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EXTENSION METHODS- report.pptx
- 1. EXTENSION METHODS Rona N. Mostar MSAAg. Ed. 212 Agricultural Communication and Extension
- 2. “What a manhears, he may doubt. What he sees he may possible doubt. But what he does himself he cannot doubt.”-Seaman Knapp
- 3.
- 4. Agricultural extensionis the application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. The field of 'extension' now encompasses a wider range of communication and learning activities organized for rural people by educators from different disciplines, including agriculture, agricultural marketing, health and business studies.
- 5. Extension methodscomprise the communication techniques between extension workers and target groups. To facilitate farmers' decisions whether or not and how to adopt farming.
- 6. EXTENSION METHODS Source : AgroforestryExtension Manual in Kenya The individual/household approach The group approach: meetings, field days, demonstrations, support to groups The school approach Mass extension methods.
- 7. The choice of methoddepends on various factors such as; The tenure system in the area Community organization Resources available for extension
- 8. This approach is mosteffective for activities to be undertaken by or within the full control of the individual farmer or household. The individual or household approach
- 9. The group approach The group approach involves working with groups or the community at large. Suitable when discussing matters related to the whole community (e.g. post-harvest grazing, protection and management of indigenous forests), and when there are activities to be undertaken by a group, e.g. group nurseries. Suitable when there is a need to address individual matters but more cheaply than can be done with the individual approach. The direct target group may be a women's group, a church organization, a co-operative society or the community in general.
- 10. The school approach The extension work can be in the form of lectures, support for 4K Clubs, or discussions held during parents' days. Demonstration plots Large numbers of people within a short time at minimal costs.
- 11. Mass extension methods involvethe use of the mass media, e.g. radio, posters, drama, television, newspapers, films, slide shows, to inform the public. Mass media are mainly used to create awareness. Mass extension methods e feasi ble than an indi v idual appr oach . Figu re 12.4 Loca l lead ers play a vital role In the spre ad of exte nsio n activ ities If an orga nizat ion carr ying out exte nsio n is rich in reso urce s, a mor e costl y appr oach can be chos en than if the orga nizat ion is reso urce poor . It is, how ever , just as imp orta nt for a reso urce -rich orga nizat ion to care full y cons ider whi c h met hod is best for the area , and how the exte nsio n wor k shou ld be orga nize d in orde r to prev ent wast e of reso urce s. Cost - effec tiven ess shou ld alwa ys be born e in mi n d, and past expe rien ce indic ates, for exa mpl e, that issui ng free seed lings is rarel y a sust aina ble appr oach sinc e it crea tes depe nden cy and disc oura ges pri v ate com mer cial initia tives in tree- seed ling prod uctio n. An exce ssi v e level of mat erial supp ort gene rall y crea tes depe nden ce, and often prov es to be coun ter prod ucti v e in the long run. The indiv idual /hou seho ld appr oach This appr oach is mos t effec tive for acti v ities to be unde rtak en by or withi n the full cont rol of the indi v idual far m er or hous ehol d. Matt ers relat ed to the indi v idual far m shou ld, as muc h as poss ible, be disc usse d with the whol e fami ly. If the whol e fami ly i s invol ved, mor e prob lem s are highl ighte d and mor e expe rien ce is brou ght to the disc ussi on. Adv anta ges of the indi v idual met hods are: • Un clea r mes sage s that have not been fully unde rsto od can easil y be clari fied •The exte nsio n offic er is able to secu re co- oper ation and inspi re the confi denc e of the fami ly thro ugh pers onal cont act •It facili tates imm ediat e feed back on the effec tiven ess of the mea sure s disc usse d •It may be the best way to ensu re that ever yone in the fami ly parti cipat es in deci sion mak ing. Figu re 12.5 The indiv idual appr oach Disa dvan tage s of the indi v idual met hod: •It is expe nsiv e in term s of time and tran spor t •Onl y a few farm ers may be visit ed, and som etim es they may e feasi ble than an indi v idual appr oach . Figu re 12.4 Loca l lead ers play a vital role In the spre ad of exte nsio n activ ities If an orga nizat ion carr ying out exte nsio n is rich in reso urce s, a mor e costl y appr oach can be chos en than if the orga nizat ion is reso urce poor . It is, how ever , just as imp orta nt for a reso urce -rich orga nizat ion to care full y cons ider whi c h met hod is best for the area , and how the exte nsio n wor k shou ld be orga nize d in orde r to prev ent wast e of reso urce s. Cost - effec tiven ess shou ld alwa ys be born e in mi n d, and past expe rien ce indic ates, for exa mpl e, that issui ng free seed lings is rarel y a sust aina ble appr oach sinc e it crea tes depe nden cy and disc oura ges pri v ate com mer cial initia tives in tree- seed ling prod uctio n. An exce ssi v e level of mat erial supp ort gene rall y crea tes depe nden ce, and often prov es to be coun ter prod ucti v e in the long run. The indiv idual /hou seho ld appr oach This appr oach is mos t effec tive for acti v ities to be unde rtak en by or withi n the full cont rol of the indi v idual far m er or hous ehol d. Matt ers relat ed to the indi v idual far m shou ld, as muc h as poss ible, be disc usse d with the whol e fami ly. If the whol e fami ly i s invol ved, mor e prob lem s are highl ighte d and mor e expe rien ce is brou ght to the disc ussi on. Adv anta ges of the indi v idual met hods are: • Un clea r mes sage s that have not been fully unde rsto od can easil y be clari fied •The exte nsio n offic er is able to secu re co- oper ation and inspi re the confi denc e of the fami ly thro ugh pers onal cont act •It facili tates imm ediat e feed back on the effec tiven ess of the mea sure s disc usse d •It may be the best way to ensu re that ever yone in the fami ly parti cipat es in deci sion mak ing. Figu re 12.5 The indiv idual appr oach Disa dvan tage s of the indi v idual met hod: •It is expe nsiv e in term s of time and tran spor t •Onl y a few farm ers may be visit ed, and som etim es they may
- 12. EXTENSION METHODS 10 Most Common Extension Approaches byMark Bell, Amada Crump, Elana Peach-Fine and Maria Paz ,College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 1.Commodity-based 2. Cost-Sharing 3. Educational Institution 4. Farmer Field Schools 5. Farmer Participatory 6. Farming Systems 7. Centralized 8. Land Grant (US) 9. Project 10. Training and Visit
- 13. How do theserelate to the “ASK ME” extension framework? “ASK ME” (Bell et al., 2015) provides a framework for the different extension methods to be implemented: 1. Audience - understand and engage the audience, 2. Solutions - find appropriate solutions, 3. Key message – identify the key message 4. Message form and delivery - package and deliver the needed information in forms appropriate to the audience and, 5. Evaluation - improve the overall process
- 14. The Commodity-Based Approach focuseson a single crop or on only one aspect of farming. the approach generally addresses everything from extension and research to input supply, marketing and prices to increase production in the selected crop. Possible issues. Planning is often controlled by a commodity organization whose interests might not match others and the approach typically does not provide support on other aspects of farming.
- 15. The Cost-Sharing Approach assumesthat cost-sharing with local people (who do not have the means to pay the full cost) will more likely result in a program that can 1) better meet local situations and 2) be more accountable to local interests. Possible issues: Success is dependent on farmer willingness to pay. Possible issues: Success is dependent on farmer willingness to pay. Financial management and other aspects of administration tend to be complex and difficult.
- 16. The Educational Institution Approach relieson educational institutions with the technical knowledge and research ability to meet extension service demands. Possible issues. The effectiveness of implementation is often dependent on those who determine overall school curricula and thus determine the extent of the focus on extension. Funding directions and issues of staff promotion and institutional mandates can often push people to do work that does not focus on farmers’ needs.
- 17. The Farmer FieldSchools Approach Is a form of participatory research that uses a season long group-based learning process. The method initially focused primarily on Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Possible issues. High costs and high time requirements can affect sustainability of the system.
- 18. The Farmer ParticipatoryApproach involves active participation of farmers in planning and execution of the various research- extension activities. Program planning is typically controlled and implemented locally by farmers’ associations and community organizations. Implementation is often decentralized and flexible. Possible issues: High time, participatory skills and cost required.
- 19. The Farming SystemsDevelopment Approach focuses on bringing appropriate technology to small-scale farmers with farmers engaged in the technology development and delivery process. a key characteristic of the approach is the farm being viewed as a system using a holistic approach at the local level. the approach requires close ties between research, extension and farmers with technology developed locally through an iterative process. Possible issues. Expensive and time consuming (given the broad range of issues to consider).
- 20. The Centralized Extension Approach workson the assumption that the technology and knowledge needed by farmers exist but are simply not being used. Possible issues. The approach and thus information flow tends to be top-down, fairly centralized and controlled.
- 21. The Land GrantExtension Approach implemented in the United States involves strong links between specialists on university campuses with county advisors and farmers. The system has grown to bring in industry and other community groups. The system is highly effective. Possible issues: Requires highly trained personnel (costly) associated with a clear
- 22. The Project Approach concentratesefforts on a particular location, for a specific time period,and is usually supported by outside resources. Part of its purpose is to demonstrate techniques and methods to farmers with the expectation that adoption will continue farmer to farmer after the project ends. Possible issues. Project targets can add pressure to make non-relevant changes in the short term and there can be issues of sustainability once a project withdraws.
- 23. The Training andVisit Approach is fairly centralized and involves a series of tightly planned visits to farmers. the system results in greater farmer contact and entails better trained extension agents. Possible issues. The system is quite costly and somewhat inflexible in its timing of scheduled visits. As a result at times it can be more procedural than message oriented.
- 24. References. 1. Axinn,G.H. (2008). Guide on alternative extension approaches. Handbook. FAO; 2. Bell, M et al (2015).ASK ME. http://www.meas-extension.org/tip-sheets/ask-me Nagel, U.J.. 1998. Alternative approaches to organizing extension. Chapter 2 in Improving agricultural extension. FAO; 3. Ponniah, et al. (2008). Concepts and practices in agricultural extension in developing countries: A source book. Ethiopia: ILRI, IPMS Ethiopia. https://epakag.ucdavis.edu/vocational_training/factsheets/fs-ext-methods-comparison.pdf