1. The document contains information about respiratory and circulatory systems, including diagrams showing gas exchange and blood flow.
2. Questions assess understanding of gas concentrations in healthy vs. smoker lungs, oxygenated vs. deoxygenated blood flow, and the process of diffusion between alveoli and blood capillaries.
3. Additional questions require labeling diagrams to illustrate direction of blood flow, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion, and respiratory structures involved in gas exchange.
El documento es un manual de instrucciones para un batidor de leche. Explica los elementos del aparato, las características, instrucciones de seguridad, uso correcto y mantenimiento. Detalla cómo encenderlo por primera vez y cómo usarlo para batir leche y obtener espuma, así como cómo limpiarlo y cambiar las pilas.
This document outlines Nick Watts' presentation on the relationship between economic growth and natural limits. Watts introduces two key concepts - exponential growth and logistic growth curves - to illustrate how economic growth relies on finite resources that will inevitably peak and decline. He then provides a historical overview of economic systems and how the industrial revolution and consumer culture fueled unprecedented growth. However, Watts argues that population growth, ecological crises, peak oil and debt mean continued economic growth is no longer possible or desirable given finite planetary boundaries. The system is approaching collapse without systemic change, though there is little hope of such change occurring.
El documento resume la historia de la electrónica desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad. Comenzó con el descubrimiento de la emisión termoiónica por Edison en 1883. Luego, Lee De Forest inventó el triodo en 1906, permitiendo la amplificación de señales. Finalmente, el transistor revolucionó la electrónica cuando fue inventado en 1948, permitiendo una mayor miniaturización de los dispositivos.
Makalah ini membahas cara mencegah pemanasan global dengan mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca melalui berbagai tindakan seperti mengawasi penebangan hutan, menanam pohon, mengurangi penggunaan kendaraan bermotor dan lampu, serta mengubah kebiasaan penggunaan sumber daya.
World Famous Prayer Interpretation By DrMonika Gavali
[1] This prayer seeks happiness, health, and well-being for all, with no grief.
[2] While some object to prayer seeing it as weakness, the author explains prayers help connect to infinite cosmic powers that we are extensions of, like electric bulbs connecting to a power source.
[3] "Blocks" like ego, pettiness, and superficial values disconnect us, but prayers and chanting can effectively remove these blocks and reconnect us to the empowering source of consciousness and the universe, strengthening and empowering us.
El documento es un manual de instrucciones para un batidor de leche. Explica los elementos del aparato, las características, instrucciones de seguridad, uso correcto y mantenimiento. Detalla cómo encenderlo por primera vez y cómo usarlo para batir leche y obtener espuma, así como cómo limpiarlo y cambiar las pilas.
This document outlines Nick Watts' presentation on the relationship between economic growth and natural limits. Watts introduces two key concepts - exponential growth and logistic growth curves - to illustrate how economic growth relies on finite resources that will inevitably peak and decline. He then provides a historical overview of economic systems and how the industrial revolution and consumer culture fueled unprecedented growth. However, Watts argues that population growth, ecological crises, peak oil and debt mean continued economic growth is no longer possible or desirable given finite planetary boundaries. The system is approaching collapse without systemic change, though there is little hope of such change occurring.
El documento resume la historia de la electrónica desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad. Comenzó con el descubrimiento de la emisión termoiónica por Edison en 1883. Luego, Lee De Forest inventó el triodo en 1906, permitiendo la amplificación de señales. Finalmente, el transistor revolucionó la electrónica cuando fue inventado en 1948, permitiendo una mayor miniaturización de los dispositivos.
Makalah ini membahas cara mencegah pemanasan global dengan mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca melalui berbagai tindakan seperti mengawasi penebangan hutan, menanam pohon, mengurangi penggunaan kendaraan bermotor dan lampu, serta mengubah kebiasaan penggunaan sumber daya.
World Famous Prayer Interpretation By DrMonika Gavali
[1] This prayer seeks happiness, health, and well-being for all, with no grief.
[2] While some object to prayer seeing it as weakness, the author explains prayers help connect to infinite cosmic powers that we are extensions of, like electric bulbs connecting to a power source.
[3] "Blocks" like ego, pettiness, and superficial values disconnect us, but prayers and chanting can effectively remove these blocks and reconnect us to the empowering source of consciousness and the universe, strengthening and empowering us.
27-09-2010 El Gobernador Guillermo Padrés ante cientos de jóvenes sonorenses,...Guillermo Padrés Elías
Hermosillo, Sonora.- La apuesta del nuevo Sonora es por la juventud, a quienes apoyaremos con una bolsa inédita de 50 millones de pesos para que inicien su propia empresa, anunció el Gobernador Guillermo Padrés Elías durante firma del convenio “Sonora Emprende 2010”.
El documento propone diversas actividades para desarrollar las inteligencias múltiples a través del uso de recursos tecnológicos y otros materiales. Algunas actividades incluyen realizar crucigramas en línea para mejorar el vocabulario, grabar videos explicando juegos de mesa, y crear pirámides con cubos de madera para subir a un blog. Otras actividades buscan desarrollar la lógica matemática a través de clasificar objetos, comparar celulares, y completar sudokus y rectas numéricas.
The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. It introduces oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide through a multi-step process. Air enters through the nose or mouth and is filtered and humidified before passing through the pharynx and larynx into the trachea. The trachea branches into smaller bronchioles that terminate in alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The diaphragm and lungs work together to inhale oxygenated air and exhale carbon dioxide.
El documento describe algunos de los matemáticos más importantes de la historia, incluyendo a Tales de Mileto, Pitágoras, Euclides, Arquímedes e Isaac Newton. Tales inventó el Teorema de Tales sobre triángulos semejantes, Pitágoras inventó el Teorema de Pitágoras sobre triángulos rectángulos, Euclides escribió los famosos Elementos de Geometría que establecieron muchos teoremas básicos, Arquímedes descubrió las relaciones entre la superficie y el volumen
El documento describe las características y potencialidades del biodiesel. Explica que Rudolph Diesel originalmente usó aceite de maní para uno de sus motores en 1900 y predijo que los aceites vegetales podrían tener la misma importancia que el petróleo y el carbón en el futuro. Define el biodiesel como ésteres de fuentes biológicas renovables como aceites vegetales y grasas animales que pueden usarse puro o mezclado con diésel. También señala las razones para su desarrollo, incluyendo las reservas limitadas
Este documento anuncia una capacitación gratuita sobre la alimentación animal que se llevará a cabo el 12 de julio de 2013 de 2 a 4 pm en el Centro de Zacatelco, Tlaxcala. La capacitación busca enseñar sobre la prevención de enfermedades causadas por una mala alimentación y resaltar que el bienestar de los animales depende de una nutrición adecuada. Se proporciona información de contacto para obtener más detalles sobre el evento.
La composición de la población se divide en grupos por edad y sexo. La población se clasifica en jóvenes, adultos y ancianos, y la proporción de mujeres y hombres determina la feminidad o masculinidad. Además, la población se categoriza como activa, buscando trabajo remunerado, o inactiva, no desempeñando trabajo. Finalmente, la población se agrupa en tres sectores económicos: primario relacionado con recursos naturales, secundario que transforma los recursos, y terciario que ofrece servic
Javier Fernández te muestra otros de los tantos pueblos abandonados que rodean el mundo. En este caso le toca el turno a Pripyat, un pueblo marcado por reactores nucleares...
http://javierfernandez.overblog.com/
1. The document contains questions about respiratory and circulatory systems. It includes diagrams of gas exchange in the lungs and systemic circulation.
2. For cigarette smokers, the concentration of gas Y (carbon dioxide) is higher in the blood, while the concentration of gas X (oxygen) is lower compared to non-smokers. Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen that can diffuse into the bloodstream and be transported to tissues.
3. Questions assess understanding of pulmonary gas exchange, systemic circulation, and the role of different blood vessels and organs in transporting oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Key processes like diffusion and the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide driving gas exchange are also tested.
The document is a worksheet about the circulatory system. It contains questions about the main components of the circulatory system, the functions of different blood cells, the names of different types of blood vessels, substances that move from blood into cells in capillaries, and key parts of the heart. It also asks students to identify blood vessels, heart chambers, and valves. Finally, it asks students to define blood pressure, systemic circulation, and blood groups and list ways to keep a healthy heart.
This document contains a 14-part question paper assessing students' knowledge of various science topics. It includes questions on microorganisms, cell structure, density and floating, the human senses, plant and animal biology, human nutrition, digestion, health issues, and heat transfer. Students are asked to label diagrams, answer multiple choice and short answer questions, explain scientific concepts, suggest solutions to problems, and complete charts and diagrams from provided information.
The document is a science module on blood circulation and transport from the Malaysian Ministry of Education. It contains 36 multiple choice questions testing students' understanding of English scientific terms and concepts related to blood circulation, the heart, blood vessels, blood groups, and transpiration in plants.
The document is a science module on blood circulation and transport in the human body. It contains 36 multiple choice questions testing students' understanding of key concepts in English. The questions cover topics like the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, blood groups, and the circulatory system. Students are instructed to fill out an answer sheet with their personal details and choose the correct answer for each question by filling in the corresponding oval.
The document describes four figures related to biology topics. Fig. 1.1 and 1.2 show photomicrographs of plant leaf sections. Fig. 2.1 depicts the carbon dioxide transport reaction involving the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. Fig. 3.1 provides data on malaria case incidence and mortality rates in four countries from 2010-2015. Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of the mammalian heart, showing differences in chamber wall thicknesses. The document contains multiple short answer questions requiring reference to and explanation of aspects of the figures.
This document contains 30 multiple choice questions about wave properties and behaviors. The questions cover a range of topics including:
- Characteristics of progressive and stationary waves
- Interference and superposition of waves
- Speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude of waves
- Types of electromagnetic waves and their properties
- Reflection, refraction, and polarization of light
- Sound waves and resonance in pipes and tubes
This document contains a biology chapter about transport. It includes diagrams of the human heart and questions about heart structures and blood flow. It also discusses the immune system and different types of immunization. Finally, it covers the different types of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and their functions in transporting gases, fighting pathogens, producing antibodies, and blood clotting.
27-09-2010 El Gobernador Guillermo Padrés ante cientos de jóvenes sonorenses,...Guillermo Padrés Elías
Hermosillo, Sonora.- La apuesta del nuevo Sonora es por la juventud, a quienes apoyaremos con una bolsa inédita de 50 millones de pesos para que inicien su propia empresa, anunció el Gobernador Guillermo Padrés Elías durante firma del convenio “Sonora Emprende 2010”.
El documento propone diversas actividades para desarrollar las inteligencias múltiples a través del uso de recursos tecnológicos y otros materiales. Algunas actividades incluyen realizar crucigramas en línea para mejorar el vocabulario, grabar videos explicando juegos de mesa, y crear pirámides con cubos de madera para subir a un blog. Otras actividades buscan desarrollar la lógica matemática a través de clasificar objetos, comparar celulares, y completar sudokus y rectas numéricas.
The respiratory system includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. It introduces oxygen into the body and releases carbon dioxide through a multi-step process. Air enters through the nose or mouth and is filtered and humidified before passing through the pharynx and larynx into the trachea. The trachea branches into smaller bronchioles that terminate in alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The diaphragm and lungs work together to inhale oxygenated air and exhale carbon dioxide.
El documento describe algunos de los matemáticos más importantes de la historia, incluyendo a Tales de Mileto, Pitágoras, Euclides, Arquímedes e Isaac Newton. Tales inventó el Teorema de Tales sobre triángulos semejantes, Pitágoras inventó el Teorema de Pitágoras sobre triángulos rectángulos, Euclides escribió los famosos Elementos de Geometría que establecieron muchos teoremas básicos, Arquímedes descubrió las relaciones entre la superficie y el volumen
El documento describe las características y potencialidades del biodiesel. Explica que Rudolph Diesel originalmente usó aceite de maní para uno de sus motores en 1900 y predijo que los aceites vegetales podrían tener la misma importancia que el petróleo y el carbón en el futuro. Define el biodiesel como ésteres de fuentes biológicas renovables como aceites vegetales y grasas animales que pueden usarse puro o mezclado con diésel. También señala las razones para su desarrollo, incluyendo las reservas limitadas
Este documento anuncia una capacitación gratuita sobre la alimentación animal que se llevará a cabo el 12 de julio de 2013 de 2 a 4 pm en el Centro de Zacatelco, Tlaxcala. La capacitación busca enseñar sobre la prevención de enfermedades causadas por una mala alimentación y resaltar que el bienestar de los animales depende de una nutrición adecuada. Se proporciona información de contacto para obtener más detalles sobre el evento.
La composición de la población se divide en grupos por edad y sexo. La población se clasifica en jóvenes, adultos y ancianos, y la proporción de mujeres y hombres determina la feminidad o masculinidad. Además, la población se categoriza como activa, buscando trabajo remunerado, o inactiva, no desempeñando trabajo. Finalmente, la población se agrupa en tres sectores económicos: primario relacionado con recursos naturales, secundario que transforma los recursos, y terciario que ofrece servic
Javier Fernández te muestra otros de los tantos pueblos abandonados que rodean el mundo. En este caso le toca el turno a Pripyat, un pueblo marcado por reactores nucleares...
http://javierfernandez.overblog.com/
1. The document contains questions about respiratory and circulatory systems. It includes diagrams of gas exchange in the lungs and systemic circulation.
2. For cigarette smokers, the concentration of gas Y (carbon dioxide) is higher in the blood, while the concentration of gas X (oxygen) is lower compared to non-smokers. Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen that can diffuse into the bloodstream and be transported to tissues.
3. Questions assess understanding of pulmonary gas exchange, systemic circulation, and the role of different blood vessels and organs in transporting oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Key processes like diffusion and the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide driving gas exchange are also tested.
The document is a worksheet about the circulatory system. It contains questions about the main components of the circulatory system, the functions of different blood cells, the names of different types of blood vessels, substances that move from blood into cells in capillaries, and key parts of the heart. It also asks students to identify blood vessels, heart chambers, and valves. Finally, it asks students to define blood pressure, systemic circulation, and blood groups and list ways to keep a healthy heart.
This document contains a 14-part question paper assessing students' knowledge of various science topics. It includes questions on microorganisms, cell structure, density and floating, the human senses, plant and animal biology, human nutrition, digestion, health issues, and heat transfer. Students are asked to label diagrams, answer multiple choice and short answer questions, explain scientific concepts, suggest solutions to problems, and complete charts and diagrams from provided information.
The document is a science module on blood circulation and transport from the Malaysian Ministry of Education. It contains 36 multiple choice questions testing students' understanding of English scientific terms and concepts related to blood circulation, the heart, blood vessels, blood groups, and transpiration in plants.
The document is a science module on blood circulation and transport in the human body. It contains 36 multiple choice questions testing students' understanding of key concepts in English. The questions cover topics like the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, blood groups, and the circulatory system. Students are instructed to fill out an answer sheet with their personal details and choose the correct answer for each question by filling in the corresponding oval.
The document describes four figures related to biology topics. Fig. 1.1 and 1.2 show photomicrographs of plant leaf sections. Fig. 2.1 depicts the carbon dioxide transport reaction involving the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. Fig. 3.1 provides data on malaria case incidence and mortality rates in four countries from 2010-2015. Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of the mammalian heart, showing differences in chamber wall thicknesses. The document contains multiple short answer questions requiring reference to and explanation of aspects of the figures.
This document contains 30 multiple choice questions about wave properties and behaviors. The questions cover a range of topics including:
- Characteristics of progressive and stationary waves
- Interference and superposition of waves
- Speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude of waves
- Types of electromagnetic waves and their properties
- Reflection, refraction, and polarization of light
- Sound waves and resonance in pipes and tubes
This document contains a biology chapter about transport. It includes diagrams of the human heart and questions about heart structures and blood flow. It also discusses the immune system and different types of immunization. Finally, it covers the different types of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) and their functions in transporting gases, fighting pathogens, producing antibodies, and blood clotting.
This document contains a biology exam paper on transport in animals with multiple choice and short answer questions. The exam paper tests knowledge of circulatory systems, the structure and function of blood vessels and the heart, transport of oxygen and nutrients, and concepts like blood clotting. Diagrams of blood vessels and cells are included with questions requiring analysis and explanations. The document provides a biology exam resource for students to practice questions on the transport systems in animals.
1CirculationUtilizing knowledge from your learning and ass.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Circulation
Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:
1. Compare and contrasts the anatomy and physiology of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries. Why are these differences significant in the overall function of the circulatory system? Please be specific.
2. Provide several examples of factors that cause increases or decreases in peripheral resistance and discuss their effect on overall arterial blood pressure.
Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:
1. Describe and define the differences between the lymphatic system and immunity.
2. How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign substances? Provide examples of each system.
1. Briefly identify and discuss the anatomical and structural differences between arteries and veins.
2. Briefly identify and discuss differences between blood and lymphatic vessels.
3. View the anatomical models Figure 32.3,Figure 32.4,Figure 32.8,Figure 32.10,Figure 32.13,and Figure 35.1 (a)from your Laboratory Manual and identify the structures that are described by the following abbreviated statements. Post your brief responses in the threaded Discussion Area below.
a. Drains the stomach, pancreas, and spleen to the liver for detoxification
b. Two paired arteries serving the brain
c. Formed by the union of the radial and ulnar arteries
d. Drains head, neck, and upper extremities
e. What the external iliac artery becomes in the thigh
f. Join to form the inferior vena cava
g. Receives lymph from the circulation
h. Filtering clusters under the arm
i. Enlarged terminus of the thoracic duct
4. View the histology slides Figure 32.1 (a)and (b)in your Laboratory Manual and identify the microscopic structures indicated by a leader line, number, or bracket. In the threaded Discussion Area below, briefly describe the function of:
a. Figure 32.1 (a) artery and vein
b. Figure 32.1 (b) tunica media
c. Figure 32.1 (b) capillary network
Below is Figure 32.3
Below is Figure 32.4
Below is Figure 32.8
Below is Figure 32.10
Below is Figure 32.13
Below is Figure 35.1(a)
Below is Figure 32.1(a) and 32.1(b)
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This biology revision document contains 14 questions testing knowledge of various human body systems including:
1) The heart, including its chambers, valves, and lifestyle choices to maintain heart health.
2) Lungs and respiration, including how air moves through the respiratory system and differences between inhaled and exhaled air.
3) The digestive system, including ordering organs and the functions of the skeleton.
4) Bone health, including required minerals and vitamins and a condition like osteoporosis that affects bones.
Pathophysiological alterations in oxygen delivery to thetissues g. miserocchianemo_site
This summary provides an overview of the key factors that can impair oxygen delivery to tissues beyond just a decrease in hemoglobin concentration:
1. Limitations in oxygen diffusion can occur at the lung level due to decreases in the alveolar-capillary oxygen gradient, diffusion surface area, or increases in the thickness of the air-blood barrier.
2. Reductions in cardiac output can lower oxygen delivery to tissues by decreasing blood flow.
3. Impairments in peripheral microvascular perfusion from factors like compression, shear forces, and edema can reduce oxygen delivery by decreasing capillary patency and surface area available for gas exchange.
4. Cells may have a reduced ability to extract oxygen under
This document contains information about an exam for a comparative physiology course including:
- Instructions to sign and print name on exam
- Information about water vapor pressure at different temperatures
- A description of a survey of fauna and flora in Italy including sample questions that require calculations
- Blank spaces to write answers to multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about respiratory and circulatory physiology
This document summarizes key concepts about the movement of substances across the plasma membrane:
1) The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer (X) and embedded proteins (Y). Substances can pass through the membrane via passive transport methods like diffusion and osmosis, or active transport powered by ATP.
2) Oxygen and glucose enter cells via passive transport, while calcium ions require active transport involving membrane proteins.
3) Passive transport requires no energy while active transport is an energy-requiring process powered by ATP.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 on respiration in biology. It includes blanks to fill in about aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation in humans, labeling parts of a diagram showing gas exchange in the lungs, and completing a table comparing photosynthesis and respiration. The key topics covered are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the breathing mechanisms in humans, and the comparison of photosynthesis to respiration.
This biology worksheet provides information and questions about the circulatory system. It introduces the main function of the circulatory system which is to move blood through major body parts. It also includes a diagram of the heart chambers and valves that need to be labeled. There are questions about the blood flow pathways through the heart and descriptions of capillaries and the differences between systolic and diastolic blood pressure that need to be answered.
1. Objective:
1. Diagram 1 shows diffusion of gas Y from an alveolus to a blood capillary.
Diagram 1
Which of the following is true about the difference in the concentration of gas Y
of a healthy person and a cigarette smoker?
Healthy individual Cigarette smoker
A Higher Higher
B Lower Higher
C Lower Lower
D Higher Lower
2. Which artery carries blood with the lowest oxygen concentration?
A. The pulmonary artery
B. The mesenteric artery
C. The hepatic artery
D. The renal artery
3. Diagram 2 shows part of the systemic circulatory system.
Diagram 2
Which of the following is the type of blood and correct blood vessel for blood
that flows from organ X to the heart?
Type of blood Blood vessel
A Deoxygenated Pulmonary artery
B Deoxygenated Vena cava
C Oxygenated Pulmonary vein
D Oxygenated Aorta
2. 4. The following statements are the characteristics of blood transported by a blood
vessel in the human body.
High concentration of oxygen
Low concentration of carbon dioxide
High blood pressure
What is the blood vessel?
A. Aorta
B. Vena cava
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Pulmonary vein
5. Which of the following processes occurs during gaseous exchange between the
alveolus and the blood capillary?
A. Active transport
B. Simple diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Facilitated diffusion
3. Structure:
1. Diagram 1 shows the structure of respiratory system in human.
Diagram 1
(a) On Diagram 1, draw labeled arrow ( ) to show the direction of
Blood flow
Oxygen diffusion
Carbon dioxide diffusion [ 3 marks ]
(b) Explain why the diffusion of oxygen occur at the alveolus.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]
4. 2. Diagram 2 shows the exchange of respiratory gases X and Y between the alveolus,
blood capillary and the body cells and the transport of the gaseous.
Diagram 2
(a) (i) Name the gas X and Y.
Gas X: ___________________________________________________
Gas Y: ___________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]
(ii) Explain how the alveolus is structured to increase the efficiency of
gaseous exchange.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]
(b) Explain the difference between the concentration of gas X and Y in blood
vessel Q.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]
5. (c) The concentration of gas X transported in blood vessel P of a cigarette
smoker is usually lower than the one in the healthy individual. Explain
why does this occur?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]
(d) Describe how gaseous exchange occurs between alveolus and blood
capillaries.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
[ 3 marks ]
3. Diagram 3 shows the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the lungs and surrounding blood capillaries.
W X W
W
V W
Y
Z
Diagram 3
Name V, W, X, Y and Z shown in diagram 3. [ 5 marks ]
V : _________________________________
W: _________________________________
X : _________________________________
Y : _________________________________
Z : _________________________________