80 million Americans experience hereditary hair loss. It is normal to lose 50-100 hairs per day, but losing more may indicate a problem. Hair loss has many potential causes, including genetic predisposition, medical conditions, medications, hairstyles, or nutritional deficiencies. A doctor can diagnose the cause through examinations and tests. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve medications, medical procedures, or lifestyle changes to regrow hair and prevent further loss. While hereditary hair loss can be difficult to treat, other causes can often be stopped or reversed with treatment.
Hair loss is a common problem for both men and women, young or old. Although most people lose about 100 hair strands from the head daily, others may lose more hairs gradually either in a diffuse or patchy manner.
HOW TO GROW HAIR FASTER
Sulfate (SLES, SLS, ALM, MLS), Slicone, Alcohol, Salt and Dye Free, That’s why, ARGANRain doesn’t damage hair and scalp.
Dermatologically, Microbiologically and allergy-tested.
Suitable for daily usage
Suitable for all hair and skin types
Before it gets severe, it's always advised to treat hair loss problem seriously. There could be various reasons which you can suffer from this problem for. Understand the reasons and find remedies to keep your confidence level high as always.
Hair fall treatment is directly related to its cause. A healthy hair will be grown from a healthy hair follicle. So in regards to treatment of hair fall or alopecia the treatment that treats the causative factors can able to give a long term and established treatment. A proper homeopathy treatment is always proved to most beneficial for the treatment of all type of hair loss as homeopathy treats the root cause of any health disorders. Hair fall result from any stress factor can be well treated by homeopathy treatment.
Hair fall has become the critical issue starting from the age group of adolescence
to elder. This problem can be tackled with proper counselling and guidance.
Hair shortfall is very general in both men along with girls. You or an important person you love could be experiencing hair thinning.
Learning about standard hair growth is especially valuable in understanding balding.
This reference review will support you comprehend alopecia, the various types of balding, and their
remedy choices.
Hair Fall: Treatment, Causes, Symptoms, Homeopathy Treatment and DietKashinath Ghadage
This presentation highlights hair fall causes, symptoms, treatment options, homeopathic treatment in Mumbai and what diet is good for hair loss. Understand what are the causes of hair loss in males and females, which surgeries are beneficial, few home remedies for treating hair fall and much more.
Hair loss is a common problem for both men and women, young or old. Although most people lose about 100 hair strands from the head daily, others may lose more hairs gradually either in a diffuse or patchy manner.
HOW TO GROW HAIR FASTER
Sulfate (SLES, SLS, ALM, MLS), Slicone, Alcohol, Salt and Dye Free, That’s why, ARGANRain doesn’t damage hair and scalp.
Dermatologically, Microbiologically and allergy-tested.
Suitable for daily usage
Suitable for all hair and skin types
Before it gets severe, it's always advised to treat hair loss problem seriously. There could be various reasons which you can suffer from this problem for. Understand the reasons and find remedies to keep your confidence level high as always.
Hair fall treatment is directly related to its cause. A healthy hair will be grown from a healthy hair follicle. So in regards to treatment of hair fall or alopecia the treatment that treats the causative factors can able to give a long term and established treatment. A proper homeopathy treatment is always proved to most beneficial for the treatment of all type of hair loss as homeopathy treats the root cause of any health disorders. Hair fall result from any stress factor can be well treated by homeopathy treatment.
Hair fall has become the critical issue starting from the age group of adolescence
to elder. This problem can be tackled with proper counselling and guidance.
Hair shortfall is very general in both men along with girls. You or an important person you love could be experiencing hair thinning.
Learning about standard hair growth is especially valuable in understanding balding.
This reference review will support you comprehend alopecia, the various types of balding, and their
remedy choices.
Hair Fall: Treatment, Causes, Symptoms, Homeopathy Treatment and DietKashinath Ghadage
This presentation highlights hair fall causes, symptoms, treatment options, homeopathic treatment in Mumbai and what diet is good for hair loss. Understand what are the causes of hair loss in males and females, which surgeries are beneficial, few home remedies for treating hair fall and much more.
Just like weight and figure, people are also very much concerned about their hair and skin. Everyone wants thick long hair and flawless skin which glows. However, due to use of chemical filled shampoos and creams, it is hard to get the desired appearance.
Different factors may cause hair loss. Aging and genetics are only a few. But in men, basically, it is caused by dehydrotestosterone hormone, or DHT. This hormone’s chief purpose is to develop the traits of men such as deep voice, larger muscles, and mustache. However, it also develops Male Pattern Baldness. What this hormone does is it accumulates and develops in the DHT receptors found around the follicles of hair. As the hormone has established itself, it will eventually kill the hair as well as the follicle, making it hopeless for hair to grow back.
Hair deficiency is very familiar in both adult males and ladies. You or an important person you care for might be experiencing balding.
Learning concerning regular hair growth is especially critical in comprehension balding.
This reference review will benefit you comprehend alopecia, the numerous types of baldness, and their
cure options.
Hair deficiency is extremely familiar in both men and women. You or an important person you find irresistible could be experiencing thinning hair.
Education on the subject of ordinary hair growth is extraordinarily important in understanding balding.
This reference outline will support you understand alopecia, the distinct types of thinning hair, in addition to their
remedy alternatives.
Hair shortfall is very frequent in both adult men as well as ladies. You or an important person you adore could be experiencing hair loss.
Knowledge in relation to natural hair progression is exceptionally significant in understanding hair loss.
This reference synopsis will help you comprehend alopecia, the different types of baldness, in addition to their
treatment choices.
Hair deficiency is extraordinarily common in both guys and females. You or an important person you love may be experiencing baldness.
Learning on the subject of regular hair growth is very important in understanding baldness.
This reference abstract will assist you understand alopecia, the different types of hair loss, in addition to their
remedy choices.
Hair deficiency is especially widespread in both guys as well as girls. You or somebody you care for may be experiencing baldness.
Education concerning regular hair progression is extraordinarily important in comprehension thinning hair.
This reference review will support you understand alopecia, the numerous types of hair loss, as well as their
medication options.
Hair loss is fantastically familiar in both males along with ladies. You or somebody you care for might be experiencing thinning hair.
Knowledge regarding regular hair progression is dreadfully significant in understanding thinning hair.
This reference summary will help you understand alopecia, the different types of hair loss, in addition to their
therapy options.
Hair deficit is extremely universal in both adult men along with women. You or somebody you love might be experiencing thinning hair.
Learning in relation to normal hair growth is extremely essential in comprehension thinning hair.
This reference summary will aid you understand alopecia, the distinct types of thinning hair, in addition to their
therapy choices.
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Looking for Cosmetologist in Andheri West, Mumbai? Dr. Priyankas Cosmoshine specialize in Hair Transplant and Cosmetic Surgery & Expert Dermatological care
Argan Oil is frequently called liquid gold of Morrocco, is an oil produced from the kernels of the argan tree, endemic to Morocco, that is valued for its nutritive, cosmetic and numerous medicinal properties. The argan tree grows only in the south west of Morocco. The argan oil has been used for the remedy and cosmetics since the ancient ages. The argan oil is %100 natural, pure and unique. The argan tree is under the protection of UNESCO against extinction. The scientific studies have shown that there isn't any product equivalent to Argan oil.
- Pure argan oil is absorbed by hair fastly and it nourishes and moistures hair and gives shine to hair.
- Argan oil is a light oil that does not leave a greasy feel on the hair like the other oils such as olive oil etc.
- Argan oil helps to prevent hair loss.
- Argan oil is suitable for both men and women.
Natural argan oil is known for its revitalizing action of the hair, especially at its root (radical action). Argan oil prolongs the life of the hair and promotes growth both in men than women, because it stimulates the production of keratin , an essential constituent of hair. Our luscious ARGANRain products are formulated expertly using organic argan oil and plant based ingredients to make your hair grow faster, stop hair loss and full of life.ArganRain can be a fast way to help stop thinning hair, can help stop baldness, and help promote hair growth. Creating a healthy environment on the scalp is key to having thick, full hair growth.
Just like weight and figure, people are also very much concerned about their hair and skin. Everyone wants thick long hair and flawless skin which glows. However, due to use of chemical filled shampoos and creams, it is hard to get the desired appearance.
Different factors may cause hair loss. Aging and genetics are only a few. But in men, basically, it is caused by dehydrotestosterone hormone, or DHT. This hormone’s chief purpose is to develop the traits of men such as deep voice, larger muscles, and mustache. However, it also develops Male Pattern Baldness. What this hormone does is it accumulates and develops in the DHT receptors found around the follicles of hair. As the hormone has established itself, it will eventually kill the hair as well as the follicle, making it hopeless for hair to grow back.
Hair deficiency is very familiar in both adult males and ladies. You or an important person you care for might be experiencing balding.
Learning concerning regular hair growth is especially critical in comprehension balding.
This reference review will benefit you comprehend alopecia, the numerous types of baldness, and their
cure options.
Hair deficiency is extremely familiar in both men and women. You or an important person you find irresistible could be experiencing thinning hair.
Education on the subject of ordinary hair growth is extraordinarily important in understanding balding.
This reference outline will support you understand alopecia, the distinct types of thinning hair, in addition to their
remedy alternatives.
Hair shortfall is very frequent in both adult men as well as ladies. You or an important person you adore could be experiencing hair loss.
Knowledge in relation to natural hair progression is exceptionally significant in understanding hair loss.
This reference synopsis will help you comprehend alopecia, the different types of baldness, in addition to their
treatment choices.
Hair deficiency is extraordinarily common in both guys and females. You or an important person you love may be experiencing baldness.
Learning on the subject of regular hair growth is very important in understanding baldness.
This reference abstract will assist you understand alopecia, the different types of hair loss, in addition to their
remedy choices.
Hair deficiency is especially widespread in both guys as well as girls. You or somebody you care for may be experiencing baldness.
Education concerning regular hair progression is extraordinarily important in comprehension thinning hair.
This reference review will support you understand alopecia, the numerous types of hair loss, as well as their
medication options.
Hair loss is fantastically familiar in both males along with ladies. You or somebody you care for might be experiencing thinning hair.
Knowledge regarding regular hair progression is dreadfully significant in understanding thinning hair.
This reference summary will help you understand alopecia, the different types of hair loss, in addition to their
therapy options.
Hair deficit is extremely universal in both adult men along with women. You or somebody you love might be experiencing thinning hair.
Learning in relation to normal hair growth is extremely essential in comprehension thinning hair.
This reference summary will aid you understand alopecia, the distinct types of thinning hair, in addition to their
therapy choices.
hair loss treatment for women,hair loss treatment for women at home,hair loss treatment for women natural remedies,hair loss treatment for women naturual remedies,hair loss,polycystic ovarian syndrome,hair loss cure found 2020,hair loss women treatment,hair loss due to hormonal imbalance,female hair loss pattern,hair loss cure naturally,tips on how i beat hair loss,tips on hair loss,female hair loss journey,my female hair loss journey,androgenetic alopecia
Looking for Cosmetologist in Andheri West, Mumbai? Dr. Priyankas Cosmoshine specialize in Hair Transplant and Cosmetic Surgery & Expert Dermatological care
Argan Oil is frequently called liquid gold of Morrocco, is an oil produced from the kernels of the argan tree, endemic to Morocco, that is valued for its nutritive, cosmetic and numerous medicinal properties. The argan tree grows only in the south west of Morocco. The argan oil has been used for the remedy and cosmetics since the ancient ages. The argan oil is %100 natural, pure and unique. The argan tree is under the protection of UNESCO against extinction. The scientific studies have shown that there isn't any product equivalent to Argan oil.
- Pure argan oil is absorbed by hair fastly and it nourishes and moistures hair and gives shine to hair.
- Argan oil is a light oil that does not leave a greasy feel on the hair like the other oils such as olive oil etc.
- Argan oil helps to prevent hair loss.
- Argan oil is suitable for both men and women.
Natural argan oil is known for its revitalizing action of the hair, especially at its root (radical action). Argan oil prolongs the life of the hair and promotes growth both in men than women, because it stimulates the production of keratin , an essential constituent of hair. Our luscious ARGANRain products are formulated expertly using organic argan oil and plant based ingredients to make your hair grow faster, stop hair loss and full of life.ArganRain can be a fast way to help stop thinning hair, can help stop baldness, and help promote hair growth. Creating a healthy environment on the scalp is key to having thick, full hair growth.
Hair loss (alopecia) can affect just your scalp or your entire body, and it can be temporary or permanent. It can be the result of heredity, hormonal changes, medical conditions or a normal part of aging. Anyone can lose hair on their head, but it's more common in men
"Explore 'Allergy Treatment in Homeopathy'—uncover gentle yet powerful principles alleviating allergies naturally. Understand allergy roots, discover personalized remedies, and integrate homeopathy seamlessly into your wellness routine. Unravel the science and art of homeopathic allergy treatment, gaining knowledge and tools for a healthier, balanced life naturally. Join us on this transformative journey."
Similar to Everything You Need to Know About Hair Loss (20)
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Everything You Need to Know About Hair
Loss
Medically reviewed by Elaine K. Luo, M.D. — Written by Kristeen Moore —
Updated on June 25, 2019
We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on
this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.
The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) notes that 80 million men
and women in America have hereditary hair loss (alopecia).
It can affect just the hair on your scalp or your entire body. Although
alopecia is more prevalent in older adults, excessive hair loss can occur in
children as well.
It’s normal to lose between 50 and 100 hairs a day. With about 100,000
hairs on your head, that small loss isn’t noticeable.
New hair normally replaces the lost hair, but this doesn’t always happen.
Hair loss can develop gradually over years or happen abruptly. Hair loss
can be permanent or temporary.
It’s impossible to count the amount of hair lost on a given day. You may
be losing more hair than is normal if you notice a large amount of hair in
the drain after washing your hair or clumps of hair in your brush. You
might also notice thinning patches of hair or baldness.
If you notice that you’re losing more hair than usual, you should discuss
the problem with your doctor. They can determine the underlying cause
of your hair loss and suggest appropriate treatment plans.
Causes Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Outlook
What is hair loss?
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2. First, your doctor or dermatologist (a doctor who specializes in skin
problems) will try to determine the underlying cause of your hair loss. The
most common cause of hair loss is hereditary male- or female-pattern
baldness.
If you have a family history of baldness, you may have this type of hair
loss. Certain sex hormones can trigger hereditary hair loss. It may begin
as early as puberty.
In some cases, hair loss may occur with a simple halt in the cycle of hair
growth. Major illnesses, surgeries, or traumatic events can trigger hair
loss. However, your hair will usually start growing back without treatment.
Hormonal changes can cause temporary hair loss. Examples include:
pregnancy
childbirth
discontinuing the use of birth control pills
menopause
Medical conditions that can cause hair loss include:
thyroid disease
alopecia areata (an autoimmune disease that attacks hair follicles)
scalp infections like ringworm
Diseases that cause scarring, such as lichen planus and some types of
lupus, can result in permanent hair loss because of the scarring.
Hair loss can also be due to medications used to treat:
cancer
high blood pressure
arthritis
depression
heart problems
What causes hair loss?
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3. A physical or emotional shock may trigger noticeable hair loss. Examples
of this type of shock include:
a death in the family
extreme weight loss
a high fever
People with trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) have a need to pull out
their hair, usually from their head, eyebrows, or eyelashes.
Traction hair loss can be due to hairstyles that put pressure on the
follicles by pulling the hair back very tightly.
A diet lacking in protein, iron, and other nutrients can also lead to thinning
hair.
Persistent hair loss often indicates an underlying health issue.
Your doctor or dermatologist can determine the cause of your hair loss
based on a physical examination and your health history. In some cases,
simple dietary changes can help. Your doctor may also change your
prescription medications.
If your dermatologist suspects an autoimmune or skin disease, they might
take a biopsy of the skin on your scalp.
This will involve carefully removing a small section of skin for laboratory
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How is hair loss diagnosed?
4. testing. It’s important to keep in mind that hair growth is a complex
process. It may take time to determine the exact cause of your hair loss.
Medication
Medications will likely be the first course of treatment for hair loss. Over-
the-counter (OTC) medications generally consist of topical creams and
gels that you apply directly to the scalp. The most common products
contain an ingredient called minoxidil (Rogaine).
According to the AAD, your doctor may recommend minoxidil in
conjunction with other hair loss treatments. Side effects of minoxidil
include scalp irritation and hair growth in adjacent areas, such as your
forehead or face.
Prescription medications may also treat hair loss. Doctors prescribe the
oral medication finasteride (Propecia) for male-pattern baldness. You take
this medication daily to slow hair loss. Some men experience new hair
growth when taking finasteride.
Rare side effects of finasteride include diminished sex drive and impaired
sexual function. There may be a link between the use of finasteride and a
more serious type (high-grade) of prostate cancer, according to the Mayo
Clinic.
Doctor also prescribe corticosteroids like prednisone. Individuals with
alopecia areata can use this to reduce inflammation and suppress the
immune system. Corticosteroids mimic the hormones made by your
adrenal glands.
A high amount of corticosteroid in the body reduces inflammation and
suppresses the immune system.
You should monitor side effects from these medications carefully.
Possible side effects include:
glaucoma, a collection of eye diseases that can result in optic nerve
damage and vision loss
What are the treatment options for hair loss?
5. fluid retention and swelling in the lower legs
higher blood pressure
cataracts
high blood sugar
There is evidence that corticosteroid use may also put you at higher risk
for the following conditions:
infections
calcium loss from bones, which may lead to osteoporosis
thin skin and easy bruising
sore throat
hoarseness
Medical Procedures
Sometimes, medications aren’t enough to stop hair loss. There are
surgical procedures to treat baldness.
Hair Transplant Surgery
Hair transplant surgery involves moving small plugs of skin, each with a
few hairs, to bald parts of your scalp.
This works well for people with inherited baldness since they typically
lose hair on the top of the head. Because this type of hair loss is
progressive, you would need multiple surgeries over time.
Scalp Reduction
In a scalp reduction, a surgeon removes part of your scalp that lacks hair.
The surgeon then closes the area with a piece of your scalp that has hair.
Another option is a flap, in which your surgeon folds scalp that has hair
over a bald patch. This is a type of scalp reduction.
Tissue expansion can also cover bald spots. It requires two surgeries. In
the first surgery, a surgeon places a tissue expander under a part of your
scalp that has hair and is next to the bald spot. After several weeks, the
expander stretches out the part of your scalp that has hair.
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6. In the second surgery, your surgeon removes the expander and pulls the
expanded area of scalp with hair over the bald spot.
These surgical remedies for baldness tend to be expensive, and they
carry risks. These include:
patchy hair growth
bleeding
wide scars
infection
Your graft might also not take, meaning that you would need to repeat the
surgery.
There are things you can do to prevent further hair loss. Don’t wear tight
hairstyles like braids, ponytails, or buns that put too much pressure on
your hair. Over time, those styles permanently damage your hair follicles.
Try not to pull, twist, or rub your hair. Make sure you’re eating a balanced
diet that includes adequate amounts of iron and protein.
Certain beauty regimens can worsen or cause hair loss.
If you’re currently losing hair, use a gentle baby shampoo to wash your
hair. Unless you have extremely oily hair, consider washing your hair only
every other day. Always pat the hair dry and avoid rubbing your hair.
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How can I prevent hair loss?
7. Styling products and tools are also common culprits in hair loss. Examples
of products or tools that can affect hair loss include:
blow dryers
heated combs
hair straighteners
coloring products
bleaching agents
perms
relaxers
If you decide to style your hair with heated tools, only do so when your
hair is dry. Also, use the lowest settings possible.
You can stop or even reverse hair loss with aggressive treatment,
especially if it’s due to an underlying medical condition. Hereditary hair
loss may be more difficult to treat. However, certain procedures such as
hair transplants can help reduce the appearance of baldness.
Talk to your doctor to explore all your options to lessen the effects of hair
loss.
Last medically reviewed on June 25, 2019
What is the long-term outlook?
READ THIS NEXT
Female Pattern Baldness (Androgenic
Alopecia): What You Should Know
Medically reviewed by Sarah Taylor, MD, FAAD
Female pattern baldness is similar to male pattern baldness, except that
women lose their hair in a different pattern than men. Learn more.
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