Explain with the help of a diagram the concept of the Triple constraint and its effect on a project.

1. 1. Explainwiththe helpof adiagram the conceptof the Triple constraintanditseffectona
project.[5 marks]
The ProjectManagementTriangle
The concept of triple constraintconsistsof three componentsnamely;Scope,Time andCost.They
are alsoreferredtoas the ProjectManagementTriangle,whereeachside representsaconstraint.
One side of the triangle cannotbe changedwithoutimpactingthe others.
The time constraintreferstothe amount of time available tocompleteaproject.The cost constraint
referstothe budgetedamountavailableforthe project.The scope constraintreferstowhatmustbe
done to produce the project'sendresult.
These three constraintsare oftencompetingconstraints:increasedscope typicallymeansincreased
time andincreasedcost,a tighttime constraintcouldmeanincreasedcostsandreducedscope,and
a tightbudgetcouldmeanincreasedtime andreducedscope.
2.Explainthe difference betweenproductprocessandprojectprocess[4marks]
A productprocessspecifiesthe abstractsetof activitiesthatshouldbe performedtogofromuser
needstofinal productwhile aprojectprocessisthe actual act of executingthe activitiesforsome
specificuserneeds.
Software productsare the outcomesof a software projectwhere eachsoftwaredevelopment
projectstarts withsome needsand(hopefully)endswithsome software thatsatisfiesthoseneeds.
3.Identifythree differencesbetweenqualityassurance andqualitycontrol.(3marks)

2. i.Qualityassurance isasetof activitiesforensuringqualityinthe processesbywhichproductsare
developedwhile qualitycontrol isasetof activitiesforensuringqualityinproducts.The activities
focuson identifyingdefectsinthe actual productsproduced.
ii.The goal of qualityassurance istoimprove developmentandtestprocessessothatdefectsdonot
arise whenthe productisbeingdevelopedwhilethe goal of qualitycontrol istoidentifydefects
aftera productisdevelopedandbefore it'sreleased.
iii.Qualityassurance involvespreventionof qualityproblemsthroughplannedandsystematic
activitiesincludingdocumentationwhilequalitycontrol involvesthe activitiesortechniquesusedto
achieve andmaintainthe productquality,processandservice.
iv.Everyone on the teaminvolvedindevelopingthe productisresponsibleforqualityassurance
while inqualitycontrol itisusuallythe responsibilityof aspecificteamthatteststhe product for
defects
4.At whatstage inthe projectshouldthe projecttestplanbe createdand testcasesprepared?(2
marks)
It isat the implementationstage inthe projectthata testplanshouldbe createdand testcases
prepared.
A testplanin software testingisthe documentthatoutlinesthe what,when,how,who,andmore of
a testingproject.Ingeneral,itincludesthe objective andscope of the teststobe run.Testcases are
the teststhemselves.
5.Describe FOURtechniquesforcarryingoutqualitycontrol ona software systemduring
development(4marks)
i.Checklist- thisisa listof itemsthat needtobe verified,checkedorinspectedtoensure the
software maintainsitsquality.

3. ii.Randomproductsampling - isone inwhicheachunitinthe producthas an equal chance of being
includedinthe sample.
iii.Workprocesssampling - isthe statistical technique fordeterminingthe proportionof time spent
by workersinvariousdefinedcategoriesof activity
iv.Control charts - primarypurpose of control charts is to indicate ata glance whenproduction
processesmighthave changedsufficientlytoaffectproductquality
v.Ticketsheets
6.In additiontosoftware whatelse canbe testedonan IT project?(2 marks)
Systemintegrationtesting(SIT) involvesthe overall testingof acomplete systemof manysubsystem
componentsorelements.The systemundertestmaybe composedof hardware,orsoftware,or
hardware withembeddedsoftware,orhardware/software withhuman-in-the-looptesting.
References:
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Quality_Assurance_vs_Quality_Control
http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/263150/the-importance-of-project-feasibility-study
http://ecomputernotes.com/software-engineering/differentiate-between-process-project-and-
products
http://maxwideman.com/issacons1/iac1191/sld002.htm
Lecture notes