IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
This study evaluated the effects of instrumental Indian classical music therapy and western music therapy on learning and memory in stress-induced young rats. Rats were subjected to stress and then received one of the music therapies or no therapy. A water maze test was used to assess spatial learning and memory. The results found that stress decreased learning and memory in rats but Indian classical music therapy significantly improved cognitive function in stressed rats compared to western music therapy or no therapy. The study suggests that Indian classical music is an effective and low-cost remedy for relieving stress-induced cognitive impairments.
Effects of Citalopram in Cognition and Memory in Experimental Animalsinventionjournals
Citalopram is an SSRI which enhances serotonin reuptake, a neurotransmitter involved closely in cognition and memory. With ever increasing cases of dementia and Alzeihmer’s disease and lack of definitive treatment, research into other treatment options are necessary. This study aims to evaluate the cognition and memory enhancing effects of citalopram in experimental animals
This study investigated long-term memory formation in Aplysia californica using multiple training sessions of learning that food is inedible (LFI). Animals received two LFI training sessions 30 minutes apart and were tested for memory retention at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Preliminary results found that two full-length trainings elicited long-term memory at 24 hours but not 48 or 72 hours. Further experiments are needed to determine if two trainings can establish memory 72 hours later and potentially a week later. Analyzing molecular processes may provide insights into mechanisms of multiple training on long-term memory.
Effects of Noise Stress on Body Weight and Adrenal Gland Weight of Male Wista...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of varying intensities of noise stress onto the body and adrenal gland weight (absolute) of 17 weeks old (291–296) gram (g) Wistar rat. Animals were exposed to varying intensity of noise, i.e., 60 dB (Decibel), 80 dB, 100 dB, 120 dB, and 140 dB for 1 h (h)/day for 30 days. The dose of different noise intensities was delivered through a special fabricated noise chamber which had provided all daily needs of animal-like oxygen, food, and water. Food and water consumption behavior was recorded on 1st, 14th, and 29th days and body weight change recorded on 1st, 15th, and 30th days after the exposure of noise stress. Absolute adrenal glands weight was recorded on the 30th day. The results of the present study showed that the food, water consumption behavior, and body weight (g) of the experimental group EG1 (60 dB), EG2 (80 dB), EG3 (100 dB), EG4 (120 dB), and EG5 (140 dB) were found to be significantly (P < 0.001) decreased during 1st–14th days and during 15th–30th days a recovery which were observed in food, water consumption, and in body weight of the EG1 (60 dB), EG2 (80 dB), and EG3 (100 dB). A percentage (%) decrease was found, i.e., 0.76, 0.37, 3.87, 25.89, and 30.06% in body weight of EG1 (60 dB), EG2 (80 dB), EG3 (100 dB), EG4 (120 dB), and EG5 (140 dB) experimental groups, respectively.
Cognitive Improvement by Duloxetine Administration in demented adult APP/PS1 ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study evaluated the impact of voluntary running exercise on disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mice began running at 3 months of age when amyloid plaques and cognitive deficits were already present. Two cohorts ran for either 1 month or 2 months. Running improved spatial memory after 1 month and prevented further memory decline after 2 months. Neurogenesis increased after 1 month but plaque load was not reduced until after 2 months of running. The benefits of exercise on memory, neurogenesis, and amyloid pathology were greater with sustained exercise over later stages of the disease.
Repeated optogenetic stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in mice at circadian time 15 resulted in chronic phase delays of the mice's circadian activity rhythms without affecting anxiety-like, depression-like, or locomotor behaviors. The study established a model for inducing chronic circadian phase delays and investigated the effects on mood-related behaviors, finding no changes to behaviors examined in tests of anxiety, depression, and locomotion.
The study investigated the effects of the psychedelic drug DOI on novel object recognition and conditioned place preference in rats. Results showed that DOI impaired novel object recognition, as rats spent less time investigating novel objects. DOI also attenuated the rewarding effects of cocaine as measured by conditioned place preference, as rats given DOI spent less time in the drug-paired area. This suggests DOI may disrupt recognition memory and decrease the rewarding properties of other drugs. Future studies are needed to determine if the effects are due to altered perception or memory deficits.
Preclinical screening of new substance for pharmacological activityShrutiGautam18
1) The document summarizes various preclinical screening methods used to evaluate potential new substances for pharmacological activity, including methods to test for CNS stimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.
2) Common screening methods described are photoactometer testing for analeptics, runway and treadwheel tests for locomotor activity, and rotarod and barbiturate-induced sleep tests for motor coordination.
3) Tests for antidepressants include water wheel, learned helplessness, and tail suspension tests, while antipsychotic screening involves golden hamster aggression tests and measuring catalepsy in rodents.
Effects of Citalopram in Cognition and Memory in Experimental Animalsinventionjournals
Citalopram is an SSRI which enhances serotonin reuptake, a neurotransmitter involved closely in cognition and memory. With ever increasing cases of dementia and Alzeihmer’s disease and lack of definitive treatment, research into other treatment options are necessary. This study aims to evaluate the cognition and memory enhancing effects of citalopram in experimental animals
This study investigated long-term memory formation in Aplysia californica using multiple training sessions of learning that food is inedible (LFI). Animals received two LFI training sessions 30 minutes apart and were tested for memory retention at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Preliminary results found that two full-length trainings elicited long-term memory at 24 hours but not 48 or 72 hours. Further experiments are needed to determine if two trainings can establish memory 72 hours later and potentially a week later. Analyzing molecular processes may provide insights into mechanisms of multiple training on long-term memory.
Effects of Noise Stress on Body Weight and Adrenal Gland Weight of Male Wista...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of varying intensities of noise stress onto the body and adrenal gland weight (absolute) of 17 weeks old (291–296) gram (g) Wistar rat. Animals were exposed to varying intensity of noise, i.e., 60 dB (Decibel), 80 dB, 100 dB, 120 dB, and 140 dB for 1 h (h)/day for 30 days. The dose of different noise intensities was delivered through a special fabricated noise chamber which had provided all daily needs of animal-like oxygen, food, and water. Food and water consumption behavior was recorded on 1st, 14th, and 29th days and body weight change recorded on 1st, 15th, and 30th days after the exposure of noise stress. Absolute adrenal glands weight was recorded on the 30th day. The results of the present study showed that the food, water consumption behavior, and body weight (g) of the experimental group EG1 (60 dB), EG2 (80 dB), EG3 (100 dB), EG4 (120 dB), and EG5 (140 dB) were found to be significantly (P < 0.001) decreased during 1st–14th days and during 15th–30th days a recovery which were observed in food, water consumption, and in body weight of the EG1 (60 dB), EG2 (80 dB), and EG3 (100 dB). A percentage (%) decrease was found, i.e., 0.76, 0.37, 3.87, 25.89, and 30.06% in body weight of EG1 (60 dB), EG2 (80 dB), EG3 (100 dB), EG4 (120 dB), and EG5 (140 dB) experimental groups, respectively.
Cognitive Improvement by Duloxetine Administration in demented adult APP/PS1 ...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study evaluated the impact of voluntary running exercise on disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mice began running at 3 months of age when amyloid plaques and cognitive deficits were already present. Two cohorts ran for either 1 month or 2 months. Running improved spatial memory after 1 month and prevented further memory decline after 2 months. Neurogenesis increased after 1 month but plaque load was not reduced until after 2 months of running. The benefits of exercise on memory, neurogenesis, and amyloid pathology were greater with sustained exercise over later stages of the disease.
Repeated optogenetic stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in mice at circadian time 15 resulted in chronic phase delays of the mice's circadian activity rhythms without affecting anxiety-like, depression-like, or locomotor behaviors. The study established a model for inducing chronic circadian phase delays and investigated the effects on mood-related behaviors, finding no changes to behaviors examined in tests of anxiety, depression, and locomotion.
The study investigated the effects of the psychedelic drug DOI on novel object recognition and conditioned place preference in rats. Results showed that DOI impaired novel object recognition, as rats spent less time investigating novel objects. DOI also attenuated the rewarding effects of cocaine as measured by conditioned place preference, as rats given DOI spent less time in the drug-paired area. This suggests DOI may disrupt recognition memory and decrease the rewarding properties of other drugs. Future studies are needed to determine if the effects are due to altered perception or memory deficits.
Preclinical screening of new substance for pharmacological activityShrutiGautam18
1) The document summarizes various preclinical screening methods used to evaluate potential new substances for pharmacological activity, including methods to test for CNS stimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics.
2) Common screening methods described are photoactometer testing for analeptics, runway and treadwheel tests for locomotor activity, and rotarod and barbiturate-induced sleep tests for motor coordination.
3) Tests for antidepressants include water wheel, learned helplessness, and tail suspension tests, while antipsychotic screening involves golden hamster aggression tests and measuring catalepsy in rodents.
Females acquired auditory fear conditioning faster than males when exposed to 5 tone-shock pairings, freezing more during tones 3 and 5. Females also showed a preference for exploring a novel object compared to males. In the Morris water maze, females outperformed males in spatial learning when a prominent landmark cue was present, relying more on landmarks while males relied more on geometric cues. The results indicate sex differences in hippocampus-dependent tasks, with females dominating in some contexts. These findings should influence experimental designs and clinical treatments by considering potential sex-based differences.
Detection of aggressiveness in immature rats and study of partly modified pas...IJERA Editor
Based on these facts, noradrenalin must be considered the main endogenous inductor of aggressive behavior. It
takes part in behavior genesis and at the same time it synthesis increasesright when aggressive behavior is
essential in order to adapt to environmental factors. Thus Noradrenalin could be the stimulating factor for
aggressive behavior , although we should note that specific aggressive agent is not discovered yet. And it seems
that the component carrying only this function is not produced in organism.
Hence, anatomical, behavioral and pharmacological studies showed, that CNS structures such as almond-shapes
structure , hippocampus, prefrontal cortex influence on the decrease of memory based on negative emotions
that was more shown in less aggressive animals, than is non-aggressive. We can conclude that the difference in
both aggressive animals is very little than in non aggressive. That suggests the high quality of memory and
consolidation of aggressive animal.
This document summarizes research on the effects of curcumin in treating depression. It begins by describing major depressive disorder and common animal models used to study depression, including the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model. The document then discusses how UCMS can decrease brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and induce depressive behaviors. The study aims to investigate whether curcumin can reverse UCMS-induced changes in behavior and BDNF levels. The methods section provides details on administering UCMS and curcumin to mice groups and assessing depressive behaviors, anxiety, learning/memory, and BDNF expression through various tests.
The document summarizes research investigating the effects of prenatal exposure to the antidepressant sertraline (SE) on rat offspring development. The study found that: 1) Pregnant rats exposed to SE had decreased body weight and some experienced vaginal bleeding. 2) Male offspring exposed to SE prenatally showed delays in fur growth, tooth eruption, and negative geotaxis reflexes. 3) SE exposure resulted in less open arm exploration in offspring in the elevated plus maze test, indicating increased anxiety. The study suggests prenatal SE exposure can compromise somatic, reflex and neurobehavioral development in rat offspring.
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of different intensities of noise stress (60, 80, 100, 120, 140 dB) on body weight and adrenal gland weight in male Wistar rats. The rats were exposed to 1 hour of noise per day for 30 days. Food/water intake and body weight were measured on days 1, 15, and 30. Adrenal gland weights were measured on day 30. The results showed that higher noise intensities (120-140 dB) significantly reduced food/water intake and body weight, while lower intensities (60-100 dB) showed recovery. Adrenal gland weights increased with higher noise levels. The study suggests noise stress affects physiology in a intensity-dependent manner.
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of different intensities of noise stress (60, 80, 100, 120, 140 dB) on body weight and adrenal gland weight in male Wistar rats. The rats were exposed to 1 hour of noise per day for 30 days. Food/water intake and body weight were measured on days 1, 15, and 30. Adrenal gland weights were measured on day 30. The results showed that higher noise intensities (120-140 dB) significantly reduced food/water intake and body weight, while lower intensities (60-100 dB) showed recovery. Adrenal gland weights increased with higher noise levels. The study suggests noise stress affects physiology in a intensity-dependent manner.
Curious monkeys have increased gray matter density in the precuneusFrancys Subiaul
Curiosity is a cornerstone of cognition that has the potential to lead to innovations and increase the behavioral repertoire of individuals. A defining characteristic of curiosity is inquisitiveness directed toward novel objects. Species differences in innovative behavior and inquisitiveness have been linked to social complexity and neocortical size. In this study, we observed behavioral actions among nine socially reared and socially housed capuchin monkeys in response to an unfamiliar object, a paradigm widely employed as a means to assess curiosity. K-means hierarchical clustering analysis of the behavioral
responses revealed three monkeys engaged in significantly more exploratory behavior of the novel object than other monkeys. Using voxel-based-morphometry analysis of MRIs obtained from these same subjects, we demonstrated that the more curious monkeys had significantly greater gray matter density in the precuneus, a cortical region involved in highly integrated processes including memory and self-awareness. These results linking variation in precuneus gray matter volume to exploratory behavior suggest that monitoring states of self-awareness may play a role in cognitive processes mediating individual curiosity.
This study examined functional connectivity of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and its relation to learning and awareness. Participants completed a sensory learning task and were classified as AWARE or UNAWARE based on their ability to learn tone-visual stimulus associations. For AWARE participants, MTL activity correlated with learned discrimination and reversal, engaging dorsolateral prefrontal and occipital cortices. For UNAWARE participants, MTL activity correlated only with simple facilitation and engaged contralateral MTL, thalamus regions. This suggests the MTL contribution to learning depends on its pattern of interactions with other brain regions.
This study tested dogs' episodic memory capabilities by showing them images over increasing time delays and observing their behaviors. Dogs were shown a blue square, then both the square and a yellow circle. If they approached the square first after the delay, it indicated memory of the original stimulus. Most dogs recognized the square with short delays, but success rates decreased as delays grew longer. The results suggest dogs can form episodic memories but have limitations retaining arbitrary information over extended periods.
Neuroprotective Effects of Withania somnifera Dunn. in Hippocampal Sub-region...daburmediclub
Clinical Study by Dabur Mediclub- Neuroprotective Effects of Withania somnifera Dunn. in Hippocampal Sub-regions of Female Albino Rat.
For more details visit:http://www.daburmediclub.com/clinicalreport/reports.aspx
This study investigated the effects of soft diet and omega-3 fortified soft diet on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of rats. Thirty rats were divided into three groups: a control group fed a hard diet, a group fed a soft diet, and a group fed a soft diet fortified with omega-3 fatty acids. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect bromodeoxyuridine-labeled proliferating cells at various time points. Results showed that the hard diet and omega-3 fortified soft diet increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus compared to the soft diet. In the subventricular zone, the omega-3 fortified soft diet increased proliferation and survival
The document summarizes a study on the neuroprotective potential of vitamin B1 (thiamine) in treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. The study aims to investigate whether thiamine supplementation can reduce neuroinflammation and protect the brain after TBI. It divides mice into groups for TBI induction with and without thiamine treatment, and assesses memory and brain function through behavioral tests. The methodology describes inducing TBI, thiamine injections, behavioral testing, brain extraction and preparation for analysis of protein expression levels using gel electrophoresis to compare neuroprotection between groups.
Evaluation of anti-anxiety activity of ethanolic extract of rhus mysorensis o...SriramNagarajan16
The aim of this study is to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical screening and anti-anxiety activity of the ethanolic extract
of areal parts of Rhus mysorensis in rat models. The ethanolic extract of Rhus mysorensis was prepared using 97% ethanol
72hrs by maceration. The oral dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract was evaluated for the activity in elevated plus maze
and open field models. The obtained results have shown that the Rhus mysorensis ethanolic extract shown the presence of
flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and steroids and also shown the significant anti-anxiety activity on wistar rats on
dose dependent manner. based on the results it is concluded that the ethanolic extract of areal parts of Rhus mysorensis is
having significant anti-anxiety activity on wistar rats. Further investigation is required by using the purified compound to
evaluate and isolation of the phytochemicals responsible for the anti-anxiety activity of ethanolic extract of Rhus mysorensis
Behavioral phenotyping of mouse models of neurodegeneration Dewan Sumsuzzman
This document provides an overview of behavioral phenotyping techniques used to study mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. It describes tests that assess spatial learning and memory like the T-maze and Morris water maze, which are used to study Alzheimer's disease models. Motor skills are evaluated using tests such as open field, balance beam, rotarod, and hanging wire for models of Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. General health and sensory ability tests are also important to perform prior to complex behavioral tasks. A variety of parameters are measured to identify specific symptomologies in mouse models that relate to human neurodegenerative disorders.
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether neurodegeneration alone can cause schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. The study ablated neural stem cells in transgenic mice using ganciclovir over 56 days. Behavioral tests revealed no significant differences between control and ablated mice in prepulse inhibition, locomotor activity after PCP/amphetamine, time spent in open arms of elevated plus maze, or floating behavior in Porsolt swim test. This suggests neurodegeneration alone may not cause schizophrenia. However, other studies that also applied stressors found ablation did produce schizophrenia-like behaviors, so stress may be a contributing factor.
I reccomend psychology IB students to see this presentation.
Hello, In this presentation you will find the Biological Level of Analysis (BLA) broken down into its different sections: principles, studies supporting principles, research methods used in BLA, ethical considerations, localisation of function, neurotransmitters, hormones, effects of the enviornment on physiological processes, interaction between cognition and physiology, brain imaging technologies, genetic inheritance, evolutionary explanations of behaviour and ethical considerations of genetic research.
I hope you find it useful! Good luck to everyone
Science can be summarized as:
1) An organized way of investigating and understanding the world through observation, experimentation, and theories.
2) It involves gathering and organizing knowledge about nature through a process of discovery.
3) The main branches of science covered in the document are the life sciences (biology, zoology, etc.) and physical sciences (physics, chemistry, astronomy, etc.).
1) The study examined the effects of light exposure at night on cognitive function in fruit flies. Flies were exposed to either dark nights or light at night for one week and then tested in a T-maze to assess learning.
2) Flies exposed to dark nights learned to suppress their natural attraction to light in the T-maze better than flies exposed to light at night, indicating light at night disrupted cognitive function.
3) No differences were found between the groups in basic locomotion or initial light attraction, suggesting the effect was on learning and memory rather than other behaviors.
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
More Related Content
Similar to IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
Females acquired auditory fear conditioning faster than males when exposed to 5 tone-shock pairings, freezing more during tones 3 and 5. Females also showed a preference for exploring a novel object compared to males. In the Morris water maze, females outperformed males in spatial learning when a prominent landmark cue was present, relying more on landmarks while males relied more on geometric cues. The results indicate sex differences in hippocampus-dependent tasks, with females dominating in some contexts. These findings should influence experimental designs and clinical treatments by considering potential sex-based differences.
Detection of aggressiveness in immature rats and study of partly modified pas...IJERA Editor
Based on these facts, noradrenalin must be considered the main endogenous inductor of aggressive behavior. It
takes part in behavior genesis and at the same time it synthesis increasesright when aggressive behavior is
essential in order to adapt to environmental factors. Thus Noradrenalin could be the stimulating factor for
aggressive behavior , although we should note that specific aggressive agent is not discovered yet. And it seems
that the component carrying only this function is not produced in organism.
Hence, anatomical, behavioral and pharmacological studies showed, that CNS structures such as almond-shapes
structure , hippocampus, prefrontal cortex influence on the decrease of memory based on negative emotions
that was more shown in less aggressive animals, than is non-aggressive. We can conclude that the difference in
both aggressive animals is very little than in non aggressive. That suggests the high quality of memory and
consolidation of aggressive animal.
This document summarizes research on the effects of curcumin in treating depression. It begins by describing major depressive disorder and common animal models used to study depression, including the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model. The document then discusses how UCMS can decrease brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and induce depressive behaviors. The study aims to investigate whether curcumin can reverse UCMS-induced changes in behavior and BDNF levels. The methods section provides details on administering UCMS and curcumin to mice groups and assessing depressive behaviors, anxiety, learning/memory, and BDNF expression through various tests.
The document summarizes research investigating the effects of prenatal exposure to the antidepressant sertraline (SE) on rat offspring development. The study found that: 1) Pregnant rats exposed to SE had decreased body weight and some experienced vaginal bleeding. 2) Male offspring exposed to SE prenatally showed delays in fur growth, tooth eruption, and negative geotaxis reflexes. 3) SE exposure resulted in less open arm exploration in offspring in the elevated plus maze test, indicating increased anxiety. The study suggests prenatal SE exposure can compromise somatic, reflex and neurobehavioral development in rat offspring.
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of different intensities of noise stress (60, 80, 100, 120, 140 dB) on body weight and adrenal gland weight in male Wistar rats. The rats were exposed to 1 hour of noise per day for 30 days. Food/water intake and body weight were measured on days 1, 15, and 30. Adrenal gland weights were measured on day 30. The results showed that higher noise intensities (120-140 dB) significantly reduced food/water intake and body weight, while lower intensities (60-100 dB) showed recovery. Adrenal gland weights increased with higher noise levels. The study suggests noise stress affects physiology in a intensity-dependent manner.
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of different intensities of noise stress (60, 80, 100, 120, 140 dB) on body weight and adrenal gland weight in male Wistar rats. The rats were exposed to 1 hour of noise per day for 30 days. Food/water intake and body weight were measured on days 1, 15, and 30. Adrenal gland weights were measured on day 30. The results showed that higher noise intensities (120-140 dB) significantly reduced food/water intake and body weight, while lower intensities (60-100 dB) showed recovery. Adrenal gland weights increased with higher noise levels. The study suggests noise stress affects physiology in a intensity-dependent manner.
Curious monkeys have increased gray matter density in the precuneusFrancys Subiaul
Curiosity is a cornerstone of cognition that has the potential to lead to innovations and increase the behavioral repertoire of individuals. A defining characteristic of curiosity is inquisitiveness directed toward novel objects. Species differences in innovative behavior and inquisitiveness have been linked to social complexity and neocortical size. In this study, we observed behavioral actions among nine socially reared and socially housed capuchin monkeys in response to an unfamiliar object, a paradigm widely employed as a means to assess curiosity. K-means hierarchical clustering analysis of the behavioral
responses revealed three monkeys engaged in significantly more exploratory behavior of the novel object than other monkeys. Using voxel-based-morphometry analysis of MRIs obtained from these same subjects, we demonstrated that the more curious monkeys had significantly greater gray matter density in the precuneus, a cortical region involved in highly integrated processes including memory and self-awareness. These results linking variation in precuneus gray matter volume to exploratory behavior suggest that monitoring states of self-awareness may play a role in cognitive processes mediating individual curiosity.
This study examined functional connectivity of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and its relation to learning and awareness. Participants completed a sensory learning task and were classified as AWARE or UNAWARE based on their ability to learn tone-visual stimulus associations. For AWARE participants, MTL activity correlated with learned discrimination and reversal, engaging dorsolateral prefrontal and occipital cortices. For UNAWARE participants, MTL activity correlated only with simple facilitation and engaged contralateral MTL, thalamus regions. This suggests the MTL contribution to learning depends on its pattern of interactions with other brain regions.
This study tested dogs' episodic memory capabilities by showing them images over increasing time delays and observing their behaviors. Dogs were shown a blue square, then both the square and a yellow circle. If they approached the square first after the delay, it indicated memory of the original stimulus. Most dogs recognized the square with short delays, but success rates decreased as delays grew longer. The results suggest dogs can form episodic memories but have limitations retaining arbitrary information over extended periods.
Neuroprotective Effects of Withania somnifera Dunn. in Hippocampal Sub-region...daburmediclub
Clinical Study by Dabur Mediclub- Neuroprotective Effects of Withania somnifera Dunn. in Hippocampal Sub-regions of Female Albino Rat.
For more details visit:http://www.daburmediclub.com/clinicalreport/reports.aspx
This study investigated the effects of soft diet and omega-3 fortified soft diet on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of rats. Thirty rats were divided into three groups: a control group fed a hard diet, a group fed a soft diet, and a group fed a soft diet fortified with omega-3 fatty acids. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect bromodeoxyuridine-labeled proliferating cells at various time points. Results showed that the hard diet and omega-3 fortified soft diet increased neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus compared to the soft diet. In the subventricular zone, the omega-3 fortified soft diet increased proliferation and survival
The document summarizes a study on the neuroprotective potential of vitamin B1 (thiamine) in treating traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. The study aims to investigate whether thiamine supplementation can reduce neuroinflammation and protect the brain after TBI. It divides mice into groups for TBI induction with and without thiamine treatment, and assesses memory and brain function through behavioral tests. The methodology describes inducing TBI, thiamine injections, behavioral testing, brain extraction and preparation for analysis of protein expression levels using gel electrophoresis to compare neuroprotection between groups.
Evaluation of anti-anxiety activity of ethanolic extract of rhus mysorensis o...SriramNagarajan16
The aim of this study is to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical screening and anti-anxiety activity of the ethanolic extract
of areal parts of Rhus mysorensis in rat models. The ethanolic extract of Rhus mysorensis was prepared using 97% ethanol
72hrs by maceration. The oral dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract was evaluated for the activity in elevated plus maze
and open field models. The obtained results have shown that the Rhus mysorensis ethanolic extract shown the presence of
flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins and steroids and also shown the significant anti-anxiety activity on wistar rats on
dose dependent manner. based on the results it is concluded that the ethanolic extract of areal parts of Rhus mysorensis is
having significant anti-anxiety activity on wistar rats. Further investigation is required by using the purified compound to
evaluate and isolation of the phytochemicals responsible for the anti-anxiety activity of ethanolic extract of Rhus mysorensis
Behavioral phenotyping of mouse models of neurodegeneration Dewan Sumsuzzman
This document provides an overview of behavioral phenotyping techniques used to study mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases. It describes tests that assess spatial learning and memory like the T-maze and Morris water maze, which are used to study Alzheimer's disease models. Motor skills are evaluated using tests such as open field, balance beam, rotarod, and hanging wire for models of Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. General health and sensory ability tests are also important to perform prior to complex behavioral tasks. A variety of parameters are measured to identify specific symptomologies in mouse models that relate to human neurodegenerative disorders.
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether neurodegeneration alone can cause schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. The study ablated neural stem cells in transgenic mice using ganciclovir over 56 days. Behavioral tests revealed no significant differences between control and ablated mice in prepulse inhibition, locomotor activity after PCP/amphetamine, time spent in open arms of elevated plus maze, or floating behavior in Porsolt swim test. This suggests neurodegeneration alone may not cause schizophrenia. However, other studies that also applied stressors found ablation did produce schizophrenia-like behaviors, so stress may be a contributing factor.
I reccomend psychology IB students to see this presentation.
Hello, In this presentation you will find the Biological Level of Analysis (BLA) broken down into its different sections: principles, studies supporting principles, research methods used in BLA, ethical considerations, localisation of function, neurotransmitters, hormones, effects of the enviornment on physiological processes, interaction between cognition and physiology, brain imaging technologies, genetic inheritance, evolutionary explanations of behaviour and ethical considerations of genetic research.
I hope you find it useful! Good luck to everyone
Science can be summarized as:
1) An organized way of investigating and understanding the world through observation, experimentation, and theories.
2) It involves gathering and organizing knowledge about nature through a process of discovery.
3) The main branches of science covered in the document are the life sciences (biology, zoology, etc.) and physical sciences (physics, chemistry, astronomy, etc.).
1) The study examined the effects of light exposure at night on cognitive function in fruit flies. Flies were exposed to either dark nights or light at night for one week and then tested in a T-maze to assess learning.
2) Flies exposed to dark nights learned to suppress their natural attraction to light in the T-maze better than flies exposed to light at night, indicating light at night disrupted cognitive function.
3) No differences were found between the groups in basic locomotion or initial light attraction, suggesting the effect was on learning and memory rather than other behaviors.
Similar to IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
The document describes a case study of an 18-year-old female patient who developed toxic epidermal necrolysis as a severe adverse reaction to the drug sulfasalazine, which she had been taking for ankylosing spondylitis. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with high dose corticosteroids, fluid replacement, and supportive care. She improved with treatment and was discharged with only post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
This study examined self-medication practices for oral health problems among dental patients in Bangalore, India. The study found that 100% of the 175 dental patients surveyed practiced self-medication. Toothache was the most common triggering factor reported. Analgesics and herbal remedies were commonly used for self-treatment. Most participants consulted pharmacists for advice on self-medication and would see a dentist only if problems persisted after self-medicating. The high prevalence of self-medication indicates a need for education programs to increase awareness of risks.
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that tested the antibacterial activity of extracts from three species of wild ginger plants from Indonesia (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber amaricans, and Zingiber aromaticum) against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, a pathogen that causes respiratory disease in chickens. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids in the plant extracts. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration assays showed that ethanol extracts of dried rhizomes had the strongest inhibitory effects against the pathogen, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 31.2 mg/ml. The results suggest that extracts from these wild ginger plants
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
ISSN: 2250-3013, www.iosrphr.org
‖‖ Volume 2 Issue 4 ‖‖ July-August 2012 ‖‖ PP.29-32
An experimental study to evaluate the effect of instrumental
Indian classical and western music therapy on learning and
memory in stress induced young rats.
Dr.Harpreet Kour*, Dr.Rajashree Ravishankar, Dr.S.S Goudar.
Depart. Of Physiology N Medical College, KLE university, Belgaum.
Abstract
Background: Stress is known to induce alterations in various physiological responses even leading to
pathological state. It is known to be linked with memory. The long term stress leads to severity of cognitive
deficits. One of the most powerful sources of auditory stimulation in the human brain is provided by music.
Listening to music is a complex process for the brain, since it triggers a sequel of cognitive and emotional
components with distinct neural substrates.
Objectives: To compare the effect of classical instrumental Indian music on memory of stress induced young
rats.
Methods: The rats of age 30 days are stressed by Tube stress for duration of 2 hour per day for 10 days
followed by instrumental music therapy. 4 Comparative groups with 6 rats in each group are studied. Then,
rats were tested for cognitive changes by Morris water maze, along with age matched control rats.
Results: Stress significantly decreases learning and memory in the rats. However, significant (p<0.005)
improvement is observed after the treatment with Indian instrumental classical music among stress induced
rats.
Conclusion: Indian instrumental classical music is one of the very cost effective, easily reachable remedy in
reliving the negative effects of stress induced cognitive impairments.
I. INTRODUCTION
Stress is constant in our lives and cannot be avoided 1. It is known to induce alterations in various
physiological responses even leading to pathological state and is known to be linked with memory2. It has been
known that severe stress lasting weeks or months can impair cell communication in the brain’s learning and
memory region1. The long term stress leads to severity of cognitive deficits3. Stress seems to facilitate memory
formation when the learning procedure itself is arousing or emotionally valanced, or when learning takes place in
a stressful context4. Stress is a biologically significant factor that, by altering brain cell properties, can disturb
cognitive processes such as learning and memory, and consequently limit the quality of human life 5-6.
One of the most powerful sources of auditory stimulation in the human brain is provided by Music.
Listening to music is a complex process for the brain, since it triggers a sequel of cognitive and emotional
components. The soothing power of music is well-established3. It has a unique link to our emotions, so can be an
extremely effective stress management tool. Listening to music can have a tremendously relaxing effect on our
minds and bodies, especially slow, quiet classical music. As music can absorb our attention, it acts as a distraction
at the same time it helps to explore emotions. It has been known that severe stress lasting weeks or months can
impair cell communication in the brain's learning and memory region, but this study provides the first evidence
that short-term stress has the same effect1&8. Cognitive function is often considered to encompass learning,
memory and attention processes. Memory is a cognitive process that can be studied throughout life span.
Cognitive skills are used to be able to adapt to an ever changing environment. For thousand years spatial memory
has contributed to our knowledge and exploration of available resources in our surroundings. The acquisition and
retention of a spatial navigation task is examined using a Morris Water Maze 4. The hippocampal formation plays
an important role in memory and learning. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) is a test of spatial learning for rodents
that relies on distal cues to navigate from start locations around the perimeter of an open swimming arena to
locate a submerged escape platform4.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animals: Wistar strain albino male and female, 20 days old rats were selected for this study. Experiments were
carried out after obtaining Institutional Animal Ethical Committee approval (01/03/a/CPCSEA dated
25/10/2010). The animals were maintained under 12:12 hours dark: light cycle and controlled temperature (25 ±
3°C). Animals were fed with food (Amruth feeds, standard rat pellets) and water ad libitum. All the experiments
were performed between 08:00-16:00 hrs.
Experimental design: In the present study, we have used totally 24 rats and random method was followed to
select animals in to different groups. Animals were divided into four groups, (n = 6). Groups served as Normal
control, Stress control and Stressed and then treated with instrumental Indian music therapy and instrumental
Western music therapy. Rats in stress group received tube stress for duration of 2 hours for 10 days. Rats in
group 3rd and 4th received tube stress for duration of 2 hour for 10 days followed by instrumental Indian classical
29
2. An Experimental Study To Evaluate The Effect Of Instrumental….
and western music therapy for 1 hour9. The stress protocol involved placing the rats in a Plexiglas restraining tube
(23.4 cm long and 7 cm in diameter) and exposing them to 1.6 mA inescapable shocks for 5 sec each, with an
average interval of 60 sec. The shocks were applied through electrodes taped to the tail. The animals were
stressed between 8:00 and 10:00 A.M. and, after stressor termination, were returned to their home cages. Cages
of stressed rats were placed on the opposite side of the room (14 × 12 ft) from the Home cage control animals.
From day 21st to 30th day, after stress induction, rats in group 2 were tested for cognitive parameter. Similarly,
rats in group 3rd and 4th groups were also studied for the same parameter, from day 21st to day 30th after
therapeutic intervention. The details of test are as follows:
Morris water maze (MWM) :- The spatial learning abilities and memory of rats were assessed in the MWM
task. The water maze consists of a circular pool (diameter, 1.5 m; height, 60 cm), filled with water (26°C±1 0C) in
which a square (5 cm) escape platform was hidden 1 cm below the surface of the 30 cm. deep water. Water was
made opaque by adding milk. The water maze was divided into four equal imaginary quadrants and escape
platform was kept in a constant place, the center of the north-east quadrant. The maze was located in an
experimental room containing relevant visual cues. Rats were trained for three consecutive days, daily sessions
consisting of 3 trials with 5 min. of inter trial interval. In each trial, rats were given 120 sec. to swim and find the
escape platform. In case rats failed to find the platform within 120 sec, they were hand guided onto the platform.
All animals were allowed to rest on the platform for 30 sec. A farthest starting location from platform was used in
each trial. The time taken by each rat to reach the hidden platform was measured (transfer/escape latency). On 4 th
day, probe trial was conducted during which the platform was removed from the maze and the rats were allowed
to swim freely in the pool. The time spent in the target quadrant which has the platform in the previous trials, was
served as measure of memory 10-12.
III. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The comparison was carried out by Student’s unpaired ‘T’ test. For neuro-cognitive test between groups
comparisons were analyzed by Bonferroni Multiple comparison test. Differences were considered to be
significant at probability value (P) < 0.05.
IV. RESULTS
The performance of experimental animals in the hidden platform test of MWM, in each group, is shown
in for Day 1st, 2nd & 3rd are shown in Graph 1, 2 & 3. During these trail sessions of three days, rats in all the
groups learnt reaching the target quadrant and identifying the hidden platform there and escape from swimming
except the rats in stress control group took more time to find the hidden platform compared to normal counterpart
and therapeutic groups. Except stressed
Group of rats all other group of rats begin to identify the platform from second day, and continued to
retain the learnt behavior and there was progressive learning in them. In stressed there was no significant
progressive learning over days in them. During probe test (4 thday), the stressed rats spent lesser time in target
quadrant when compare to normal. The statistical difference was observed in normal controls, stress control, and
therapeutic group. Animals treated with Indian instrumental classical music therapy showed significant decrease
in levels of anxiety as compared to group 2nd and 4th. Animals treated with Western instrumental classical music
therapy showed significant decrease in levels of anxiety as compared to group 2 nd but less significant as compared
to group 3rd. On comparison between two therapeutic groups, the experimental animals in group 3rd showed more
significant decrease in anxiety levels and increased learning and memory capacity. Stress significantly increases
the anxiety and also decreases learning and memory in the rats. However, significant (p<0.005) improvement is
observed after the treatment with Indian instrumental classical music among stress induced rats.
Graph 1: a) NC with SC shows significant value 0.000.
Graph 2: b) SC with WM shows significant value 0.000.
Graph 3: c) SC with IM shows significant value 0.000.
Graph4 : d) WM with IM shows significant value 0.005.
V. DISCUSSION
The novel main finding of this study was that music listening during the post-stress stage can enhance
cognitive recovery. Music is an integral part of rich Indian heritage and has come a long way since Vedic times
since strong cultural and ancient history. It is perhaps the greatest force that unites humanity the world over. In
today’s world which is full of conflicts and tensions, it is music which is playing a significant role towards inner
peace and harmony, transgressing man made frontiers and carrying a massage a piece. Music is also known to be
great healer and has direct and indirect influence on physical and mental health of an individual. Of late music
therapy is being used as an adjunct to medical line of therapy. In the present study we have evaluated of the music
therapy in prevention of stress induced memory deficits in rats. Stress is known to impair the spatial learning and
memory 13.In the present study the restraint stressed animals showed memory impairment, which was evident in
the Morris water maze test. Such memory impairment was attenuated by music therapy treatment. Chronic stress
is known to cause memory impairments 13. Neural basis for such impairment is the neuronal injury in the
hippocampal region due to excitotoxicity14, alterations in the neurotransmitter levels in the brain regions.
30
3. An Experimental Study To Evaluate The Effect Of Instrumental….
Alternatively, neuronal damage in this region may be mediated through increased glucocorticoids 15. Stress results
in increased oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant defense status in brain, which may form the basis for
decreased memory16. In humans, music listening activates a wide-spread bilateral network of brain regions related
to attention, semantic processing, memory, motor functions, and emotional processing3.The novel main finding of
this study was that regular music listening during the stress period can enhance cognitive recovery. The study
performed by Janata et al, confirms that music by its very nature, has strong connections to both attention and
memory systems17. The Peretz and Zatorre had done studies on brain imaging which shows that listening to real
polyphonic music calls for rule-based analysis and combination of sound patterns from multiple auditory streams,
which naturally recruits bilateral temporal, frontal and parietal neural circuits underlying multiple forms of
attention, working memory, semantic and syntactic processing, and imagery18.Music exposure also enhances
emotional and cognitive functioning in healthy subjects and in various clinical patient groups. The potential role
of music in neurological rehabilitation, however, has not been systematically investigated 3. Music has a well-
documented effect on alleviating anxiety, depression and pain in patients with a somatic illness19-21.
Recent cognitive and neuropsychological studies suggest that it may also enhance a variety of cognitive functions,
such as attention, learning, communication and memory, both in healthy subjects22-24 and in clinical conditions,
such as dyslexia autism schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, coronary artery disease and dementia 26-28. In stroke
rehabilitation, elements of music have previously been used as a part of physiotherapy and speech therapy to
enhance the recovery of motor and speech functions. 29 Music is also closely linked to emotions and arousal.
Evidence suggests that music listening modulates emotional arousal as indexed by changes in electrodermal,
cardiovascular and respiratory activity30-32. Listening to pleasant and relaxing music also enhances the recovery of
cardiovascular and respiratory functions and decreases cortisol levels after stress 33-35.Sarkamo et al. also
documented that post stroke patients who listened to music daily, when compared to those who listened to audio
books and those who listened to neither, “showed that recovery in the domains of verbal memory and focused
attention improved significantly more in the music group than in the language and control groups. The music
group also experienced less depressed and confused mood than the control group 3.
Music therapy has been shown to reduce anxiety and depression in patients with a somatic illness 19&21. These
findings suggest that music has an analgesic effect in reducing anxiety and directing attention away from the
negative experience, thus helping to cope with emotional stress.
VI. CONCLUSION
In summary, music has profound impact upon the human brain with subsequent effect on mental,
physical and spiritual health and listening to music can facilitate a wide variety of cognitive and emotional
functions. Indian instrumental classical music is one of the very cost effective, easily reachable remedy in reliving
the negative effects of stress induced cognitive impairments. As always, while we are all free to choose freely
which music we prefer, not all music is equally healthy – choose wisely!
VII. LIMITATIONS
An important and difficult question still pertains to the neural mechanisms that can account for the beneficial
effect of music on cognition.
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Memory in developing rats via Mozart Music. Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China. March 2009: (7) 47-49.
[2]. Das A, Rai.D,Dixit M,Patil G, Nath C. Effect of unpredictable stress on cognition and brain acetyl cholinesterase activity in adult
and aged mice. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2002; (34) 416-421.
[3]. Sarkamo Teppo, Tervaniemi Mari, Laitinen Sari,Forsblom Anita, Soinila Seppo, Mikkonen Mikko, Taina Autti, Heli M.
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