises in Kenya
ABSTRACT: The quality of products from the micro and small enterprise sector is affected by both the
entrepreneur’s and enterprise’s attributes. This paper presents and discusses findings of a study that was
designed to investigate experimentally the relationship between the quality of arc welding in the Small Scale
Metalwork sub-sector and the artisan’s business location. Four pairs of groups with a total of 36 with
secondary education and 36 with primary education consisting of formally and informally trained artisans from
urban and rural areas participated in the evaluation. A mild steel product was fabricated by each participating
artisan, assessed and scores awarded based on the quality of arc welding. The analysis of variance (ANOVA)
was used to show any variation in the quality of arc welding;comparisons of means using the Least Significant
Difference (LSD) at the alpha level of 5% were done to determine which pairs of artisans affected quality
significantly. The study found out that artisans from urban areas performed better those from rural areas.
Keywords––Business location, Product Quality, MSE, Metalworking sub-sector, Arc welding
I. INTRODUCTION
The quality of products from the MSE sector is affected by both the entrepreneur’s and enterprise’s
attributes. Many school leavers, retirees and retrencheesas well as those dissatisfied with formal wage
employment resort to entrepreneurial activities within this sector as a means of earning a living. However, the
MSE sector entrepreneurs suffer various deficiencies in business management. These deficiencies are
attributable to their low education levels, which in turn adversely affects their ability to produce high quality
products among others.
The influence of the entrepreneur’s attributes such as age, gender, educational level, mode of training,
work experienceand membership to business support groups on the productivity and performance of enterprises
has been reported. Similarly, enterprise attributes such as its age, location, ownership structure, and formal
status and business activity determine production outcomes (Kimuyu, 2001).
This paper discusses the findings of a study that was designed to investigate experimentally the
relationship between the quality of arc welding in the Small Scale Metalwork sub-sector and the artisan’s
business location.The understanding and validation of this relationship is important forthe effective marketing of
the MSE products.
The majority of the MSE/informal activities arein the rural areas or small towns and markets in Kenya.
However, there is very little literature relating the performance of the MSEs and their business locations. Most
of the literature available is on financial support to the sector followed by education and training in the MSE
sector. Most of these studies have been carried out mainly in urban areas.Most of the previous studies obtained
their data through the use of one or more of the following instruments: questionnaires, desk reviews,
observations, interviews, focus group discussions, and content analysis. These studies were either qualitative or
survey researches, while the present study was mainly experimental research (with a bit of qualitative using
observation as far as the use of welding equipment and welding techniques are concerned to find out which
groups – secondary/primary or urban/rural - were proficient or understood the welding process).
In arc welding processes the most common defects are either surface defects (cracks, distortion,
overlaps and rolls, undercuts, excessive spatter, and bad weld surface appearance) or subsurface weld defects.
These defects (Parmar, 1997) come as a result of:
a) Improper selection of process, for example, using a very deep penetrating heat source on a narrow Vee
angle so causing cracking in the root run due to large depth-to-width ratio;
1
Lecturer in Multimedia University college at Kenya; Tel: +254722705609;
2
Professor and Vice-Chancellor of Open University of Tanzania; Tel: +255764505706;
3
Associate Professor at Kenya Polytechnic University College; Tel: +254722906168;
2. Impact Of Business Location On Product Quality
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b) Applying the welding process incorrectly for the particular application, such as incorrect current setting
or excess weld metal deposition;
c) The interactionof the weld metal with prior defects in the base metal, e.g. laminations and impurities like
phosphorous, sulphur, and silicate, etc. that cause brittle and weak zones resulting in, for example,
lamellar tearing;
d) Undesirable metallurgical structure with respect to grain size and hardness as well as undesirable
inclusions such as tungsten oxide and slag. Hydrogen is a most undesirable inclusion as it is often the
main cause of cold cracking in steels;
e) Undesirable shape and size of weld bead due to overfill and/or poor profile;
f) Incorrect joint preparations and poor fit-up leading to inaccessibility and lack of fusion, cracking, etc.;
g) Stray arcing, tool marks, undercuts, inclusions, poor finish, lack of fusion and penetration, and incorrect
weld shape causing a reduction in fatigue life and joint strength;
For one to produce a quality product the sequence of welding techniques commonly used, as outlined in the
book by Parmar (1997), are:
1. The preliminary operations like cleaning, edge preparation, and the fixing of tab-in and tab-out plates are
accomplished;
2. Parts are assembled by tack welding or by employing jigs and fixtures;
3. The assembled work piece is presented to the machine or vice versa;
4. Welding is initiated by striking the arc for fusion welding or by bringing electrodes in contact with the
work and switching on the current for resistance welding;
5. Relative movement between the welding head and the work to attain the desired welding speed is created;
6. The welding variables like arc voltage, welding current, and wire feed rate are controlled- controlling the
welding variables like arc voltage controls the arc length, welding current, and wire feed rate;
7. Welding process is stopped by stopping the relative movement between the welding head and the work;
8. The welding head is shifted to the position wherefromthe next welding cycle is to be initiated;
9. The completed work is removed.
1.1 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study were to compare the product quality in terms of the mean scoresfrom
artisans with businesses in the urban areas with those artisans with businesses in rural areas, both with the
following attributes:
i) Formallyand informally trained artisans with secondary education;
ii) Formally and informally trained artisans with primary education.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Sampling
The target population of the study consisted of artisans who had completed class eight of the Kenyan
primary education and artisans who had completed form four of the Kenyan secondary education. The artisans
were selected both from rural and urban areas with two modes of training (on-the-job training and formal
technical training). The Kenyan MSE sector engages about 8.33 million operators (Government of Kenya,
2010). Out of this the Jua Kali sector (the MSEs that are engaged in technical work) wasabout 18% according to
the National MSE baseline Survey conducted in 1999. The most widely used welding method is arc weldingfor
mild steel products, and according to the survey the number of artisans engaged in welding and fabrication is
about 37,485 (Government of Kenya, 1999). About 60% and 40% of this number comprise primary education
class eight graduates and secondary education form four graduates respectively (Government of Kenya, 2004).
Based on these figures the total population for primary class eight artisans was taken to be 22,491 and
for secondary formfour was takento be 14,994. A total of 36 artisans with primary education class eight and a
total of 36 artisans with secondary education formfour were selected for assessment. The sample size
determination was based on the relation:
n =
22
2
1 eNc
Nc
; where n = sample size, N = population size,
c = coefficient of variation (≤ 30%), and e = error margin (≤ 5%).
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This formula enabled the researchers to minimize the error and enhance stability of the estimates
(Nassiuma, 2000). In this study c was taken to be 30% and e to be 5% (using the maximum percentage in each
case). Table 1 show the number and category of artisans who participated in this study.
Table 1: Number and category of artisans who participated
Education Level Attributes Urban Area Rural Area Total
Secondary
Education
Formally trained 5 14 19
Informally trained 10 7 17
Total 15 21 36
Primary
Education
Formally trained 6 10 16
Informally trained 8 12 20
Total 14 22 36
Total 29 43 72
The Directorate of Industrial Training (DIT) testing centers were used for this research. This was meant
to minimize the effect on the quality of the fabricated products due to the condition of the welding equipment;
(the welding equipments used in all DIT testing centers are more else of the same working condition). The
selected DIT testing centers were those with high concentrations of welders, and easily accessible by the
researchers. A total of ten (10) DIT testing centers were used as shown in Table 2. Work started at the same
time in all testing centers. Research assistants (who had been selected from among the DIT trained examiners)
were used to supervise the participating artisans.
Table 2: DIT Testing Centres and Number of Participating Artisans
DIT Centre
(Province)
Education
Level
Urban Rural Total
F I F I
1. NIVTC
(Nairobi)
Primary 2 2 0 0 4
Secondary 2 3 0 1 6
2. Ruaraka
(Nairobi)
Primary 1 0 0 0 1
Secondary 1 2 0 0 3
3. Kakamega
(Western)
Primary 0 0 1 1 2
Secondary 0 0 1 0 1
4. Turbo
(Western)
Primary 0 0 4 0 4
Secondary 0 0 11 1 12
5. Kiambu
(Central)
Primary 0 0 2 2 4
Secondary 0 0 0 1 1
6. Machakos
(Eastern)
Primary 0 0 3 7 10
Secondary 0 0 0 2 2
7.Mombasa
(Coast)
Primary 0 5 0 0 5
Secondary 1 2 0 1 4
8. Eldoret
(Rift Valley)
Primary 0 0 0 0 0
Secondary 0 1 0 0 1
9. Nakuru
(Rift Valley)
Primary 0 0 0 1 1
Secondary 1 0 1 0 2
10.Kisumu
(Nyanza)
Primary 3 1 0 1 5
Secondary 0 2 1 1 4
Total 11 18 24 19 72
F – Formally Trained; I – Informally Trained (i.e. trained-on-the-job)
The independent variable of the study was the artisan’s business location, while the dependent variable
was the scores awarded to indicate the quality of the product fabricated by the artisan using arc welding
processes.
The effect of business location level was evaluated by comparing the mean scores of the following
groups:
a) Trained artisans with secondary education form four working in urban areas with those working in rural
areas.
b) Artisans that are trained-on-the-job with secondary education form four working in urban areas with
those working in rural areas.
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c) Trained artisans with primary education class eight working in urban areas with those working in rural
areas.
d) Artisans that are trained-on-the-job with primary education class eight working in urban areas with those
working in rural areas.
Besides the above primary groups, the effect of business location was also evaluated by comparing the mean
scores of the following combined groups composed of artisans with different other attributes:
e) All artisans with secondary education formfour working in urban areas with those working in rural areas.
f) All artisans with primary education class eight working in urban areas with those working in rural areas.
g) All trained artisans working in urban areas with those working in rural areas.
h) All artisans trained-on-the-job working in urban areas with those working in rural areas.
i) All artisans working in urban areas with those working in rural areas.
2.2 Data Generation Tools
Two instruments were used to collect the required data. These were:
i) Structured questionnaires, and
ii) Assessment of fabricated product.
The questionnaire was used mainly to get information regarding the artisan’s attributes and business
characteristics. The participating artisans were generally observed to find out how proficientthey were in using
the welding equipment and methods/techniques as outlined in the introduction.
2.3 Assessment of Product Design
Drawing of the product shown in figures 1 was used in the research. The welding project was marked
out 100%. The product was designed in such a way that most of the welding techniques were to be used in
fabricating it.
In this study, manual welding was employed; the artisans were given materials in the form of sheets
and they were supposed to measure and cut the parts to the sizes shown. The parts were joined together using
arc welding processes. The assessment was carried out by checking for the correct part sizes (by using vernier
calipers), and examining for the correct part alignment, correct welding and product finish; visual inspection
was used to detect surface defects. Careful visual inspection of welds can detect about 80% to 90% of the
defects and flaws (Parmar, 1997).
Figure 1:Mild Steel Welding Project
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The quality of welded joints depends upon the design of the product, the performance
of welding equipment, the welding procedures followed, and the skill of the operator. In this
study any deficiency in the design and equipment affected all artisans equally. Therefore, the
skillof the welder was to determine the scores obtained.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data scores collected were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and excel
spreadsheet. The means and standard deviations were generated to describe the quality of arc welding with
regard to business location. The scores were matchedwith the artisans’ attributes and business characteristics to
find their relationships.
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to show any variation in the quality of arc welding in
each of the eight groups of artisans due to the different treatments, that is, business location. Comparisons of all
possible pairs of means using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) method with alpha set at 5% were done to
determine which pairs of artisans with quality performances that was significantly different.
The eight primary groups could broadly be divided into two: those artisans working in theurban areas
and those artisans working in the rural areas. A total of 29 participating artisans were selectedfrom urban areas
and 43 participating artisans were selected from rural areas for evaluation in this study. The artisans’ scores
awarded for quality of arc welding provided the data for determining the impact of business location on product
quality.
The objective sought to determine whether there were differences in product quality when using arc
welding processes by artisans from urban areas and artisans from rural areas. The specific objective was to find
out whether there is any relationship between the (quality of arc welding and business location.
The analysis of variance was carried out and the results are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Table 3 shows
mean scores of product quality for business locations forprimary groups of artisans with the same attributes, and
Table 4 showsmean scores of product quality for business locations forcombined groups of artisans with
different other attributes.
Table 3: Mean scores of product quality for business locations forprimary
groups of artisans with same attributes
Business
Location
Mean Scores Cumulative
Mean Scoressecondary Primary
Formally
Trained
Informally
Trained
Formally
Trained
Informally
Trained
Urban 68.70a
73.45a
66.58b
70.25a
70.33a
Rural 69.86a
65.07b
60.35b
50.88c
61.57b
The means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at = 5% using LSD
Table 3 shows that there is no significant difference in the mean scores in the first and third columns.
Thus the performance of both formally trained artisans with secondary or primary education from urban and
rural areas does not significantly differ. This implies that the business location does not have asignificant impact
on product qualityofthese groups of artisans.
However, there is a significant differencein the mean scores in the second and fourth columns; this
implies that the business location has significant impact on product quality ofthese groups of artisans. The
highquality was exhibited by the informally trained artisans with secondary education working in the urban
areas, while the lowquality was exhibited by the informally trained artisans with primary education working in
the rural areas. Overall artisans in urban areas emerged with the best product quality as compared with product
quality from artisans in rural areas.
Table 4: Mean scores of product quality for business locations forcombined
groups of artisans with different other attributes
Business
Location
Secondary
Education
Primary
Education
Formal
Training
Informal
Training
Overall
Mean
Urban 71.83a
68.68a
67.55b
72.03a
70.33a
Rural 68.26a
58.18c
65.90b
56.11c
61.57b
The means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at = 5% using LSD.
Table 4 shows that there is no significant difference in the mean scores in the first and third columns,
that is, the overall performance of artisans with secondary education or with formal training is moreelsethe same
irrespective of the business location. However, in the second and third columns the differences in mean scores
6. Impact Of Business Location On Product Quality
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are significant; this implies that in overall artisans from urban areas with primary education or informally
trained have their product quality higher than their counterparts from rural areas.
Overall artisans in urban areas emerged with the best product quality as compared with product quality
from artisans in rural areas. The results agree with Sonobe et al, (2002) who, when studying on the performance
of garment enterprises in Jili, China, found out that the performance in producing quality products between
enterprises in urban and remote centres(rural areas) were different; urban enterprises performed better than rural
enterprises.
The mean score for the informally trained artisans working in rural areas is significantly different from
the other mean scores. The majority in this group have primary education class eight artisans (12 out of 19
artisans). It is evident from Tables 3 and 4 that the informally trained artisans working in urban areas perform
better than their counterparts who are formally trained.
However, it was expected that the formally trained could perform better than those informally trained
since they are all working in the same urban areas. From the questionnaires it was found out that more than 60%
of the formally trained artisans working in urban areas planned to look for formal employment, while less than
20% of those artisans trained-on-the-job working in urban areas planned to look for formal employment. In the
case of those in rural areas the result was different; less than 25% of the formally trained artisans and less than
10% those trained-on-the-job planned to look for formal employment. This means that the formally trained
artisans in urban areas are not contented with their self-employment and therefore do not concentrate on their
work as much as those without formal training do. This therefore could probably explain why the informally
trained artisans in urban areas perform better than the formally trained artisans. The formally trained artisans can
easily get formal employment because they hold certificates, while those trained-on-the-jobs find it difficult to
be employed in the formal sector without certificates. On the other hand those in the rural have very little
opportunity for formal employment as most formal employment is found in urban areas, hence even those
formally trained artisans concentrate on their jobs as much as those without formal training do.
From this analysis it can be concluded that the urban artisans perform better than the rural artisans
because they have more exposure and more information, have more work and therefore more experience, more
competition, better equipments and tools, better methods of working, and more contact with other more
experienced artisans.
IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Conclusions
The following are the conclusions drawn from this study:
1) Business location has a significant impact on product quality; urban work experience has a higher
positive impact on product quality as compared to rural work experience.
2) Urban work experience when combined with higher education level, even without formal training, has a
higher positive impact on product quality than higher education level combined with formal training.
3) Business location does not affect the performance of formally trained artisans at any education level, but
it affects the performance of those artisans trained-on-the-jobs at any education level.
4) Urban work experience contributes more significantly to product quality than education level alone and
formal training alone.
Overall, there is a significant difference in product quality between artisans working in urban areas and
artisans working in rural areas as evidenced from the last columns of Tables 3 and 4 of mean scores. This
implies that business location alone has significant impact on product quality.
4.2 Recommendation for Further Research
The following research activities are recommended in order to further augment the present achievements:
a) This study investigated the impact of business location in the metalwork sub-sector. Research studies
should be designed to investigate how other attributes affect product quality and/or the performance of
the MSE sub-sectors.
b) Research should also be conducted to investigate how business locationaffectsthe quality of product
quality in other disciplines especially those that are mostly dominated by women, for example tailoring,
tie and dye, embroidery, and basketry.
c) It was observed that artisans working in urban areas with the same education levels, those without formal
training performed better than those artisans with formal training. However, it was expected that the
formally trained artisans should perform better than those trained-on-the-jobs as was the case with the
artisans working in rural areas. It is, therefore, recommended that further research be conducted to
investigate this phenomenon.
7. Impact Of Business Location On Product Quality
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