The text presents an analysis of the Polish energy policy, which takes into account its both aspects: the institutional and normative aspect (policy), and the context of political activities involved (politics). As the text analyses the planning documents prepared by the Minister of Economy (the so - called “State’s energy policy”), the starting point for this analysis are the legal issues ensuing from the Energy Law Act. The text outlines the major assumptions of the Energy Policy till 2030
as well as the general provisions of the incomplete, as of the year 2015, Project of the Energy Policy
till 2050. The institutional and normative context has been supplemented with an analysis of selected issues significant for the directions in the development of the energy policy and the energy security in Poland. Moreover, the text addresses the following questions: (1) to what extent does the legal status of
the document “the State’s energy policy” contribute to the poor achievement of the strategic goals in the energy sector?, (2) to what extent does the lack of actual responsibility of the political subjects
contribute to the lack of the realisation of strategic goals put forward in the “State’s energy policy”?, (3) what actions should be undertaken in order to administer a cohesive and effective energy policy in
Poland?
The Ukraine Crisis - could gas supply disruptions affect Europe?Pöyry
As tensions between Russia and Europe have increased over the situation in Ukraine, very real concerns have emerged regarding the security of gas supplies. Whilst there is a longer-term question of whether Europe should consider reducing European dependence on Russian gas, in this Point of View, Pöyry examines the potential short-term impacts of a curtailment in Russian gas supplies through Ukraine over the next winter.
Energy security policies as a driver for European shale gas and oil development?Bartek Kwiatkowski
In the context of the EU #EnergySecurity Strategy presented on May 28, I recommend our text "Energy security policies as a driver for European shale gas and oil development?" published - conveniently - in the May issue of International Shale Gas and Oil Journal thanks to Izabela Albrycht. Very timely, maybe slightly controversial.
The text presents an analysis of the Polish energy policy, which takes into account its both aspects: the institutional and normative aspect (policy), and the context of political activities involved (politics). As the text analyses the planning documents prepared by the Minister of Economy (the so - called “State’s energy policy”), the starting point for this analysis are the legal issues ensuing from the Energy Law Act. The text outlines the major assumptions of the Energy Policy till 2030
as well as the general provisions of the incomplete, as of the year 2015, Project of the Energy Policy
till 2050. The institutional and normative context has been supplemented with an analysis of selected issues significant for the directions in the development of the energy policy and the energy security in Poland. Moreover, the text addresses the following questions: (1) to what extent does the legal status of
the document “the State’s energy policy” contribute to the poor achievement of the strategic goals in the energy sector?, (2) to what extent does the lack of actual responsibility of the political subjects
contribute to the lack of the realisation of strategic goals put forward in the “State’s energy policy”?, (3) what actions should be undertaken in order to administer a cohesive and effective energy policy in
Poland?
The Ukraine Crisis - could gas supply disruptions affect Europe?Pöyry
As tensions between Russia and Europe have increased over the situation in Ukraine, very real concerns have emerged regarding the security of gas supplies. Whilst there is a longer-term question of whether Europe should consider reducing European dependence on Russian gas, in this Point of View, Pöyry examines the potential short-term impacts of a curtailment in Russian gas supplies through Ukraine over the next winter.
Energy security policies as a driver for European shale gas and oil development?Bartek Kwiatkowski
In the context of the EU #EnergySecurity Strategy presented on May 28, I recommend our text "Energy security policies as a driver for European shale gas and oil development?" published - conveniently - in the May issue of International Shale Gas and Oil Journal thanks to Izabela Albrycht. Very timely, maybe slightly controversial.
Why Ukraine and Russia are fighting?
Some people in western countries may not know why Ukraine and Russia are fighting and have a conflict. How Ukrainian and Russian people view it.
Why Ukraine and Russia are fighting?
Some people in western countries may not know why Ukraine and Russia are fighting and have a conflict. How Ukrainian and Russian people view it.
The Causes Behind the Conflict Between Turkey and Israeliakovosal
This short essay explains the true causes behind the conflict of the once close allies of Turkey and Israel. It turns out that as it is usually the case, the true reason for this conflict is oil and natural gas.
The First World War for Oil 1914-1918: Similarities with the 2014 Oil Wars 10...iakovosal
This booklet explains why oil was the real cause of the First World War, and explains the economic and geopolitical interests behind all the major players of this war.
Moreover it compares the first Great War for oil in 1914 with the oil wars of 2014 in Syria and Iraq one hundred years later.
There is a rumor that it is very difficult to understand the Middle East. However this is not true. It is difficult to understand the Middle East only when the emphasis is not on oil and natural gas. If oil and natural gas are taken into account it is very easy to analyze the Middle East.
Because the Middle East is simply a region where the local players are fighting to sell their oil and natural gas, and the foreign players are fighting to buy this oil and natural gas. It might sound naïve, but that’s what the Middle East is about. It is only academics and specialists that need to know more about the Middle East.
For the general reader who simply wants to understand the Middle East wars, oil and natural gas will do the trick. And that’s what this booklet is about. It clearly explains how the US, Russia and China are trying to control the oil and natural gas of the Middle East, and how Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar and Iraq are trying to sell their oil and natural gas.
After reading the booklet, the reader will know the exact causes of the wars in Syria, Iraq and Libya. No prior knowledge is required.
On September 2015, Russian Gazprom and list of European energy giants announced an agreement on further constructing of the Nord Stream 2 (NS 2) – another one gas pipeline from Russia under the Baltic Sea landing in Germany. At once it became clear, that constructing the pipeline is a kind of a threat for Ukraine who now is a crucial important gas transporter from Russia to the European Union (EU) member states and thereafter would undermine Ukrainian positions bringing economic losses, political and security threats .
From Ukrainian prospective the Nord Stream 2 is treated as a mostly politically driven project, at somehow aimed against Ukraine, which will also increase dependence of the EU states on Russian gas, and consequently make those more vulnerable to Russia’s policy in future. Such arguments are widely used by Ukrainian politicians and in official statements.
However, such perception does not take into consideration arguments and befits of those EU member states, who support the project and current internal political conditions. At final extent, such approach brings to a kind of misunderstanding between supporters and opponents of the Nord Stream 2 construction and achieving of the Ukrainian aim is rather questionable.
Nord Stream 2 problem in general consist of two dimensions: economic and political. Those are at somehow contradictory for the project’s actors. The first one is based on benefits that some countries (first of all Russia and certain EU member states) expect to gain with the NS 2 project. The political one is in the domain contradiction of supporting Russia in its energy business during its violating of the international law, threats for Ukraine and its concerns regarding loosing gas supply interdependence with the EU. Current ways and attempts to impact on the NS 2 development do not manage to bundle both those dimensions to find a solution that will acceptable for all parties involved in all developments and outcome related to construction and future operation of the NS 2 pipeline.
Future of the Nord Stream 2 is not clear yet and this means necessity for Ukraine to continue taking steps aimed on protecting its own position. This paper aims to describe main drivers and benefits for parties, involved in supporting the NS 2 comparing to Ukrainian perceptions and official statement on this matter.
However, NS 2 is not a unique threat for Ukrainian gas transit capabilities and corresponding resulting benefits. This drives not only necessity of efforts to cope with the NS 2, but also strengthening Ukrainian gas transit capabilities and energy security in general. Authors offered (Final remarks chapter) for Ukraine and its main ally in energy security – US actions frameworks to contain Russia regarding the NS 2 project, strengthen and secure Ukraine
The European Union’s (EU) consumption of natural gas has been growing rapidly over the last two decades. Gas has become an increasingly important component of the EU’s energy mix, with gas-fired power plants gradually replacing less environmentally friendly coal plants. Domestic gas production covered close to 60 percent of the EU’s consumption needs during the 1990s, but by 2007 it declined substantially around 40 percent (see Figure 1). The rest is imported from three main sources: Russia (around 40 percent of total gas imports), Norway (around 25 percent) and various African countries among them Algeria, Nigeria, Libya and Egypt which account for around 25 percent. The last few years have also heightened public worries in Europe over the security of its gas supplies, primarily those imports coming from Russia. These fears were partly confirmed in January 2009 when several EU and non- EU countries faced a sudden cut in their gas supplies. The Russian- Ukrainian stand-off only reinforced the argument that more needs to be done to strengthen the reliability of access to vital energy resources.
Authored by: Wojciech Paczynski
Published in 2009
The recent record-high gas prices have triggered legitimate concerns regarding the EU’s energy security, especially with dependence on natural gas from Russia. This brief discusses the historical and current risks associated with Russian gas imports. We argue that decreasing the reliance on Russian gas may not be feasible in the short-to-mid-run, especially with the EU’s goals of green transition and the electrification of the economy. To ensure the security of natural gas supply from Russia, the EU has to adopt the (long-proclaimed) coordinated energy policy strategy.
The war in Ukraine is the war of the USA and the WEST with NATO as the tool for it against Russia and China to prevent the USA, the WEST, and NATO from losing their leadership in the world. There is a fair chance we will get a nuclear at least incident, if not accident, if not even war from this reckless strategy of Biden in his old age S(terile)-S(enility)-delirium-Tremens. No cure for that old man, but you might cause great damage and we, only us, we, and ours will have to pay the damages while he will bask in the sun in a wheelchair. It is debilitating to see the power of the USA drift away from Washington and all press campaign against Russia and China leads nowhere and certainly not victory for Ukraine. How long will it take these over 80-year-old presidents, ex-presidents, and future presidents to retire at least and die away because they have reached their age of obsolescence? And look at the new head of state in England: he climbs onto the throne when everyone only dreams to retire in the countryside.
The war in Ukraine is a mental trap in the west and a clear scheme of the rich west led by Washington and Nato in the eyes of the rest of the world, east, north, and south. All that for the USA not to lose its domination of the world which it will never be able to keep. Too greedy and too dictatorial with mass shootings in the USA and spreading their troops everywhere. More imperialistic than the US you will die: they will shoot you before you can think a second time. And they will claim it's China that did it.
Southeastern Mediterranean hydrocarbons - A new energy corridor for the EU?Harris Samaras
The (a) confirmation of significant quantities of hydrocarbons in Cyprus, (b) the scientific estimates of equally significant quantities in the south and southwest of the Greek island of Crete and (c) the officially declared increased cooperation between Cyprus, Israel and Greece to jointly exploit their hydrocarbon deposits may prove to be a tremendous opportunity not only for Cyprus, Greece and Israel but for the EU as a whole.
World renowned scientists claim that the hydrocarbon deposits that lie south and southwest of the island of Crete are huge; and maybe bigger than those in the Levantine Basin; they dare to state that within the EEZ of Greece there may be as much as 51 tcm of natural gas! Could this lead into the making of a new energy corridor for the EU? Shouldn’t the EU be more actively involved in the efforts of its member countries, Greece and Cyprus? Isn’t this for the EU a project of Pan-European interest thus include it in its energy policy, coordinate and assist with technical knowhow but also with political leverage and other? As critical year 2020 is around the corner, aren’t the already scientific interpretations important enough to accelerate the EU think tanks and policy institutes view on the whole issue?
Essay based on the crisis in Ukraine and the role of the access to energy resources (oil and natural gas) in developing/resolving the conflict, with the focus on relations between two super powers EU and Russia.
Current debate on the energy security in the EU often stresses the EU dependency on gas imports from Russia. However, Russia is no less dependent on the EU – more than half of its gas exports goes to Europe. The purpose of this paper is to characterize this mutual dependency through an index-based approach, and to discuss how the development of gas markets may affect such dependency. We suggest a unified framework to assess the security of gas supply for the EU and the security of gas demand for Russia, and construct dependency indexes for both parties. Our approach accounts not only for the traditional import/export dependency measures but also for the balance of power between Russia and the EU. The proposed methodology is then used to address the evolution of the EU-Russia gas relationship in the view of gas market's developments. New gas pipelines projects (e.g., South Stream, Nabucco) and increasing use of liquefied natural gas are all likely to impact both the demand side and the supply side of the EU-Russia gas trade, and affect mutual gas dependency between the EU and Russia.
There are major shifts in the EU energy space including pending lessons from Russian sanctions, France's commitments to renewables,and the politics of pipelines.
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
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role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
2. On September 4 2015, Gazprom, together with E.ON (Germany), OMV
(Austria), BASF (Germany), Shell (England-Netherlands), ENGIE-ex GDF
Suez (France), singed a shareholders’ agreement for the construction of
Nord Stream 2 pipeline, which will double the quantity of Russian natural
gas that can be sent to Europe through the Baltic Sea and Germany. You can
read about the agreement at the following page from Gazprom’s site, titled
“Gazprom, BASF, E.ON, ENGIE, OMV and Shell sign Shareholders
Agreement on Nord Stream II project”.
http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2015/september/article245837/
Gazprom will hold 51% of the shares, ENGIE will hold 9%, and all other
companies will hold 10% of the shares. The new pipeline will carry another
55 billion cubic meters of Russian gas to Germany, and the agreement is not
in compliance with the European Union’s Third Energy Package. The Third
Energy Package requests the break up of production, transport and sale of
natural gas within the European Union. In other words the producer of
natural gas cannot be the owner of the pipeline networks that carry this
natural gas in the EU, and the producers and network operators cannot sell
the natural gas in the markets of the European Union. Note that the
European Union consumes approximately 450 billion cubic meters of
natural gas every year, and approximately 150 billion cubic meters of this
gas is supplied by Gazporm, the Russian state owned giant.
Recently the South Stream pipeline was cancelled, which was supposed to
connect Russia to the European Union through the Black Sea and Bulgaria,
because it was not in compliance with the EU anti-monopolistic regulations.
Moreover the European Union has limited Gazprom’s access to the OPAL
3. and NEL pipelines, which carry the Russian natural gas to Germany and the
Czech Republic, and Germany and the Netherlands respectively, because
Gazprom has large stakes in both of these pipelines, violating the EU anti-
monopolistic regulations. For the OPAL and NEL pipelines see the
following map.
Map 1
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Nordstream.png
The agreement about Nord Stream 2 upset the European Commissioner on
energy issues, Maros Sefcovic, as you can read at the following Politico
article, titled “Šefčovič warns energy firms over Nord Stream II
participation”, September 2015.
http://www.politico.eu/article/sefcovic-warns-energy-firms-over-nord-
stream-ii-participation/
4. Currently the EU allows Gazprom to use only 50% of the OPAL pipeline,
due to the participation of Gazprom’s subsidiary Wingas in the pipeline.
However as you can read at the following Reuters article, titled “EU delays
decision on Russian access to Opal gas pipeline”, November 2014, no other
company was interested to use OPAL’s remaining 50% spare capacity. That
makes sense, because only the Norwegian state owned Statoil could use it,
but Statoil is already connected to Germany.
I guess that the EU insists in forbidding Gazprom to use the other 50% of
OPAL’s capacity, in order to oblige Gazprom to sell more natural gas
through Ukraine, because the pro-EU Ukrainian government badly needs
these transit fees. But there is a lot of pressure on the EU on the issue of the
Russian gas, because Russia is a very reliable supplier, the Baltic route is a
very safe route, and there are many giants involved in this project. And I am
not talking only about the energy firms. As you can read at the following
article from Gazprom’s site, titled “Siemens to supply control tools and
electrical systems for South Stream’s offshore section”, April 2014,
Siemens, another German giant, would develop significant parts of the South
Stream pipeline, which for the moment is cancelled.
http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2014/april/article187804/
As you can read at the following article from Gazprom’s site, titled
“Gazprom and Wintershall sign Agreement on closing asset swap deal”,
September 2015, Gazprom and Wintershall, which is the largest German
producer of oil and natural gas, agreed on an asset swap which gave
Gazprom most of Wintershall’s activities and facilities in Europe, and it
gave Wintershall a stake in some Russian gas fields of Siberia. Wintershall
5. is a subsidiary of the German BASF, which is the largest chemical company
in the world. BASF has already a 10% stake in Nord Stream 1, and had a
stake in South Stream too.
http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2015/september/article245878/
As you can read at the following Natural Gas Europe article, titled “Germans
have a plan of protecting Gazprom’s business in Europe”, September 2015,
the Germans want the control for the European antimonopolistic regulation
to be passed from the European Commission to a Federal Cartel Office.
According to Natural Gas Europe the Germans want that because they will
have more influence in a Federal Cartel Office, and they will be able to be
softer towards Russia.
http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/jakobik-germany-protecting-gazprom-
business-in-europe-25239?
utm_source=Natural+Gas+Europe+Newsletter&utm_campaign=554fd73704
-
RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c95c702d4
c-554fd73704-307785513
The agreement for the North Stream 2 did not only upset the EU. It upset
many other players too. The Prime Minister of Slovakia, Robert Fico, called
the agreement a “betrayal”, and said that it will cost Ukraine and Slovakia
billions of dollars, as you can read at the following Euractiv article, titled
“Slovak PM calls Nord Stream expansion deal a betrayal”, September 2014.
http://www.euractiv.com/sections/energy/slovak-pm-calls-nord-stream-
expansion-deal-betrayal-317531
6. At the following Yahoo article, titled “Ukraine PM calls second Russia-
Germany pipeline anti-European”, September 2015, you can read that the
pro-western Ukrainian Prime Minister Arseni Yatseniuk, called the
agreement about the Nord Stream 2 “anti-European” and “anti-Ukrainian”.
According to the Ukrainian PM Nord Stream 1 did increase Europe’s energy
security, but Nord Stream 2 will convert this energy root to a monopoly
route, and will endanger South and Eastern Europe’s energy security. Note
that Ukraine earns 2-3 billion dollars in transit fees every year from the
Russian gas. The larger the amount of gas sent to Europe through the Baltic
Sea and Germany, the smaller the revenue for Ukraine.
https://uk.news.yahoo.com/ukraine-pm-calls-second-russia-germany-
pipeline-anti-163441687.html#3Fcxmnd
The Slovaks on the other hand are carrying to Central and Western European
countries the Russian gas which reaches Slovakia through Ukraine, with
their national pipeline network which is called the Eustream. See the next
two maps. At the second map you can see the Eustream network from the
site of Eustream.
Map 2
8. Slovaks were proposing the EU to construct the EASTring pipeline through
Slovakia, in order to send natural gas from Western Europe through
Slovakia to East and South Europe, in order to reduce Eastern and Southern
Europe’s dependence on Russia.
http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/11/28/slovakia-gas-pipeline-
idUKL6N0TH1JM20141128
As expected the announcement of Nord Stream 2 upset Poland and the
Baltic States i.e. Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. These countries claim that
this agreement completely ignores European Unity, and they compare the
German-Russian pipelines with the alliance between the Nazis and the
Communists in 1939 (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). Actually Putin, in order to
get even more on their nerves, defended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, as
you can read at the following Moscow Times article, titled “Putin Defends
Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact in Press Conference with Merkel”, May 2015.
http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/putin-defends-ribbentrop-
molotov-pact-in-press-conference-with-merkel/520513.html
It is too much to compare the North Stream pipelines with the Molotov-
Ribbentrop Pact, because today Germany is a perfect democracy which bans
both communism and nazism. However Russia is gradually becoming
similar to Hitler’s Germany, with the exception of anti-Semitism of course.
Putin is collaborating with the Israelis against the Islamists who are
supported by Turkey and Qatar, and has not spread anti-Semitism in Russia,
and he was even the first Russian President to visit Israel. However if anti-
Semitism is not taken into account, Putin’s Russia has many similarities with
Hitler’s Germany. And if there is a deeper crisis no one can guarantee that
9. Germany will remain the democratic country she is today. Moreover if there
is a war, and Germany and Russia are on the same side, they would have to
annex Poland and the Baltic States in order to be able to communicate with
each other, and also to have a unified front.
What is for sure though is that the economic reasoning of the Molotov-
Ribbentrop Pact between the Nazis and the Communists is exactly the same
with the economic reasoning of the Nord Stream Pipelines. In both cases
Russia was supposed to provide Germany with raw materials, and Germany
was supposed to provide Russia with manufactured goods.
10. Germany will remain the democratic country she is today. Moreover if there
is a war, and Germany and Russia are on the same side, they would have to
annex Poland and the Baltic States in order to be able to communicate with
each other, and also to have a unified front.
What is for sure though is that the economic reasoning of the Molotov-
Ribbentrop Pact between the Nazis and the Communists is exactly the same
with the economic reasoning of the Nord Stream Pipelines. In both cases
Russia was supposed to provide Germany with raw materials, and Germany
was supposed to provide Russia with manufactured goods.
