Explanation
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The document discusses different types of explanations in social science, including event-event, fact-event, and fact-fact explanations. It outlines the hypothetico-deductive method for developing explanations, which involves choosing a theory, specifying a hypothesis, considering alternative explanations, refuting rivals, and strengthening the hypothesis. The document also distinguishes between different types of causal statements and explanations, such as true causal statements, statements about correlations, necessitation, storytelling, statistics, and answers to "why" questions.
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QUESTION 1Finding Fallacies or No Fallacies” Please respond .docx
QUESTION 1
“Finding Fallacies or No Fallacies” Please respond to the following:
You encounter arguments everyday but probably do not notice them. Try to find examples of logical errors and/or examples of good syllogistic reasoning. There are plenty of examples on radio and television talk shows, in your local newspaper, and even in discussions with your friends. Do not use examples from Internet Web sites which deal specifically with logic (although the examples could be from articles posted on the Internet or from blogs).
· Find at least five (5) “real-life” arguments which could be rewritten as syllogisms.
· In a sentence or two, describe the argument.
· Rewrite each argument as a syllogism.
· Identify whether the argument contains logical errors or is an example of good syllogistic reasoning.
QUESTION 1B
“Nature or Nurture Debate” Please respond to the following:
The “nature or nurture” argument is based on whether a person’s behavior is a result of heredity or his/her environment. Review the “Either/Or” fallacies in the Thinking textbook.
· State the main reason why you agree with either the “nature” position or with the “nurture” position.
· Evaluate your own stated reason: Is it supportable with verifiable evidence? Is it based on reason or opinion? Would the other side think that your stated reason adequately supports your position?
· Explain whether there are other theories besides nature and nurture that might explain the variability of human behavior.
· Choose comments from two (2) students who hold a different position from yours and suggest counter-reasons which challenge each of the other positions.
QUESTION 2
“Operational Definitions” Please respond to the following:
· Identify a variable for scientific study that can be operationally defined.
· Create an operational definition for the variable.
· Identify what aspects of the variable would be observable and measurable.
· Evaluate whether the variable defined by two (2) other students is an operational definition or is actually a non-operational definition. Explain whether you think the variable retains its meaning or loses its meaning.
QUESTION 2B
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Review the sections on “The Scientific Method” and “Proving a Theory.”
· Evaluate the claims below by using “the Scientific Method” and “Proving a Theory” steps.
· Identify one (1) claim which is ineffective or unsupportable and explain what specifically makes the claim ineffective or unsupportable.
· Explain what you think would have to be done to the claim in order to make it more effective or supportable.
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Explanations / 6.1 Qualities of Explanations Questions: 0 of 3 complete (0%) | 0 of 2 correct (0%)
Qualities of Explanations
An explanation is a statement that provides a reason for why or how something became the way it is. Arguments present a conclusion that's presumably new to you and then support this conclusion with evidence that you're likely to believe. Explanations work the other way around: they start with a conclusion that you likely believe (e.g., the sky is blue) and then offer an explanation for why that is so (e.g., because God is a UNC fan).
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Situation
Explanation
Traffic on a Saturday
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Most explanations start as theories. It can be challenging to fight the human impulse to pick the first theory that comes to mind and stop there, but what are the odds that the first thing you conceive of is in fact the best possible explanation?
Situation
Explanation
Traffic on a Saturday
Perhaps there's a concert today?
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Or possibly an accident up ahead?
With a little imagination, you can come up with a seemingly unlimited number of theories, but at some point you've likely exhausted all the plausible explanations.
Situation
Explanation
Traffic on a Saturday
Perhaps a new IKEA has been built without my hearing anything about it, and all these people are headed to the grand opening.
As with all critical thinking, you'll need some judgment here. Discard the implausible theories (at least initially) and give fair consideration to all the reasonable ones:
· State your theory clearly (make a hypothesis).
· Consider possible alternatives.
· Look at the evidence.
· Evaluate the theory.
Sometimes the facts make the explanation quite clear:
I can see a train moving through an intersection several hundred yards ahead. That explains why traffic isn't moving.
Other times, you'll need to employ inductive reasoning to establish the most likely cause:
I can't see the tracks from here, but I drive through here every Saturday morning and usually a train was responsible for traffic being stalled. So it's probably a train.
We are presented with many such explanations on a daily basis.
Why is this webpage not loading?Why are sales down for last quarter?Why is my spouse not speaking to me?
As you consider potential explanations, keep the following standards in mind.
Consistency
First, is it internally consistent or does it contradict itself?
Second, is it externally consistent? Could this explanation effectively and fully account for whatever it's supposed to explain?
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- A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the solution of a problem, temporarily accepted as true based on current knowledge.
- Important definitions characterize a hypothesis as a provisional guess, shrewd inference, or testable proposition that can be verified.
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QUESTION 1Finding Fallacies or No Fallacies” Please respond .docx
QUESTION 1
“Finding Fallacies or No Fallacies” Please respond to the following:
You encounter arguments everyday but probably do not notice them. Try to find examples of logical errors and/or examples of good syllogistic reasoning. There are plenty of examples on radio and television talk shows, in your local newspaper, and even in discussions with your friends. Do not use examples from Internet Web sites which deal specifically with logic (although the examples could be from articles posted on the Internet or from blogs).
· Find at least five (5) “real-life” arguments which could be rewritten as syllogisms.
· In a sentence or two, describe the argument.
· Rewrite each argument as a syllogism.
· Identify whether the argument contains logical errors or is an example of good syllogistic reasoning.
QUESTION 1B
“Nature or Nurture Debate” Please respond to the following:
The “nature or nurture” argument is based on whether a person’s behavior is a result of heredity or his/her environment. Review the “Either/Or” fallacies in the Thinking textbook.
· State the main reason why you agree with either the “nature” position or with the “nurture” position.
· Evaluate your own stated reason: Is it supportable with verifiable evidence? Is it based on reason or opinion? Would the other side think that your stated reason adequately supports your position?
· Explain whether there are other theories besides nature and nurture that might explain the variability of human behavior.
· Choose comments from two (2) students who hold a different position from yours and suggest counter-reasons which challenge each of the other positions.
QUESTION 2
“Operational Definitions” Please respond to the following:
· Identify a variable for scientific study that can be operationally defined.
· Create an operational definition for the variable.
· Identify what aspects of the variable would be observable and measurable.
· Evaluate whether the variable defined by two (2) other students is an operational definition or is actually a non-operational definition. Explain whether you think the variable retains its meaning or loses its meaning.
QUESTION 2B
“Observation, Hypothesis, Experimentation, and Verification” Please respond to the following:
Review the sections on “The Scientific Method” and “Proving a Theory.”
· Evaluate the claims below by using “the Scientific Method” and “Proving a Theory” steps.
· Identify one (1) claim which is ineffective or unsupportable and explain what specifically makes the claim ineffective or unsupportable.
· Explain what you think would have to be done to the claim in order to make it more effective or supportable.
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Explanation in science (philosophy of science)
This document discusses scientific explanation and the challenges involved. It summarizes Carl Hempel's covering law model of explanation and identifies some of its limitations, such as not respecting asymmetry and allowing irrelevant explanations. The document also discusses how causality may provide a better approach than covering laws. Additionally, it notes that while science can explain many phenomena, some things like the origin of life may remain unexplained or be fundamentally unexplainable by science. The document also discusses reductionism and how higher-level sciences are autonomous due to multiple realization.
Explanations 6.1 Qualities of Explanations Questions 0 of 3 com.docx
Explanations / 6.1 Qualities of Explanations Questions: 0 of 3 complete (0%) | 0 of 2 correct (0%)
Qualities of Explanations
An explanation is a statement that provides a reason for why or how something became the way it is. Arguments present a conclusion that's presumably new to you and then support this conclusion with evidence that you're likely to believe. Explanations work the other way around: they start with a conclusion that you likely believe (e.g., the sky is blue) and then offer an explanation for why that is so (e.g., because God is a UNC fan).
We will be looking specifically at causal explanations—that is, explanations in which you suggest that a particular physical or behavioral phenomenon is the result of another event.
Situation
Explanation
Traffic on a Saturday
There must be a football game today.
Most explanations start as theories. It can be challenging to fight the human impulse to pick the first theory that comes to mind and stop there, but what are the odds that the first thing you conceive of is in fact the best possible explanation?
Situation
Explanation
Traffic on a Saturday
Perhaps there's a concert today?
Maybe an art festival?
Or possibly an accident up ahead?
With a little imagination, you can come up with a seemingly unlimited number of theories, but at some point you've likely exhausted all the plausible explanations.
Situation
Explanation
Traffic on a Saturday
Perhaps a new IKEA has been built without my hearing anything about it, and all these people are headed to the grand opening.
As with all critical thinking, you'll need some judgment here. Discard the implausible theories (at least initially) and give fair consideration to all the reasonable ones:
· State your theory clearly (make a hypothesis).
· Consider possible alternatives.
· Look at the evidence.
· Evaluate the theory.
Sometimes the facts make the explanation quite clear:
I can see a train moving through an intersection several hundred yards ahead. That explains why traffic isn't moving.
Other times, you'll need to employ inductive reasoning to establish the most likely cause:
I can't see the tracks from here, but I drive through here every Saturday morning and usually a train was responsible for traffic being stalled. So it's probably a train.
We are presented with many such explanations on a daily basis.
Why is this webpage not loading?Why are sales down for last quarter?Why is my spouse not speaking to me?
As you consider potential explanations, keep the following standards in mind.
Consistency
First, is it internally consistent or does it contradict itself?
Second, is it externally consistent? Could this explanation effectively and fully account for whatever it's supposed to explain?
A good theory should be compatible with what we already know about how the world works. This is a problem with many paranormal theories—they go against accepted scientific fact. If the theory contradicts established knowledge, the burden of proof is on the new t ...
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This linguistics lecture discusses logical fallacies of insufficient evidence, including inappropriate appeals to authority where the cited authority is unreliable, appeals to ignorance based on lack of evidence, false alternatives that pose false dichotomies
13-Ling-21---Lecture-7----Logical-Fallacies-II.ppt
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This document provides an overview and examples of logical fallacies of insufficient evidence, including inappropriate appeal to authority, appeal to ignorance, false alternatives, loaded questions, questionable cause, hasty generalization, slippery slope, and weak analogy. It defines each fallacy and gives examples to illustrate situations that would constitute each fallacy. The document is intended to help the reader understand and identify these common fallacies of reasoning.
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This document provides guidance for writing an essay that requires choosing between a rebuttal, causal, or ethical argument. It outlines the key components and approaches for each type of argument. For a rebuttal argument, students can choose to conduct a refutation, focusing on the shortcomings of an opposing viewpoint, or a counterargument, emphasizing the strengths of their own position. Causal arguments demonstrate how one event leads to another through a chain of causes and effects. Ethical arguments examine the morality of an issue from different value systems. The document provides examples and tips for effectively structuring each type of argument.
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ProSocial Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Assignment 1 (Introductions to Microsoft Power point 2019) kiran.pptx
its for fresers to microsoft joiner
一比一原版(mizzou毕业证书)美国密苏里大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(mizzou毕业证书)美国密苏里大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(mizzou毕业证书)美国密苏里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(mizzou毕业证书)美国密苏里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(mizzou毕业证书)美国密苏里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(mizzou毕业证书)美国密苏里大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Stealth attraction for mens gets her with your words
My article gives a set of techniques used by men to subtly and effectively attract women without overtly displaying their intentions. It involves using non-verbal cues, body language, and subtle psychological tactics to create intrigue and build attraction. The goal is to appear confident, mysterious, and charismatic while maintaining an air of mystery that piques the interest of the person you are trying to attract. This approach emphasizes subtlety and finesse in communication and interaction to create a powerful and lasting impression.
Aggression - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
7 Habits of Highly Effective People.pptx
Covey says most people look for quick fixes. They see a big success and want to know how he did it, believing (and hoping) they can do the same following a quick bullet list.
But real change, the author says, comes not from the outside in, but from the inside out. And the most fundamental way of changing yourself is through a paradigm shift.
That paradigm shift is a new way of looking at the world. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People presents an approach to effectiveness based on character and principles.
The first three habits indeed deal with yourself because it all starts with you. The first three habits move you from dependence from the world to the independence of making your own world.
Habits 4, 5 and 6 are about people and relationships. The will move you from independence to interdependence. Such, cooperating to achieve more than you could have by yourself.
The last habit, habit number 7, focuses on continuous growth and improvement.
一比一原版美国旧金山艺术大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国旧金山艺术大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理美国旧金山艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理美国旧金山艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理美国旧金山艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理美国旧金山艺术大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Personal Growth Unleashed: Key Strategies from Tim Han’s LMA Course
This presentation delves into the core principles of personality development as taught by Tim Han. Understand the importance of self-awareness, goal setting, and maintaining a positive attitude. Gain valuable tips on improving communication skills and developing emotional intelligence. Tim Han’s practical advice and holistic approach will help you embark on a transformative journey towards becoming your best self.
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ProSocial Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
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Assignment 1 (Introductions to Microsoft Power point 2019) kiran.pptx
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Stealth attraction for mens gets her with your words
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Aggression - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
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Explanation
- 1. “Explaining Social Behavior” Explanation Jon Elster
- 2. Explanation: General • Main task of social science is to explain social phenomena • Event-event pattern of explanation • Fact-event, event-fact, and fact-fact explanation • Nonevents – Kitty Genovese case
- 3. The Structure of Explanations • First; is fact a fact or did the event actually take place? • Puzzles – Explanatory puzzles should be addressed in the five-step sequence. This is called the hypothetico- deductive method
- 4. hypothetico-deductive method: 1. Choose the theory 2. Specify a hypothesis 3. Identify plausible accounts that might provide alternative explanations 4. For each rival accounts, refute it by pointing to additional testable (not observed) implications 5. Strengthen the proposed hypothesis by showing testable (observed) implications
- 5. Broadway shows example Why do more Broadway shows receive standing ovations today than twenty years ago?
- 6. Statement should be distinguished from casual explanation 1. True casual statements. Ex: food poisoning 2. Statements about correlations. Ex: Alexis de Tocqueville about marriage for love – Direction of causality is also important 3. Statements about necessitation 4. Statements about storytelling 5. Statistical explanations 6. Answers to “why questions” 7. Predictions