Exchange traded funds
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Exchange traded funds (ETFs) are investment vehicles that track an index or basket of assets like stocks or commodities. ETFs trade on stock exchanges similar to stocks. They allow investors indirect ownership in the underlying assets by purchasing shares in the ETF. ETFs track indexes closely and provide opportunities for diversified, low-cost exposure to markets or sectors similar to index mutual funds but with intraday tradability like stocks. While ETFs and mutual funds have similarities, ETFs trade continuously at market prices close to the net asset value of their holdings, unlike closed-end mutual funds which may trade at premiums or discounts to net asset value.
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![[object Object],[object Object],Recent data has shown that India's gold collection under exchange-traded funds rose 25.7 percent on year to 7.049 tonnes in October, when the yellow metal touched new record highs. Copyright © 2009](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/exchangetradedfunds-111110025704-phpapp02/85/Exchange-traded-funds-1-320.jpg)
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Exchange traded funds
Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are baskets of securities that track an index and trade on a stock exchange. The first ETF was launched in the US in 1993, while the first Indian ETF, Nifty BeES, was launched in 2002. ETFs offer diversification and lower costs than traditional index funds. ETFs can be bought and sold throughout the trading day like stocks. They have lower tracking errors than index funds due to arbitrage opportunities. ETFs represent their underlying assets accurately through arbitrage between their price and net asset value.
Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)
Exchange traded funds (ETFs) are investment funds traded on stock exchanges like stocks. Most ETFs track an index such as a stock or bond index, holding assets like stocks, commodities, or bonds. ETFs may be attractive investments due to their low costs, tax efficiency, and stock-like features. While ETFs provide diversification and flexibility by being traded throughout the day, they also track narrow markets which can be volatile and lack long term track records.
EXCHANGE TRADED FUND
ETFs are exchange traded funds that track an index or commodity like stocks. ETFs can be bought or sold throughout the trading day like stocks through a broker or online account. There are different types of ETFs including index ETFs that track stock market indexes, commodity ETFs that track commodities like gold, and liquid ETFs that track money market securities. ETFs offer advantages over stocks and mutual funds like real-time trading, ability to use limit orders, and minimum trading lots of just one unit. Investors can invest in ETFs by registering with a broker and placing orders to buy or sell ETFs.
Exchange Traded Fund
The document provides an overview of exchange traded funds (ETFs) in Bangladesh. It defines ETFs as marketable securities that track an index or assets and can be traded like stocks on an exchange. ETFs offer advantages of both mutual funds, like diversification and risk control, and stocks, like intraday trading flexibility. The document discusses the structure and parties involved in ETFs, how they work through primary and secondary markets, their benefits to investors like low costs and tax efficiency, associated risks, and the growth of ETF markets globally.
Etf
An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is an investment fund traded on stock exchanges, much like stocks. An ETF holds assets such as stocks, commodities, or bonds, and trades close to its net asset value over the course of the trading day. Most ETFs track an index, such as a stock index or bond index. ETFs may be attractive as investments because of their low costs, tax efficiency, and stock-like features. ETFs are the most popular type of exchange-traded product.
An ETF combines the valuation feature of a mutual fund or stock, which can be bought or sold at the end of each trading day for its net asset value, with the tradability feature of a closed-end fund, which trades throughout the trading day at prices that may be more or less than its net asset value. Closed-end funds are not considered to be ETFs, even though they are funds and are traded on an exchange.
Only authorized participants, which are large broker-dealers that have entered into agreements with the ETF's distributor, actually buy or sell shares of an ETF directly from or to the ETF, and then only in creation units, which are large blocks of tens of thousands of ETF shares, usually exchanged in-kind with baskets of the underlying securities. Authorized participants may wish to invest in the ETF shares for the long-term, but they usually act as market makers on the open market, using their ability to exchange creation units with their underlying securities to provide liquidity of the ETF shares and help ensure that their intraday market price approximates the net asset value of the underlying assets. Other investors, such as individuals using a retail broker, trade ETF shares on this secondary market
Exchange traded funds complete presentation 29-jan_2013
ETFs are mutual funds that trade like stocks on an exchange. ETFs provide diversified exposure to various asset classes like equity, fixed income and commodities at a low cost. In India, gold and Nifty ETFs are popular. Gold ETFs provide a convenient way to invest in physical gold without the hassles of storage. Nifty ETFs allow investors easy access to the Indian stock market at low costs. ETFs offer benefits like transparency, flexibility and ability to track investments in real time.
MUTUAL FUND
The document provides information about mutual funds in India, including their history and structure. It discusses how a mutual fund is a trust that pools money from investors and invests it in securities like stocks and bonds. It then summarizes the five phases of growth of the mutual fund industry in India from 1963 to 2003 and how regulations evolved. It also outlines the key constituents of mutual funds in India - sponsors, trustees, asset management companies and custodians - and their roles. Finally, it categorizes mutual fund types by structure, nature and investment objective.
Currency Swaps
Currency swaps allow two parties to exchange interest payments and principal on loans denominated in different currencies. For example, a British company issuing bonds in pounds could use a currency swap to exchange its pound-denominated debt obligations for dollar-denominated obligations to fund a project in the US. Similarly, a US company could issue dollar bonds but use a currency swap to take on pound obligations to fund a project in the UK. The currency swap protects both parties from exchange rate risk over the life of the loans. However, there is credit risk if one party defaults on exchanging the principal amounts at maturity. Parties employ collateral, netting agreements, credit derivatives and marking to market to mitigate this risk.
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Exchange traded funds
Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are baskets of securities that track an index and trade on a stock exchange. The first ETF was launched in the US in 1993, while the first Indian ETF, Nifty BeES, was launched in 2002. ETFs offer diversification and lower costs than traditional index funds. ETFs can be bought and sold throughout the trading day like stocks. They have lower tracking errors than index funds due to arbitrage opportunities. ETFs represent their underlying assets accurately through arbitrage between their price and net asset value.
Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)
Exchange traded funds (ETFs) are investment funds traded on stock exchanges like stocks. Most ETFs track an index such as a stock or bond index, holding assets like stocks, commodities, or bonds. ETFs may be attractive investments due to their low costs, tax efficiency, and stock-like features. While ETFs provide diversification and flexibility by being traded throughout the day, they also track narrow markets which can be volatile and lack long term track records.
EXCHANGE TRADED FUND
ETFs are exchange traded funds that track an index or commodity like stocks. ETFs can be bought or sold throughout the trading day like stocks through a broker or online account. There are different types of ETFs including index ETFs that track stock market indexes, commodity ETFs that track commodities like gold, and liquid ETFs that track money market securities. ETFs offer advantages over stocks and mutual funds like real-time trading, ability to use limit orders, and minimum trading lots of just one unit. Investors can invest in ETFs by registering with a broker and placing orders to buy or sell ETFs.
Exchange Traded Fund
The document provides an overview of exchange traded funds (ETFs) in Bangladesh. It defines ETFs as marketable securities that track an index or assets and can be traded like stocks on an exchange. ETFs offer advantages of both mutual funds, like diversification and risk control, and stocks, like intraday trading flexibility. The document discusses the structure and parties involved in ETFs, how they work through primary and secondary markets, their benefits to investors like low costs and tax efficiency, associated risks, and the growth of ETF markets globally.
Etf
An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is an investment fund traded on stock exchanges, much like stocks. An ETF holds assets such as stocks, commodities, or bonds, and trades close to its net asset value over the course of the trading day. Most ETFs track an index, such as a stock index or bond index. ETFs may be attractive as investments because of their low costs, tax efficiency, and stock-like features. ETFs are the most popular type of exchange-traded product.
An ETF combines the valuation feature of a mutual fund or stock, which can be bought or sold at the end of each trading day for its net asset value, with the tradability feature of a closed-end fund, which trades throughout the trading day at prices that may be more or less than its net asset value. Closed-end funds are not considered to be ETFs, even though they are funds and are traded on an exchange.
Only authorized participants, which are large broker-dealers that have entered into agreements with the ETF's distributor, actually buy or sell shares of an ETF directly from or to the ETF, and then only in creation units, which are large blocks of tens of thousands of ETF shares, usually exchanged in-kind with baskets of the underlying securities. Authorized participants may wish to invest in the ETF shares for the long-term, but they usually act as market makers on the open market, using their ability to exchange creation units with their underlying securities to provide liquidity of the ETF shares and help ensure that their intraday market price approximates the net asset value of the underlying assets. Other investors, such as individuals using a retail broker, trade ETF shares on this secondary market
Exchange traded funds complete presentation 29-jan_2013
ETFs are mutual funds that trade like stocks on an exchange. ETFs provide diversified exposure to various asset classes like equity, fixed income and commodities at a low cost. In India, gold and Nifty ETFs are popular. Gold ETFs provide a convenient way to invest in physical gold without the hassles of storage. Nifty ETFs allow investors easy access to the Indian stock market at low costs. ETFs offer benefits like transparency, flexibility and ability to track investments in real time.
MUTUAL FUND
The document provides information about mutual funds in India, including their history and structure. It discusses how a mutual fund is a trust that pools money from investors and invests it in securities like stocks and bonds. It then summarizes the five phases of growth of the mutual fund industry in India from 1963 to 2003 and how regulations evolved. It also outlines the key constituents of mutual funds in India - sponsors, trustees, asset management companies and custodians - and their roles. Finally, it categorizes mutual fund types by structure, nature and investment objective.
Currency Swaps
Currency swaps allow two parties to exchange interest payments and principal on loans denominated in different currencies. For example, a British company issuing bonds in pounds could use a currency swap to exchange its pound-denominated debt obligations for dollar-denominated obligations to fund a project in the US. Similarly, a US company could issue dollar bonds but use a currency swap to take on pound obligations to fund a project in the UK. The currency swap protects both parties from exchange rate risk over the life of the loans. However, there is credit risk if one party defaults on exchanging the principal amounts at maturity. Parties employ collateral, netting agreements, credit derivatives and marking to market to mitigate this risk.
CURRENCY SWAP & INTREST RATE SWAP
A currency swap involves the exchange of principal and interest payments in one currency for the same in another currency at fixed intervals over the contract period. In a currency swap, counterparties can choose to exchange principal at the start and end of the swap or just exchange interest payments. An interest rate swap is an agreement where one party pays a fixed interest rate on a loan while receiving a floating rate, or vice versa, from the other party in order to reduce exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Common types of interest rate swaps include fixed to floating, floating to fixed, and float to float (basis) swaps. Swaps allow parties to achieve their desired interest rate exposure and are customized over-the-counter agreements.
Derivatives market
The document discusses various types of derivative contracts including forwards, futures, options, and swaps. It defines each type of contract and provides examples. Key details covered include how futures contracts are exchange-traded and standardized while forwards are over-the-counter. Options give the buyer the right but not obligation to buy or sell the underlying asset. The document also discusses terminology used in derivatives and futures markets.
Fundamental analysis
This document discusses different types of fundamental analysis used to evaluate investments including economic analysis, industry analysis, and company analysis. It outlines factors considered in each type of analysis such as macroeconomic factors for economic analysis, the industry life cycle and competitive conditions for industry analysis, and financial and non-financial internal and external factors for company analysis. The goal of fundamental analysis is to evaluate the past and expected future performance of economies, industries, and companies to inform investment decisions.
International Arbitrage and Interest Rate Parity (IRP)
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Depository system
The document discusses India's depository system. It begins by outlining problems with physical share certificates like theft, delays, and paperwork. It then summarizes the Depositories Act of 1996 which established depository services in India. Depositories dematerialize physical shares and allow for electronic trading and transfer of shares. Major players in India's depository system are the National Securities Depository Limited and Central Depository Services (India) Limited. Benefits of the depository system include safety, immediate transfers, and reduced costs.
Indian Derivatives Market
Derivative is a contract or a product whose value is derived from value of some other asset known as underlying.
Moving average -Technical Analysis
smartdisha.wordpress.com/2018/01/18/moving-average/
PLEASE FOLLOW THIS LINK TO REGISTER YOURSELF FOR SMART DISHA COURSE:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdulb2XHYEHfC_Lpag7l0XiXfnYHahSAz39eKSGe7MPIz_zdA/viewform?entry.1844833233&entry.1183341806&entry.1585054779
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Arbitrage pricing theory (apt)
The document discusses the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), which assumes an asset's return depends on various macroeconomic, market, and security-specific factors. The APT model estimates the expected return of an asset based on its sensitivity to common risk factors like inflation, interest rates, and market indices. It was developed by Stephen Ross in 1976 as an alternative to the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The APT formula predicts an asset's return based on factor risk premiums and the asset's sensitivity to each factor.
Modern Portfolio Theory
Modern portfolio theory provides a framework for constructing portfolios to maximize expected return based on a given level of risk. Harry Markowitz pioneered this theory and was later awarded a Nobel Prize. Modern portfolio theory evaluates how each investment affects overall portfolio risk and return, and shows investors can optimize risk-adjusted returns by holding multiple assets. While useful for building diversified portfolios, modern portfolio theory is criticized for focusing only on variance rather than downside risk.
Euromarket
The document discusses the Euro currency market and Eurodollar market. It defines a Eurodollar as a US dollar deposit held in banks outside of the US. The Eurodollar market originated due to US regulations limiting interest rates and has grown due to factors like the oil crisis. It provides benefits like flexible capital markets and cheaper financing but also risks like overtrading and sudden withdrawal of credits.
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This document provides an overview of financial derivatives, including definitions, common types of derivatives such as options, futures, and swaps. It discusses why derivatives are used to reduce risk, but also notes the risks involved, especially with leveraging. Several case studies are presented where the use of complex derivatives led to major financial catastrophes for the organizations involved.
Relationships between Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates
The document discusses purchasing power parity (PPP) theory and the international Fisher effect (IFE) theory. PPP theory states that inflation rate differentials between countries will lead to changes in exchange rates as the high inflation country's currency depreciates. IFE theory similarly argues that interest rate differentials, which often correlate with expected inflation differentials, will cause the high interest rate currency to depreciate. Both theories predict that the currency experiencing higher inflation or interest rates will lose value against other currencies. The document also provides derivations of the PPP and IFE formulas to calculate expected exchange rate changes based on inflation or interest rate differentials.
investment
1. The document provides an introduction to investments, discussing key concepts like primary and secondary markets, securities, and the objectives and process of investment.
2. It defines investment as the commitment of money or resources with the goal of earning future benefits. Individuals invest by saving money instead of spending it currently to gain larger consumption later.
3. The main objectives of investment are increasing returns, reducing risk, and providing liquidity, protection against inflation, and safety of capital. The investment process involves formulating a policy, analyzing opportunities, valuing assets, constructing a diversified portfolio, and regularly evaluating performance.
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here we are trying to explain how firms can benefit from forecasting exchange rate, to describe common technique that used to forecast, how to evaluate forecasting performance
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A portfolio is a combination of various investment products like bonds, shares, securities, and mutual funds. Portfolio revision involves changing the mix of securities in an existing portfolio by adding or removing assets. This is done to maximize returns and minimize risks. Reasons for portfolio revision include having additional funds to invest, changes in financial goals, or market fluctuations. There are active and passive portfolio revision strategies, with active strategies involving more frequent changes and passive only changing according to predetermined rules. The roles of a portfolio manager include designing customized investment plans, keeping up to date on the market, guiding clients impartially, and regularly communicating with clients.
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Modern Portfolio Theory
The document summarizes the evolution of modern portfolio theory from its origins in Harry Markowitz's mean-variance model to subsequent developments like the Sharpe single-index model and CAPM. It discusses how Markowitz showed investors could maximize returns for a given risk level by holding efficient portfolios on the efficient frontier. The Sharpe model reduced the inputs needed for portfolio risk estimation by correlating assets to a market index rather than each other. CAPM then defined the market portfolio as the efficient portfolio and allowed a risk-free asset, changing the shape of the efficient frontier.
Markowitz model
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Sampatti etf simplified
An exchange traded fund (ETF) is a security that tracks an index, commodity, or basket of assets and trades like a stock on an exchange. ETFs experience price changes throughout the day as they are bought and sold, unlike mutual funds which are priced at the end of the trading day. ETFs offer benefits over mutual funds such as lower costs, tax benefits, and transparency since their portfolios are disclosed daily or in real-time. ETFs can be traded on an exchange throughout the day like stocks at prices close to their net asset value, providing simplicity and liquidity.
Index Funds vs ETFs.pdf
Investors trading for a long time earlier had limited markets to invest their funds. There were forex, stock, commodities, and precious metals that ruled the financial markets. But as technology and advancements hit the world, there were several new possibilities were added to it. Cryptocurrencies, index funds, contracts of difference, exchange-traded funds, etc.
The article will help readers and traders explore the two passive financial market investments. Index funds and ETFs are frequently traded instruments of the market due to their good market returns and popularity among investors. Index funds vs ETFs give an overview of the trading instruments and what similarities and differences they share for investors to know.
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CURRENCY SWAP & INTREST RATE SWAP
A currency swap involves the exchange of principal and interest payments in one currency for the same in another currency at fixed intervals over the contract period. In a currency swap, counterparties can choose to exchange principal at the start and end of the swap or just exchange interest payments. An interest rate swap is an agreement where one party pays a fixed interest rate on a loan while receiving a floating rate, or vice versa, from the other party in order to reduce exposure to interest rate fluctuations. Common types of interest rate swaps include fixed to floating, floating to fixed, and float to float (basis) swaps. Swaps allow parties to achieve their desired interest rate exposure and are customized over-the-counter agreements.
Derivatives market
The document discusses various types of derivative contracts including forwards, futures, options, and swaps. It defines each type of contract and provides examples. Key details covered include how futures contracts are exchange-traded and standardized while forwards are over-the-counter. Options give the buyer the right but not obligation to buy or sell the underlying asset. The document also discusses terminology used in derivatives and futures markets.
Fundamental analysis
This document discusses different types of fundamental analysis used to evaluate investments including economic analysis, industry analysis, and company analysis. It outlines factors considered in each type of analysis such as macroeconomic factors for economic analysis, the industry life cycle and competitive conditions for industry analysis, and financial and non-financial internal and external factors for company analysis. The goal of fundamental analysis is to evaluate the past and expected future performance of economies, industries, and companies to inform investment decisions.
International Arbitrage and Interest Rate Parity (IRP)
we are trying to explain the conditions that will result in various forms of international arbitrage and concept of interest rate parity
Depository system
The document discusses India's depository system. It begins by outlining problems with physical share certificates like theft, delays, and paperwork. It then summarizes the Depositories Act of 1996 which established depository services in India. Depositories dematerialize physical shares and allow for electronic trading and transfer of shares. Major players in India's depository system are the National Securities Depository Limited and Central Depository Services (India) Limited. Benefits of the depository system include safety, immediate transfers, and reduced costs.
Indian Derivatives Market
Derivative is a contract or a product whose value is derived from value of some other asset known as underlying.
Moving average -Technical Analysis
smartdisha.wordpress.com/2018/01/18/moving-average/
PLEASE FOLLOW THIS LINK TO REGISTER YOURSELF FOR SMART DISHA COURSE:
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdulb2XHYEHfC_Lpag7l0XiXfnYHahSAz39eKSGe7MPIz_zdA/viewform?entry.1844833233&entry.1183341806&entry.1585054779
Portfolio revision
The document discusses various portfolio revision strategies, including formula plans, rupee cost averaging, constant rupee plans, and variable ratio plans. Formula plans provide rules for buying and selling securities to time the market. Rupee cost averaging involves regularly investing fixed amounts to lower average costs. Constant plans maintain a fixed investment amount or ratio between aggressive and conservative holdings. Variable ratio plans change proportions based on market trends.
Arbitrage pricing theory (apt)
The document discusses the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), which assumes an asset's return depends on various macroeconomic, market, and security-specific factors. The APT model estimates the expected return of an asset based on its sensitivity to common risk factors like inflation, interest rates, and market indices. It was developed by Stephen Ross in 1976 as an alternative to the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The APT formula predicts an asset's return based on factor risk premiums and the asset's sensitivity to each factor.
Modern Portfolio Theory
Modern portfolio theory provides a framework for constructing portfolios to maximize expected return based on a given level of risk. Harry Markowitz pioneered this theory and was later awarded a Nobel Prize. Modern portfolio theory evaluates how each investment affects overall portfolio risk and return, and shows investors can optimize risk-adjusted returns by holding multiple assets. While useful for building diversified portfolios, modern portfolio theory is criticized for focusing only on variance rather than downside risk.
Euromarket
The document discusses the Euro currency market and Eurodollar market. It defines a Eurodollar as a US dollar deposit held in banks outside of the US. The Eurodollar market originated due to US regulations limiting interest rates and has grown due to factors like the oil crisis. It provides benefits like flexible capital markets and cheaper financing but also risks like overtrading and sudden withdrawal of credits.
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This document provides an overview of financial derivatives, including definitions, common types of derivatives such as options, futures, and swaps. It discusses why derivatives are used to reduce risk, but also notes the risks involved, especially with leveraging. Several case studies are presented where the use of complex derivatives led to major financial catastrophes for the organizations involved.
Relationships between Inflation, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates
The document discusses purchasing power parity (PPP) theory and the international Fisher effect (IFE) theory. PPP theory states that inflation rate differentials between countries will lead to changes in exchange rates as the high inflation country's currency depreciates. IFE theory similarly argues that interest rate differentials, which often correlate with expected inflation differentials, will cause the high interest rate currency to depreciate. Both theories predict that the currency experiencing higher inflation or interest rates will lose value against other currencies. The document also provides derivations of the PPP and IFE formulas to calculate expected exchange rate changes based on inflation or interest rate differentials.
investment
1. The document provides an introduction to investments, discussing key concepts like primary and secondary markets, securities, and the objectives and process of investment.
2. It defines investment as the commitment of money or resources with the goal of earning future benefits. Individuals invest by saving money instead of spending it currently to gain larger consumption later.
3. The main objectives of investment are increasing returns, reducing risk, and providing liquidity, protection against inflation, and safety of capital. The investment process involves formulating a policy, analyzing opportunities, valuing assets, constructing a diversified portfolio, and regularly evaluating performance.
Forecasting Exchange Rates
here we are trying to explain how firms can benefit from forecasting exchange rate, to describe common technique that used to forecast, how to evaluate forecasting performance
Portfolio Revision
A portfolio is a combination of various investment products like bonds, shares, securities, and mutual funds. Portfolio revision involves changing the mix of securities in an existing portfolio by adding or removing assets. This is done to maximize returns and minimize risks. Reasons for portfolio revision include having additional funds to invest, changes in financial goals, or market fluctuations. There are active and passive portfolio revision strategies, with active strategies involving more frequent changes and passive only changing according to predetermined rules. The roles of a portfolio manager include designing customized investment plans, keeping up to date on the market, guiding clients impartially, and regularly communicating with clients.
Portfolio selection, markowitz model
PORTFOLIO, financial assets, Physical Assets, investment purpose, maximize his returns, and minimize the risk, optimal portfolio., MARKOWITZ MODEL, statistical procedures, risk-return tradeoff, return on investment, risk-averse., monetary inflow, variance of return, efficient frontier, Investment objective, portfolio manager, DIVERSIFICATION, consistent return, Lower risk, portfolio, securities by industry, Systematic risk, unsystematic risk, riskless borrowing, preference for return
Currency Futures, Options & Swaps
This document discusses various currency derivatives including futures, options, and swaps. It begins with an introduction to derivatives and their uses for speculation and hedging. It then covers the basics of currency futures and forwards contracts including how futures are traded and marked to market daily. The document also discusses currency options, including the basics of calls and puts as well as how options are priced and valued based on factors like the exchange rate and time to expiration. Finally, the document defines currency swaps and provides an example of an interest rate swap where two parties agree to exchange their interest rate payment obligations to jointly lower their borrowing costs.
Modern Portfolio Theory
The document summarizes the evolution of modern portfolio theory from its origins in Harry Markowitz's mean-variance model to subsequent developments like the Sharpe single-index model and CAPM. It discusses how Markowitz showed investors could maximize returns for a given risk level by holding efficient portfolios on the efficient frontier. The Sharpe model reduced the inputs needed for portfolio risk estimation by correlating assets to a market index rather than each other. CAPM then defined the market portfolio as the efficient portfolio and allowed a risk-free asset, changing the shape of the efficient frontier.
Markowitz model
The Markowitz Model assists investors in selecting efficient portfolios by analyzing possible combinations of securities. It helps reduce risk through diversification by choosing securities whose price movements are not perfectly correlated. The model determines the efficient set of portfolios and allows investors to select the optimal portfolio based on their preferred risk-return tradeoff. Markowitz introduced diversification and showed holding multiple lower-risk securities can reduce overall portfolio risk compared to a single higher-risk security. The model calculates expected returns, variances, and correlations between securities to determine the minimum risk portfolio for a given level of return.
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Similar to Exchange traded funds
Sampatti etf simplified
An exchange traded fund (ETF) is a security that tracks an index, commodity, or basket of assets and trades like a stock on an exchange. ETFs experience price changes throughout the day as they are bought and sold, unlike mutual funds which are priced at the end of the trading day. ETFs offer benefits over mutual funds such as lower costs, tax benefits, and transparency since their portfolios are disclosed daily or in real-time. ETFs can be traded on an exchange throughout the day like stocks at prices close to their net asset value, providing simplicity and liquidity.
Index Funds vs ETFs.pdf
Investors trading for a long time earlier had limited markets to invest their funds. There were forex, stock, commodities, and precious metals that ruled the financial markets. But as technology and advancements hit the world, there were several new possibilities were added to it. Cryptocurrencies, index funds, contracts of difference, exchange-traded funds, etc.
The article will help readers and traders explore the two passive financial market investments. Index funds and ETFs are frequently traded instruments of the market due to their good market returns and popularity among investors. Index funds vs ETFs give an overview of the trading instruments and what similarities and differences they share for investors to know.
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Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are a combination of open-ended and closed-ended funds that are traded on a stock exchange. The first ETF was launched in the US in 1993 to track the S&P 500 index. ETFs work by investing in a basket of securities that aim to match the returns of a particular market index. ETFs offer advantages like low costs, diversification, and real-time trading throughout the day. There are different types of ETFs including index funds that track indices like Nifty 50, sector or theme based ETFs, and ETFs that track assets like gold, bank stocks, or oil.
Exchange Traded Funds (ETF).pptx
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Do you want to take your investment portfolio to the next level? If so, you should consider investing in exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
ETF Liquidity White Paper for XII
This document discusses the sources of liquidity for exchange-traded funds (ETFs). It notes that while ETF trading volume provides a measure of popularity, true liquidity depends on the liquidity of the underlying basket of stocks. Primary sources of ETF liquidity are creation/redemption of units by authorized participants and market making activities. These allow ETF units to be bought and sold without relying solely on trading volumes. The document concludes that investing in ETFs provides liquidity through both secondary market trading and the unit creation/redemption process.
The pros and cons of et fs
ETFs are growing in popularity due to their low costs, broad diversification, and ability to be traded like stocks. ETFs track indexes like mutual funds but trade continuously throughout the day instead of just at the end of the day. The pros of ETFs include tax efficiency, lower fees, flexible trading, and a wide variety of asset classes. However, the cons include occasional unwanted distributions, brokerage fees, bid-ask spread issues, liquidity concerns for less traded ETFs, and potential tracking error versus the underlying indexes.
Masterclass on Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)
Exchange traded funds (ETFs) provide exposure to a basket of shares that track a stock market index. ETFs trade like shares on an exchange, offering the diversification of a fund at lower costs than actively managed funds. They are a cost effective way to gain exposure to an index, sector, or asset class.
Idc
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ETF Investing 101
What are ETFs? Why do people invest in ETFs? Are ETFs suitable for you?
Read more about ETFs here: https://8vi.link/hsb30
Answer number 3
Major users of ETFs are roughly split between institutional and retail investors, though institutional investors dominated initially. In Asia, 80% of ETF shares are held by institutions while only 20% by retail. A fund manager would market to each group differently, using dedicated channels for institutions while positioning ETFs as low-cost, high-liquidity products for retail. When first launching ETFs, Vanguard should consider them as share classes of existing funds to leverage its proven track record, achieve cost advantages, and quickly reach scale due to synergies with cash flows into conventional shares.
Does the ETF Industry alter the Volatility of the Underlying Securities? The ...
As Market Microstructure project, I wanted to analyze the magnitude of the impact of both the ownership and the rebalancing effect on the volatility of the underlying securities in the italian market. Taking into account the difference in the replication method of the instruments, I surprisingly found out that there is a negative relationship between the volatility of the single FTSEMIB components and the inception date in which the product was launched.
Gold ETF as an investment avenue
This document discusses gold exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as an investment avenue compared to investing in equity or physical gold. It notes that gold ETFs can help hedge against inflation, currency fluctuations, and provide insurance for a portfolio. Gold ETFs are also described as being more robust and less volatile than equity, and having a lower probability of negative returns during economic crises compared to equity. The document defines an ETF as an investment fund traded on stock exchanges like stocks that holds assets like stocks, commodities, or bonds and trades close to its net asset value.
Exchange Traded Funds- A route to efficient investing
1) Exchange traded funds (ETFs) provide a low-cost and tax-efficient way for investors to gain exposure to stock indices or sectors.
2) ETFs have grown tremendously in popularity globally and in India in recent decades. Global ETF assets have grown from $463 million in 1993 to over $1 trillion in 2010.
3) For financial planners, ETFs provide an opportunity to help clients invest more efficiently with small amounts of money and achieve diversification. ETFs allow comprehensive financial planning services for retail investors.
GBIH| Gold Trading | Session 2- april-8
Gold ETFs allow investors to gain exposure to gold prices without having to purchase physical gold. They are traded like stocks on exchanges and their value moves with the price of gold. Gold ETFs provide tax benefits compared to physical gold and can be used as collateral for loans. They provide an easy way for investors to diversify their portfolio and hedge against market volatility.
Equity linked debentures
Equity-linked debentures (ELDs) are fixed income products that provide both capital protection and participation in stock market returns. ELDs invest a portion of principal in fixed income securities to provide capital protection, and the remainder in stock options to provide equity exposure. This structure aims to offer returns higher than fixed maturity plans but lower risk than direct equity investments. ELDs guarantee return of principal at maturity while offering a return linked to the performance of an underlying stock index over the investment period.
Equity linkeddebentures
Equity Linked Debentures (ELDs) provide capital protection along with returns linked to stock market performance. ELDs invest a portion of principal in fixed income to ensure capital protection, and the remainder in equity options to provide stock market exposure. This structure aims to offer returns higher than fixed maturity plans but lower risk than direct equity investments. ELDs participate in stock market gains up to a preset ratio and guarantee return of original capital even if markets decline.
Gold ETFs
The first ETF was launched in Australia in 2003 to track gold bullion after earlier attempts to create gold ETFs in India and Canada in the 1960s and 2000s were unsuccessful. There are now dozens of gold ETFs globally that allow investors to gain exposure to gold prices without having to purchase and store physical gold. Gold ETFs provide a tax-efficient and cost-effective way for investors to invest in gold compared to alternatives like physical gold, gold mutual funds, or e-gold.
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Exchange Traded Funds- A route to efficient investing
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Budget Highlights - A Fiscally Prudent Budget
The budget maintains the fiscal deficit target of 3.5% for FY17 and pegs it at 3% for FY18-19. Nominal GDP growth is pegged at 11% and gross tax revenues are budgeted to increase by 12%, while net tax revenues are budgeted to increase by 11%. Proceeds from disinvestments are pegged at Rs. 56,500 crore compared to Rs. 25,300 crore last year. Adhering to the fiscal consolidation plan raises the government's fiscal credibility and is expected to lead the RBI to cut rates by 25-50 basis points. However, higher supply of long-dated bonds could steepen the yield curve.
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Tata Balanced Fund - Plan A
This document discusses the Tata Balanced Fund, a hybrid equity-oriented fund. Some key points:
1) Over the last 10 years, the fund has outperformed its benchmark and category average, returning 16.7% annually compared to 10.7% for the benchmark and 13.5% average.
2) The fund takes a more adventurous approach than peers by investing between 30-40% in mid-caps, seeking gains from smaller companies.
3) Since 2000, the fund has outperformed its benchmark by over 80% and recovered well from the 2008 global financial crisis, now 35% above its pre-crisis high.
Tata is 34th in global top 500 brands
Tata Group was declared India's most valuable brand with a value of $21.1 billion according to a list of the world's 500 most valued brand - Brand Finance Global 500 on 19th February, 2014.
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Gold is an excellent hedge against inflation
Here is an article featured in Forbes India magazine authored by our Chief Investment Officer, Ritesh Jain on “Why gold is an excellent hedge against inflation?”
Understanding deflation
Deflation refers to a sustained reduction in the overall price level, while disinflation is a slowdown in the inflation rate even if prices remain positive. Deflation is caused by a fall in aggregate demand, creating a deflationary spiral as consumers delay purchases and lower economic activity. This can be countered by monetary policies to boost demand through lower interest rates or increasing the money supply. While India is experiencing disinflation currently, its strong GDP growth makes deflation unlikely as long as growth remains high and the government has tools to stimulate the economy if needed.
Stagflation
This document defines and explains the concept of stagflation. Stagflation occurs when inflation rises alongside a stagnant economy, with both prices and unemployment increasing. The Reserve Bank of India must balance fighting inflation through interest rate hikes with avoiding damaging economic growth and causing stagflation. For India's robust economy, this balancing act is less risky than for slower-growing countries. Removing structural obstacles and reforms can help unlock growth and steer an economy out of stagflation.
Run on a bank
The document discusses money supply expansion by banks and runs on banks. It explains that when a customer deposits money in a bank, the bank lends out a portion while keeping a 10% reserve. This lending allows new money to enter circulation, expanding the money supply. However, if too many depositors withdraw funds due to economic uncertainty, it can cause a bank run where the bank lacks sufficient reserves to pay everyone.
Revenue trade
This document discusses three types of deficits: fiscal deficit, revenue deficit, and trade deficit. A fiscal deficit occurs when a government spends more than it earns in a year. A revenue deficit is when a government's revenue expenditures are greater than its revenue receipts. Finally, a trade deficit is when the value of a country's imports exceeds the value of its exports.
Oil bonds
The document summarizes the issue of oil bonds in India. The government gives oil companies oil bonds to compensate them for selling fuel at controlled low prices instead of market prices. This creates problems for the oil companies by delaying payments and impacting their cash flow, forcing them to sell the bonds at a discount. In the long run, the government will have to repay the bonds, adding to fiscal deficits. Recently, fuel prices were raised more significantly, indicating a shift away from reliance on oil bonds towards allowing market-linked pricing.
Mss bonds
MSS bonds help control inflation by absorbing excess liquidity in the market. When there is too much money circulating, it can cause prices to rise, leading to inflation. The central bank issues MSS bonds to suck up this extra liquidity, similar to how pamphlets offering rewards sucked kids into staying home rather than spending money outside. By reducing the amount of money available, demand is lowered and prices stabilize, bringing inflation under control. MSS bonds are an effective tool for central banks to regulate liquidity and inflation through offering attractive returns that incentivize investment in the bonds.
Money supply
Banks are able to increase the money supply through fractional reserve banking. When a customer deposits money in a bank, the bank is only required to keep a portion of those deposits as reserves, typically around 10%, and can lend out the remaining 90% to borrowers. This lending creates new money, as the amount lent is also spent and deposited elsewhere. Through this process of lending and redepositing, the original $100 deposit can end up creating $190 in the total money supply. The central bank regulates money supply by adjusting the reserve requirement percentage - increasing it decreases lending and money supply while decreasing it has the opposite effect.
Money market
The money market is a place where large institutions and governments manage short-term cash needs through very short term debt securities maturing in less than one year. It specializes in safe, liquid instruments like treasury bills, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, and repurchase agreements. While offering lower returns than stocks, these conservative money market securities provide more safety. Individual investors can access the money market through money market mutual funds.
Measurements of money supply
Velocity of money is calculated by dividing GDP by the value of money supply. Different measurements of money supply (M0, M1, M2, M3) show different velocities, as they represent different components of the money supply. M0 only includes currency in circulation and bank reserves, while M3 includes a broader range of assets. Understanding how money moves between entities in an economy helps explain why velocity, or the rate of money circulation, is important for economic growth.
Government debt repayment
Governments have several ways to repay their debts, including developing fiscal surpluses through taxes and reducing expenses. They can also use dividends from public sector companies or divest holdings. As a last resort, governments may borrow more money or print currency to repay debts, which risks hyperinflation.
Four monetary terms part 1
The document provides an overview of two key Indian monetary policy terms: the repo rate and statutory liquidity ratio (SLR). The repo rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks borrow funds from the Reserve Bank of India. A reduction in the repo rate will allow banks to borrow funds at a cheaper rate. The SLR is the minimum amount of funds that commercial banks must hold in government approved securities. The SLR is set by the RBI and helps control the expansion of bank credit. The SLR has recently been reduced by 100 basis points to 24% of deposits, freeing up more cash for banks to lend.
Fiscal revenue
The Finance Minister announced a 4.8% revenue deficit and 6.8% fiscal deficit in the Union Budget this week. A revenue deficit occurs when a government's revenue expenses exceed its revenue receipts, while a fiscal deficit is the difference between total government expenses and total receipts. Although deficits are generally undesirable, the current budget aims to stimulate demand and create assets through spending in order to dig India out of an economic slowdown and return to 9% growth.
Fiscal deficit
The document explains fiscal deficit. It states that the government spends money on revenue expenses like salaries and capital expenses like constructing hospitals. However, the government's total expenses are always more than its total income from taxes and other sources, resulting in a fiscal deficit. This deficit is financed through government borrowings from the market or printing additional currency, with borrowing being the better option to avoid inflation. However, borrowing also cannot continue indefinitely and the only sustainable way to control the deficit is by spending less and earning more revenue.
Fiscal consolidation
Fiscal consolidation refers to a government withdrawing fiscal stimulus that was provided during an economic crisis in order to improve its financial position. This is illustrated through a story where one brother, Arjun, provides financial support to his unemployed brother, Karan, for 6 months until Karan finds a new job. Arjun is then able to discontinue the support and fulfill his own plans like buying a car, just as governments discontinue fiscal stimulus as the economy recovers.
Deflation
Deflation refers to a sustained reduction in the overall price level, where the inflation rate falls below zero percent and prices continue to decrease. This occurs when aggregate demand in the economy declines significantly. While a one-time price decrease is not a problem, sustained deflation can lead to a deflationary spiral as consumers delay purchases in expectation of even lower prices, further reducing demand and economic activity. Central banks aim to prevent deflation through monetary policies that increase the money supply, such as lowering interest rates, in order to stimulate demand. According to the passage, India's current low inflation rate is considered disinflation rather than deflation, as prices have not started falling continuously and the economy remains robust with around 6.5%
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Exchange traded funds
- 3. By tracking an index, we mean the fund managers attempt to track the performance of the index itself. The value of the investment thus will go up and down in line with the index which it is matching.
- 5. You can make investments in an ETF by buying shares of that particular ETF, which gives you an opportunity to make an ‘indirect’ investment in the basket of stocks or commodities constituting that particular ETF.