How to evaluate your mini essay questions in the ECON1 and ECON2 data response section of the exam paper. Why not jot ISWOT down on your exam paper to remind you?
Why Is “Stimulus” A Key Component To A Dynamic Recovery?Lawrence R. Levin
Why Is “Stimulus” A Key Component To A Dynamic Recovery? In applying the principals of modern economics, government stimulus can play a very important role in shaping the duration and depth of a recession. The right type of stimulus can shorten the duration and severity of a recession. Whether a recovery is flat or “V” shaped, may depend on the right type of stimulus. But what is meant by “stimulus?” When politicians use the term “stimulus” they usually mean government spending. To an economist, stimulus may in part be spending, but not all spending is “stimulus.” This article discusses what is the right type of stimulus in these economic times.
Viewpoint Newsletter from Clear View Wealth Advisors with a focus on the role of dividend-paying stocks and the inflation-deflation debate. Also includes links to the free financial roadmap tool.
Why Is “Stimulus” A Key Component To A Dynamic Recovery?Lawrence R. Levin
Why Is “Stimulus” A Key Component To A Dynamic Recovery? In applying the principals of modern economics, government stimulus can play a very important role in shaping the duration and depth of a recession. The right type of stimulus can shorten the duration and severity of a recession. Whether a recovery is flat or “V” shaped, may depend on the right type of stimulus. But what is meant by “stimulus?” When politicians use the term “stimulus” they usually mean government spending. To an economist, stimulus may in part be spending, but not all spending is “stimulus.” This article discusses what is the right type of stimulus in these economic times.
Viewpoint Newsletter from Clear View Wealth Advisors with a focus on the role of dividend-paying stocks and the inflation-deflation debate. Also includes links to the free financial roadmap tool.
In Keynesian economic theory, a factor that quantifies the change in.pdfaquastore223
In Keynesian economic theory, a factor that quantifies the change in total income as compared to
the injection of capital deposits or investments which originally fueled the growth. It is usually
used as a measurement of the effects of government spending on income, and it can be calculated
as one divided by the marginal propensity to save.
Average propensity to consume, or APC, is the ratio of total consumption to total disposable
income, whereas marginal propensity to consume, or MPC, is the ratio of change in consumption
to the change in disposable income.
Y= C + S
That is, disposable income (income after tax) = Consumption + Savings
Think of Bob the Builder who earns a gross income of $1000 per week. After tax (which he
legally has no choice but to pay) he brings in $850 dollars. His DISPOSABLE Income is $850.
He then has two very simple choices- to save it all (i.e. place it in a financial institution such as a
credit union, bank, super fund) or to spend it (consume as economists would say). Realistically,
he will probably save a fraction and spend a fraction.
The fraction of his disposable income (Y) in which he decides to save (S) is his APS- Average
Propensity to Save
Therefore- Amount Saved/Disposable Income or S/Y.
Very simple maths.
Similarly, the amount of disposable income that he uses on consumption (spends) is his Average
Propensity to Consume-
Consumption/Disposable Income or C/Y.
The APC and APS are expressed as fractions of Disposable Income- for example 0.3 and 0.7.
As he only has two choices, whether to save or spend, the APC and APS must always sum to
give 1.
They vary with individuals, particularly with those of different disposable incomes.
Surprisingly, the wealthy has a higher APS and a lower APC compared to the poor. This is
because APS/APC are proportional things; poor people will spend a larger amount of their
income on bills and just general living expenses leaving little to no room for saving. As you get
wealthy, your consumption will rise however you can afford to live comfortably plus have a lot
more money left over for savings, hence their APS is higher.
Extending this, economists have come up with the Marginal Propensity (Tendency) to
Save/Consume. This looks at the tendency to save/spend each extra dollar of income that is
earned.
MPC is the proportion of the next dollar in which someone earns that is spent, and similarly
MPS is the proportion that is saved. Eg- I give you one dollar, you spend 80 cents and keep 20
cents, your MPC is 0.8 and your MPS is 0.2. As you can see-
MPC + MPS also add to 1.
As pointed out above, this concept must be clearly understood, as it is the fundamental of
Keynes demand theory and the multiplier which you look at to explain economic growth in year
12.
As for the difference between savings and investment. Savings are placed away in a financial
institution, the incentive to do so is that they earn interest and hence ‘grow’. If you look at the
circular flow of income model (if yo.
The aim of this report is to provide our clients and other stakeholders with a clear and
comprehensive overview of Aegon Asset Management’s approach to Responsible Investment.
With the use of case studies and interviews, alongside descriptions of processes, updates
and data, we aim to provide a well-rounded view of our activities in 2016. Also through a number
of ‘next steps’ text boxes we give insight in what is currently on our agenda and what we hope
to achieve in the coming years.
How do government policies andor regulations factor into changes in.pdfarihantcomputersddn
How do government policies and/or regulations factor into changes in economic activity on both
a domestic and global scale?
Give a specific example of a policy or regulation that has helped economic activity.
Give a specific example of a policy or regulation that has hindered economic activity.
If you were an economist who was tasked with evaluating this policy or regulation, what are
some ideas you would suggest for changing it in a way that would achieve the same goal but not
hinder economic activity?
Finally, state whether or not you enjoy these types of evaluations and if you would consider
these types of responsibilities in a future career.
Solution
Monetary policy is by far the most powerful weapon in the government’s arsenal. Unfortunately,
it is also the most imprecise. The government can do some fine control with tax policy to move
capital between investments by granting favorable tax status On the whole, governments tend to
go for large, sweeping changes by altering the monetary landscape. Governments are the only
entities that can legally create their respective currencies. Interest rates are another popular
weapon, even though they are often used to counteract inflation. They can spur the economy
separately from inflation.
Pumping in money feels good for a while, especially for investors who see corporate profits and
share prices shooting up, but the long-term impact is an erosion of value across the board.
Savings are worth less, punishing savers and bond buyers
Government programs provide valuable \"public goods\" such as education and infrastructure.
Inreases in government spending can bolster economic growth by putting money into people\'s
pockets.
I believe the policy of QE (quantiative easing) during times of recession to bring back a shattered
economy in place. An automatic reversal will never happen, and it is imperative on the part of
government is follow such prudent measures. I would consider these types of responsibilites in a
long-term perspective.
*****.
Are we about to have a double dip recession and run away inflation?Lawrence R. Levin
The Newsletter Article, “Are We About To Have A Double Dip Recession And Run Away Inflation?” discusses the many current news stories where consensus economists have made contradictory statements about whether we are about to have a double dip recession. It also addresses the contradictory predictions of runaway inflation and destructive deflation. The article explains why the confusion and what are the three approaches the government could take to meet the challenges of the current economic situation and what you can expect over the next 6 months.
In Keynesian economic theory, a factor that quantifies the change in.pdfaquastore223
In Keynesian economic theory, a factor that quantifies the change in total income as compared to
the injection of capital deposits or investments which originally fueled the growth. It is usually
used as a measurement of the effects of government spending on income, and it can be calculated
as one divided by the marginal propensity to save.
Average propensity to consume, or APC, is the ratio of total consumption to total disposable
income, whereas marginal propensity to consume, or MPC, is the ratio of change in consumption
to the change in disposable income.
Y= C + S
That is, disposable income (income after tax) = Consumption + Savings
Think of Bob the Builder who earns a gross income of $1000 per week. After tax (which he
legally has no choice but to pay) he brings in $850 dollars. His DISPOSABLE Income is $850.
He then has two very simple choices- to save it all (i.e. place it in a financial institution such as a
credit union, bank, super fund) or to spend it (consume as economists would say). Realistically,
he will probably save a fraction and spend a fraction.
The fraction of his disposable income (Y) in which he decides to save (S) is his APS- Average
Propensity to Save
Therefore- Amount Saved/Disposable Income or S/Y.
Very simple maths.
Similarly, the amount of disposable income that he uses on consumption (spends) is his Average
Propensity to Consume-
Consumption/Disposable Income or C/Y.
The APC and APS are expressed as fractions of Disposable Income- for example 0.3 and 0.7.
As he only has two choices, whether to save or spend, the APC and APS must always sum to
give 1.
They vary with individuals, particularly with those of different disposable incomes.
Surprisingly, the wealthy has a higher APS and a lower APC compared to the poor. This is
because APS/APC are proportional things; poor people will spend a larger amount of their
income on bills and just general living expenses leaving little to no room for saving. As you get
wealthy, your consumption will rise however you can afford to live comfortably plus have a lot
more money left over for savings, hence their APS is higher.
Extending this, economists have come up with the Marginal Propensity (Tendency) to
Save/Consume. This looks at the tendency to save/spend each extra dollar of income that is
earned.
MPC is the proportion of the next dollar in which someone earns that is spent, and similarly
MPS is the proportion that is saved. Eg- I give you one dollar, you spend 80 cents and keep 20
cents, your MPC is 0.8 and your MPS is 0.2. As you can see-
MPC + MPS also add to 1.
As pointed out above, this concept must be clearly understood, as it is the fundamental of
Keynes demand theory and the multiplier which you look at to explain economic growth in year
12.
As for the difference between savings and investment. Savings are placed away in a financial
institution, the incentive to do so is that they earn interest and hence ‘grow’. If you look at the
circular flow of income model (if yo.
The aim of this report is to provide our clients and other stakeholders with a clear and
comprehensive overview of Aegon Asset Management’s approach to Responsible Investment.
With the use of case studies and interviews, alongside descriptions of processes, updates
and data, we aim to provide a well-rounded view of our activities in 2016. Also through a number
of ‘next steps’ text boxes we give insight in what is currently on our agenda and what we hope
to achieve in the coming years.
How do government policies andor regulations factor into changes in.pdfarihantcomputersddn
How do government policies and/or regulations factor into changes in economic activity on both
a domestic and global scale?
Give a specific example of a policy or regulation that has helped economic activity.
Give a specific example of a policy or regulation that has hindered economic activity.
If you were an economist who was tasked with evaluating this policy or regulation, what are
some ideas you would suggest for changing it in a way that would achieve the same goal but not
hinder economic activity?
Finally, state whether or not you enjoy these types of evaluations and if you would consider
these types of responsibilities in a future career.
Solution
Monetary policy is by far the most powerful weapon in the government’s arsenal. Unfortunately,
it is also the most imprecise. The government can do some fine control with tax policy to move
capital between investments by granting favorable tax status On the whole, governments tend to
go for large, sweeping changes by altering the monetary landscape. Governments are the only
entities that can legally create their respective currencies. Interest rates are another popular
weapon, even though they are often used to counteract inflation. They can spur the economy
separately from inflation.
Pumping in money feels good for a while, especially for investors who see corporate profits and
share prices shooting up, but the long-term impact is an erosion of value across the board.
Savings are worth less, punishing savers and bond buyers
Government programs provide valuable \"public goods\" such as education and infrastructure.
Inreases in government spending can bolster economic growth by putting money into people\'s
pockets.
I believe the policy of QE (quantiative easing) during times of recession to bring back a shattered
economy in place. An automatic reversal will never happen, and it is imperative on the part of
government is follow such prudent measures. I would consider these types of responsibilites in a
long-term perspective.
*****.
Are we about to have a double dip recession and run away inflation?Lawrence R. Levin
The Newsletter Article, “Are We About To Have A Double Dip Recession And Run Away Inflation?” discusses the many current news stories where consensus economists have made contradictory statements about whether we are about to have a double dip recession. It also addresses the contradictory predictions of runaway inflation and destructive deflation. The article explains why the confusion and what are the three approaches the government could take to meet the challenges of the current economic situation and what you can expect over the next 6 months.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
1. Evaluating Exam Answers
ECON2In the Exam you will pick up marks for evaluating your answers, especially on the 25 Mark
mini essays. It can be confusing as to what to write, or how to go about evaluating your answers.
If you use ISWOT you, it should help you to remember what to write down
IMPACT
I
All decisions in economics are going to have an Impact, in evaluating you should
look to assess the size of the impact. For example a rise in VAT as an indirect Tax
is likely to have a bigger impact on the poorer in society than the richer in society
SHORT RUN / LONG RUN
S
Decisions are likely to have Short Run and Long Run impacts which you will need to
evaluate. For example a tax rise may in the short run affect the poor the hardest
but hopefully in the long run will improve public services via government spending
WINNERS & LOSERS
W
IN economics, policy is likely to have people who benefit more (Winners) and
people who are less well of (Losers) as a result. For example if the exchange rate
was to be weak, it would be good for exporters as the price of exports is now
lower. Losers on the other hand would be importers, as a strong pound has now
forced up the price of imports to the UK.
O
OTHER THINGS REMAIN EQUAL / OPPORTUNITY COST
In economics it is assumed that other things remain equal (ceteris paribas) but in
reality they don’t so you can mention this in your answer. Policy decisions will also
carry an opportunity cost which can be discussed as to what an opportunity cost
may be.
T
TIME LAG
Policy decisions are likely to have a time lag on them before they take effect. For
example if interest rates were cut it may take a while for people to stop saving and
borrow
Aquinas AS Economics
www.aquinaseconomics.moonfruit.com
@aquinaseconomic