The document discusses several topics related to Germany:
1) It summarizes that the German military (Bundeswehr) has highly trained personnel but lacks adequate equipment, leaving it ill-prepared for missions.
2) It describes Germany's Day of Unity on October 3rd, which commemorates reunification, and notes parts of the Berlin Wall still stand as remnants.
3) It discusses the ongoing influence of East Germany on modern Germany, pointing to Chancellor Merkel's background and leadership style as an example of this impact.
4) It outlines the establishment of a new art recovery center in Germany to strengthen efforts to locate artwork looted during the Nazi era.
DuBow Digest American Edition April 2015dubowdigest
This document is a newsletter providing updates on news related to Germany and Israel. It discusses Israel receiving new submarines from Germany that enhance its security capabilities. It also discusses tensions in Europe regarding Germany's dominant economic role, with some likening it to Nazi dominance and calling it the "Fourth Reich". Critics argue Germany has profited in the euro crisis and imposed austerity on Southern Europe.
The bombing of Dresden occurred in February 1945 when over 1,300 Allied bombers firebombed the city, destroying over 80% of its downtown area. Dresden had become overwhelmed with refugees fleeing the advancing Soviet forces. While the Allies claimed the bombing was to disrupt German communications and transportation links, others argue it was intended to demonstrate Allied air power to the Soviets or force Germany to surrender more quickly. Over 25,000 civilians were killed in the resulting firestorm that engulfed the city. The destruction of Dresden remains controversial, with some arguing it was not a militarily necessary action so late in the war.
This document provides an overview of a lesson on World War I that includes slides, readings, videos, and a worksheet. The lesson covers the causes of WWI, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It discusses the trench warfare and stalemate on the Western Front between Germany and France. Key weapons and events of the war are explained, such as poison gas, the sinking of the Lusitania, America's entry into the war, and dissent against the war effort. The document concludes with discussions of the horrors of war and Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points for peace.
The document provides an overview of World War 1, including its causes such as militarism, alliances, and imperialism. It describes the major events and theaters of the war, from the initial Schlieffen Plan to the trench warfare on the Western Front. It also highlights the massive human costs of the war, with over 9 million soldiers killed and many civilian casualties due to new military technologies and a worldwide flu pandemic in 1918.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR 1. REVISION: QUESTIONS AND ANS...George Dumitrache
This document contains sample questions and answers about the origins and causes of World War 1. It discusses factors that led to tensions in Europe like the decline of empires, alliances between countries, naval arms races, and nationalism in the Balkans. It also examines specific events and crises prior to 1914 that contributed to the outbreak of war, such as the Bosnian crisis of 1908-1909 and the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. The document aims to help students analyze the long-term and short-term causes of WWI and understand the perspectives of different countries in the buildup to the war.
Germany pursued an aggressive foreign policy of Weltpolitik that sought European dominance. The September Program outlined Germany's ambition to control Europe economically and politically by making nations like France and Belgium subordinate to Germany. Germany also took actions like expanding its navy and interfering in crises in Morocco that antagonized Britain and France. While Austria-Hungary's conflict with Serbia was the immediate trigger for war, Germany shared responsibility for the war breaking out due to its encouragement of and unconditional support for Austria-Hungary's actions against Serbia through the "Blank Cheque", as well as miscalculations in its Schlieffen Plan that drew more countries into the war.
The document discusses several causes of World War 1 including imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It also discusses the political structure and rise of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s-1930s period including the impact of the Treaty of Versailles and Hitler's consolidation of power. Finally, it examines reasons for the Holocaust and factors that influenced public support for the Nazis in Germany.
This document discusses Germany's role in starting World War 1. It provides evidence that Germany sought to become a world power like Britain and France through expanding its empire. Germany formed alliances with Austria-Hungary and Italy that increased tensions with Britain, France and Russia's alliance. While Germany took some actions to localize conflicts, it also encouraged Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and had aggressive war aims to take land from France and Russia. The document analyzes that though other countries had roles, Germany's actions like the blank cheque and Schlieffen Plan make it largely responsible for provoking World War 1 to achieve its territorial goals.
DuBow Digest American Edition April 2015dubowdigest
This document is a newsletter providing updates on news related to Germany and Israel. It discusses Israel receiving new submarines from Germany that enhance its security capabilities. It also discusses tensions in Europe regarding Germany's dominant economic role, with some likening it to Nazi dominance and calling it the "Fourth Reich". Critics argue Germany has profited in the euro crisis and imposed austerity on Southern Europe.
The bombing of Dresden occurred in February 1945 when over 1,300 Allied bombers firebombed the city, destroying over 80% of its downtown area. Dresden had become overwhelmed with refugees fleeing the advancing Soviet forces. While the Allies claimed the bombing was to disrupt German communications and transportation links, others argue it was intended to demonstrate Allied air power to the Soviets or force Germany to surrender more quickly. Over 25,000 civilians were killed in the resulting firestorm that engulfed the city. The destruction of Dresden remains controversial, with some arguing it was not a militarily necessary action so late in the war.
This document provides an overview of a lesson on World War I that includes slides, readings, videos, and a worksheet. The lesson covers the causes of WWI, including militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It discusses the trench warfare and stalemate on the Western Front between Germany and France. Key weapons and events of the war are explained, such as poison gas, the sinking of the Lusitania, America's entry into the war, and dissent against the war effort. The document concludes with discussions of the horrors of war and Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points for peace.
The document provides an overview of World War 1, including its causes such as militarism, alliances, and imperialism. It describes the major events and theaters of the war, from the initial Schlieffen Plan to the trench warfare on the Western Front. It also highlights the massive human costs of the war, with over 9 million soldiers killed and many civilian casualties due to new military technologies and a worldwide flu pandemic in 1918.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR 1. REVISION: QUESTIONS AND ANS...George Dumitrache
This document contains sample questions and answers about the origins and causes of World War 1. It discusses factors that led to tensions in Europe like the decline of empires, alliances between countries, naval arms races, and nationalism in the Balkans. It also examines specific events and crises prior to 1914 that contributed to the outbreak of war, such as the Bosnian crisis of 1908-1909 and the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. The document aims to help students analyze the long-term and short-term causes of WWI and understand the perspectives of different countries in the buildup to the war.
Germany pursued an aggressive foreign policy of Weltpolitik that sought European dominance. The September Program outlined Germany's ambition to control Europe economically and politically by making nations like France and Belgium subordinate to Germany. Germany also took actions like expanding its navy and interfering in crises in Morocco that antagonized Britain and France. While Austria-Hungary's conflict with Serbia was the immediate trigger for war, Germany shared responsibility for the war breaking out due to its encouragement of and unconditional support for Austria-Hungary's actions against Serbia through the "Blank Cheque", as well as miscalculations in its Schlieffen Plan that drew more countries into the war.
The document discusses several causes of World War 1 including imperialism, militarism, nationalism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. It also discusses the political structure and rise of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s-1930s period including the impact of the Treaty of Versailles and Hitler's consolidation of power. Finally, it examines reasons for the Holocaust and factors that influenced public support for the Nazis in Germany.
This document discusses Germany's role in starting World War 1. It provides evidence that Germany sought to become a world power like Britain and France through expanding its empire. Germany formed alliances with Austria-Hungary and Italy that increased tensions with Britain, France and Russia's alliance. While Germany took some actions to localize conflicts, it also encouraged Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and had aggressive war aims to take land from France and Russia. The document analyzes that though other countries had roles, Germany's actions like the blank cheque and Schlieffen Plan make it largely responsible for provoking World War 1 to achieve its territorial goals.
Germany was largely responsible for starting World War I according to the document. While tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia contributed to the war, Germany encouraged Austria-Hungary to challenge Serbia and pledged military support through the "Blank Cheque". Additionally, Germany had long-term aggressive aims to expand its power and reduce its rivals, as evidenced in the Bethmann Memorandum. Germany also took actions like naval buildup and interventions in Morocco that increased tensions with Britain and France. So while many factors led to the war, Germany played the biggest role through its ambitions and provocations of conflict.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: LONG/SHORT TERM CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1George Dumitrache
The Great War was caused by long term tensions between European powers as well as short term events that sparked the war. In the long term, Germany's growing power threatened other countries and an arms race increased tensions. By 1914, Europe was divided into two alliance systems. The short term cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which gave Austria-Hungary an excuse to attack Serbia, drawing in the other powers. Germany backed Austria-Hungary and invaded neutral Belgium, bringing Britain into the war against Germany and its allies.
The Balfour Declaration set the stage for future conflict in several ways:
- It promised both a Jewish national home and protection of Palestinian rights, but these promises were contradictory and could not both be fully realized.
- It disregarded the wishes and interests of the native Palestinian Arab population in favor of European Zionist goals, sowing resentment.
- The establishment of Israel in 1948, citing the Balfour Declaration, led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians and ongoing disputes over borders and the status of Jerusalem.
- The unresolved Israeli-Palestinian conflict became a flashpoint that helped fuel extremism and anti-Western sentiment in the Middle East for decades. Ongoing disputes over settlements and a
World War I had a devastating impact, as described in the poem remembering the young lives lost in battles like Passchendaele, the Somme, and Mons. New crosses were still being added, a sign that the conflict continued taking lives. The document then discusses several aspects of World War I, including the rise of nationalism in countries like Germany, key facts about the war, life and conditions in the trenches, events like the Christmas truce of 1914 and the failed Gallipoli campaign of 1915, as well as the roles of new technologies and certain individuals.
The document discusses the origins of the crisis in Europe and the Middle East from 1900-1929. It covers the decline of the Ottoman Empire and rise of nationalism in the Balkans. It also discusses the new system of alliances between European powers that contributed to WWI. The war resulted in millions of casualties and the breakup of old empires. It led to new borders in Europe and the Middle East under the treaty system. However, tensions remained as Germany and other nations felt humiliated by the treaties. The document also outlines the rise of new nationalistic governments in Turkey and China in this unstable postwar environment.
1) In early 1939, Hitler was determined to invade Poland but first wanted to ensure the Soviet Union would not resist. On August 23, 1939, the Germans and Soviets signed a non-aggression pact agreeing to divide Poland between them.
2) Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland to begin on August 26, 1939. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, initiating World War II.
3) In September 1939, Germany had a more effective and efficient military than the Allies, particularly in the number and organization of its armored divisions and tanks, which proved decisive in its early victories.
World War 1 was a global war fought from 1914 to 1918 that involved 30 countries. The two main opposing alliances were the Allies including Britain, France, Russia, and later the U.S., against the Central Powers including Germany and Austria-Hungary. After four years of fighting and over 10 million military deaths, the Allies emerged victorious in late 1918, though all countries involved suffered tremendous losses and the effects of total war.
Long-term nationalist tensions and imperialistic rivalries in Europe contributed to the outbreak of World War 1. Germany had a strategic plan to defeat France first through a rapid attack, then focus on Russia with a two-front war. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sparked a series of diplomatic failures, military mobilizations, and declarations that led countries into the war. New technologies like tanks, air power, chemical weapons, and submarines transformed the brutal trench warfare on the Western and Eastern Fronts, as all sides suffered millions of casualties over four years of conflict.
Real History - The Bad War (english 115s)MCExorzist
This document provides a table of contents for chapters covering World War II and related topics in a book called "NOW Forbidden History". The introduction discusses two quotes - one from Aesop's fables about different perspectives shaping history, and one from Edward Gibbon noting that history often records mankind's crimes, follies and misfortunes. Chapter 1 covers events from 1848 to 1913 that helped plant the seeds for future world wars, including revolutions across Europe, the publication of the Communist Manifesto, the establishment of the Reuters news agency, the Franco-Prussian War and unification of Germany.
The document provides background information on the origins of World War 1, focusing on nationalism, international relations, and the search for security in Europe leading up to the war. It discusses the rise of German nationalism and unification under Bismarck in the late 19th century, which upset the balance of power in Europe. It also examines the system of alliances that formed between the European powers as they sought to counter perceived threats from their neighbors. By the early 20th century, Europe was divided between the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia.
The document provides information about World War 1, including the key countries involved on both sides of the war and some of the major events and battles that took place. It discusses the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary versus the Allied Powers like France, Britain, Russia and later the US. Some of the major battles covered include the Marne, where the Allies stopped the German advance on Paris, and the Somme, which resulted in heavy British casualties. The document also discusses the entry of the US into the war, the end of Germany's war efforts, and the eventual Treaty of Versailles that formalized Germany's surrender but has been criticized for punishing Germany harshly.
The document provides an overview of objectives for understanding World War I, including identifying the characteristics of Europe in the late 1800s/early 1900s, the main causes of WWI, the countries and alliances, and what fighting was like in the trenches. Key events that led to WWI are described, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand igniting war after Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia and the alliances pulled additional countries into the conflict. Life in the trenches is summarized, mentioning weapons, trench layout, and conditions of trench warfare.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR 1. ULTRA REVISION: QUESTIONS A...George Dumitrache
1) Germany claimed it never wanted to replace British power, but its more aggressive imperial policies under Kaiser Wilhelm II increased tensions with Britain.
2) Both Austria-Hungary and Russia bear responsibility for failing to peacefully resolve the 1914 Balkan Crisis. Austria-Hungary wanted to crush Serbia but likely wouldn't have without German support, while Russia also wanted influence but had previously backed down from crises.
3) The alliance system both threatened and safeguarded peace. It increased tensions but alliances were vague and prevented some crises from escalating to war before 1914. Countries ultimately went to war to protect their own interests.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist group in 1914 set off a series of events that led to World War I. Austria-Hungary issued an extreme ultimatum to Serbia in response, and received assurances from Germany if Russia intervened to defend Serbia. By August 1914, the major European powers had chosen sides between the Allied and Central Powers, divided by a system of defense treaties, plunging the world into the first global military conflict.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of World War I. It describes the alliance system between the Allied Powers (Triple Entente) of Britain, France, and Russia versus the Central Powers (Triple Alliance) of Germany and Austria-Hungary. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist sparked a series of diplomatic and military escalations that led Germany to declare war on Russia, followed by France, and ultimately Britain entering the war against Germany due to their invasion of Belgium. Over 9 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the four years of brutal trench warfare and new military technologies on land, sea and air.
Why did europe go to war in 1914, essayPaula Ledesma
The document discusses several long-term and short-term causes that led to World War 1 in 1914. The short-term cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo. However, there were also several important long-term causes, including the system of alliances between European powers, imperialism, militarism, and nationalism. The alliances divided Europe into opposing teams and turned local conflicts into international wars. Militarism and imperialism increased tensions as nations built up their armed forces and competed for colonies. Nationalism also heightened tensions over territories like the Balkans and encouraged conflicts between nations like Austria-Hungary and Serbia.
The document provides background information on the Battle of Kursk in 1943. It summarizes that in early 1943, after the destruction of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad, Hitler planned a new offensive in Russia called Operation Citadel to take place around Kursk. It also discusses the Soviet preparations to meet the anticipated German attack, including rebuilding their forces after earlier defeats and relocating industries east of the Urals.
Mark weber the inside story of the hess flight - journal of historical rev...RareBooksnRecords
Rudolf Hess flew from Germany to Scotland in May 1941 on a secret mission to negotiate a peace deal between Germany and Britain. Hess met with British intelligence agents who had been stringing the Germans along in negotiations for months. Hess believed he was meeting with members of a pro-German British organization, but was actually in the hands of British spies. Hess conveyed Hitler's peace terms to the British, which included Germany withdrawing from most occupied countries in exchange for Britain ending the war, but the British had no intention of accepting the terms. Hess's unannounced flight and his capture provided a major intelligence coup for the British.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Du Bow Digest American Edition May 30, 2014dubowdigest
The European Parliament elections saw a troubling swing to the extreme right across Europe. Parties like Golden Dawn in Greece and Jobbik in Hungary that promote racism and anti-Semitism had strong showings. In Germany, Angela Merkel's party won but the new Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, which opposes the euro currency and bailouts for southern European countries, gained its first seats in the European Parliament. The AfD promotes a nationalist message and some see it as further to the right than Merkel's party, but its leader says it does not want to work with extreme right groups in other countries and will seek allies among conservatives.
DuBow Digest American Edition December 2014dubowdigest
The document discusses the election of a new president for the Central Council of Jews in Germany (Zentralrat), Josef Schuster. It provides biographical details about Schuster, noting he was born in Israel but his family returned to Germany when he was young. It outlines some of Schuster's views, including his desire to emphasize the life-affirming aspects of Judaism, and highlights challenges like integrating immigrant Jewish communities. The article also discusses how Schuster hopes to balance his new role with continuing his medical practice in Würzburg.
Germany was largely responsible for starting World War I according to the document. While tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia contributed to the war, Germany encouraged Austria-Hungary to challenge Serbia and pledged military support through the "Blank Cheque". Additionally, Germany had long-term aggressive aims to expand its power and reduce its rivals, as evidenced in the Bethmann Memorandum. Germany also took actions like naval buildup and interventions in Morocco that increased tensions with Britain and France. So while many factors led to the war, Germany played the biggest role through its ambitions and provocations of conflict.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: LONG/SHORT TERM CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1George Dumitrache
The Great War was caused by long term tensions between European powers as well as short term events that sparked the war. In the long term, Germany's growing power threatened other countries and an arms race increased tensions. By 1914, Europe was divided into two alliance systems. The short term cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which gave Austria-Hungary an excuse to attack Serbia, drawing in the other powers. Germany backed Austria-Hungary and invaded neutral Belgium, bringing Britain into the war against Germany and its allies.
The Balfour Declaration set the stage for future conflict in several ways:
- It promised both a Jewish national home and protection of Palestinian rights, but these promises were contradictory and could not both be fully realized.
- It disregarded the wishes and interests of the native Palestinian Arab population in favor of European Zionist goals, sowing resentment.
- The establishment of Israel in 1948, citing the Balfour Declaration, led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians and ongoing disputes over borders and the status of Jerusalem.
- The unresolved Israeli-Palestinian conflict became a flashpoint that helped fuel extremism and anti-Western sentiment in the Middle East for decades. Ongoing disputes over settlements and a
World War I had a devastating impact, as described in the poem remembering the young lives lost in battles like Passchendaele, the Somme, and Mons. New crosses were still being added, a sign that the conflict continued taking lives. The document then discusses several aspects of World War I, including the rise of nationalism in countries like Germany, key facts about the war, life and conditions in the trenches, events like the Christmas truce of 1914 and the failed Gallipoli campaign of 1915, as well as the roles of new technologies and certain individuals.
The document discusses the origins of the crisis in Europe and the Middle East from 1900-1929. It covers the decline of the Ottoman Empire and rise of nationalism in the Balkans. It also discusses the new system of alliances between European powers that contributed to WWI. The war resulted in millions of casualties and the breakup of old empires. It led to new borders in Europe and the Middle East under the treaty system. However, tensions remained as Germany and other nations felt humiliated by the treaties. The document also outlines the rise of new nationalistic governments in Turkey and China in this unstable postwar environment.
1) In early 1939, Hitler was determined to invade Poland but first wanted to ensure the Soviet Union would not resist. On August 23, 1939, the Germans and Soviets signed a non-aggression pact agreeing to divide Poland between them.
2) Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland to begin on August 26, 1939. In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, initiating World War II.
3) In September 1939, Germany had a more effective and efficient military than the Allies, particularly in the number and organization of its armored divisions and tanks, which proved decisive in its early victories.
World War 1 was a global war fought from 1914 to 1918 that involved 30 countries. The two main opposing alliances were the Allies including Britain, France, Russia, and later the U.S., against the Central Powers including Germany and Austria-Hungary. After four years of fighting and over 10 million military deaths, the Allies emerged victorious in late 1918, though all countries involved suffered tremendous losses and the effects of total war.
Long-term nationalist tensions and imperialistic rivalries in Europe contributed to the outbreak of World War 1. Germany had a strategic plan to defeat France first through a rapid attack, then focus on Russia with a two-front war. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sparked a series of diplomatic failures, military mobilizations, and declarations that led countries into the war. New technologies like tanks, air power, chemical weapons, and submarines transformed the brutal trench warfare on the Western and Eastern Fronts, as all sides suffered millions of casualties over four years of conflict.
Real History - The Bad War (english 115s)MCExorzist
This document provides a table of contents for chapters covering World War II and related topics in a book called "NOW Forbidden History". The introduction discusses two quotes - one from Aesop's fables about different perspectives shaping history, and one from Edward Gibbon noting that history often records mankind's crimes, follies and misfortunes. Chapter 1 covers events from 1848 to 1913 that helped plant the seeds for future world wars, including revolutions across Europe, the publication of the Communist Manifesto, the establishment of the Reuters news agency, the Franco-Prussian War and unification of Germany.
The document provides background information on the origins of World War 1, focusing on nationalism, international relations, and the search for security in Europe leading up to the war. It discusses the rise of German nationalism and unification under Bismarck in the late 19th century, which upset the balance of power in Europe. It also examines the system of alliances that formed between the European powers as they sought to counter perceived threats from their neighbors. By the early 20th century, Europe was divided between the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the Triple Entente of Britain, France and Russia.
The document provides information about World War 1, including the key countries involved on both sides of the war and some of the major events and battles that took place. It discusses the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary versus the Allied Powers like France, Britain, Russia and later the US. Some of the major battles covered include the Marne, where the Allies stopped the German advance on Paris, and the Somme, which resulted in heavy British casualties. The document also discusses the entry of the US into the war, the end of Germany's war efforts, and the eventual Treaty of Versailles that formalized Germany's surrender but has been criticized for punishing Germany harshly.
The document provides an overview of objectives for understanding World War I, including identifying the characteristics of Europe in the late 1800s/early 1900s, the main causes of WWI, the countries and alliances, and what fighting was like in the trenches. Key events that led to WWI are described, such as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand igniting war after Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia and the alliances pulled additional countries into the conflict. Life in the trenches is summarized, mentioning weapons, trench layout, and conditions of trench warfare.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR 1. ULTRA REVISION: QUESTIONS A...George Dumitrache
1) Germany claimed it never wanted to replace British power, but its more aggressive imperial policies under Kaiser Wilhelm II increased tensions with Britain.
2) Both Austria-Hungary and Russia bear responsibility for failing to peacefully resolve the 1914 Balkan Crisis. Austria-Hungary wanted to crush Serbia but likely wouldn't have without German support, while Russia also wanted influence but had previously backed down from crises.
3) The alliance system both threatened and safeguarded peace. It increased tensions but alliances were vague and prevented some crises from escalating to war before 1914. Countries ultimately went to war to protect their own interests.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist group in 1914 set off a series of events that led to World War I. Austria-Hungary issued an extreme ultimatum to Serbia in response, and received assurances from Germany if Russia intervened to defend Serbia. By August 1914, the major European powers had chosen sides between the Allied and Central Powers, divided by a system of defense treaties, plunging the world into the first global military conflict.
The document summarizes the key causes and events of World War I. It describes the alliance system between the Allied Powers (Triple Entente) of Britain, France, and Russia versus the Central Powers (Triple Alliance) of Germany and Austria-Hungary. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist sparked a series of diplomatic and military escalations that led Germany to declare war on Russia, followed by France, and ultimately Britain entering the war against Germany due to their invasion of Belgium. Over 9 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the four years of brutal trench warfare and new military technologies on land, sea and air.
Why did europe go to war in 1914, essayPaula Ledesma
The document discusses several long-term and short-term causes that led to World War 1 in 1914. The short-term cause was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo. However, there were also several important long-term causes, including the system of alliances between European powers, imperialism, militarism, and nationalism. The alliances divided Europe into opposing teams and turned local conflicts into international wars. Militarism and imperialism increased tensions as nations built up their armed forces and competed for colonies. Nationalism also heightened tensions over territories like the Balkans and encouraged conflicts between nations like Austria-Hungary and Serbia.
The document provides background information on the Battle of Kursk in 1943. It summarizes that in early 1943, after the destruction of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad, Hitler planned a new offensive in Russia called Operation Citadel to take place around Kursk. It also discusses the Soviet preparations to meet the anticipated German attack, including rebuilding their forces after earlier defeats and relocating industries east of the Urals.
Mark weber the inside story of the hess flight - journal of historical rev...RareBooksnRecords
Rudolf Hess flew from Germany to Scotland in May 1941 on a secret mission to negotiate a peace deal between Germany and Britain. Hess met with British intelligence agents who had been stringing the Germans along in negotiations for months. Hess believed he was meeting with members of a pro-German British organization, but was actually in the hands of British spies. Hess conveyed Hitler's peace terms to the British, which included Germany withdrawing from most occupied countries in exchange for Britain ending the war, but the British had no intention of accepting the terms. Hess's unannounced flight and his capture provided a major intelligence coup for the British.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Du Bow Digest American Edition May 30, 2014dubowdigest
The European Parliament elections saw a troubling swing to the extreme right across Europe. Parties like Golden Dawn in Greece and Jobbik in Hungary that promote racism and anti-Semitism had strong showings. In Germany, Angela Merkel's party won but the new Alternative for Germany (AfD) party, which opposes the euro currency and bailouts for southern European countries, gained its first seats in the European Parliament. The AfD promotes a nationalist message and some see it as further to the right than Merkel's party, but its leader says it does not want to work with extreme right groups in other countries and will seek allies among conservatives.
DuBow Digest American Edition December 2014dubowdigest
The document discusses the election of a new president for the Central Council of Jews in Germany (Zentralrat), Josef Schuster. It provides biographical details about Schuster, noting he was born in Israel but his family returned to Germany when he was young. It outlines some of Schuster's views, including his desire to emphasize the life-affirming aspects of Judaism, and highlights challenges like integrating immigrant Jewish communities. The article also discusses how Schuster hopes to balance his new role with continuing his medical practice in Würzburg.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
Philanthropedia provides custom nonprofit research services through GuideStar. Their research process identifies high-impact nonprofits in causes selected by the client. Experts in the fields are surveyed and their reviews are analyzed to identify 10-20 standout nonprofits per cause. Detailed reports also provide analysis of the nonprofits' impact, strengths, and opportunities for improvement. The research is intended to help clients and donors direct funds more effectively to causes that are making a positive difference. Pricing starts at $20,000 for research on 2 causes. Past clients like Minnesota Philanthropy Partners have used the research successfully for donor education.
GuideStar led the first revolution in nonprofit transparency by posting IRS Forms 990 online nearly two decades ago. That resulted in greater accountability in nonprofit practice and greater transparency in compensation, program effectiveness, and giving across the sector.
Now we’re helping to lead a second revolution. We want to expand the definition of transparency to be more timely, interactive, inclusive, and comprehensive.
מוחנו פועל כשתי מערכות חשיבה נפרדות, המערכת האנליטית והמערכת האינטואיטיבית, כך קובע זוכה פרס נובל פרופ' דניאל כהנמן. מתברר כי יש זמנים בהם פועלת במוחנו המערכת האחת – וזמנים אחרים בהם פועלת האחרת. האורח בו שתי המערכות תופסות דברים ומקבלות החלטות שונה לחלוטין, ולכן ברור שמאפייני UX אינם יכולים להתעלם מ"פיצול האישיות" של המשתמשים שלהם.
ההרצאה סוקרת את התכונות הכל כך שונות של שתי המערכות ומציעה כיצד על מאפייני UX לתכנן את חווית המשתמש כך שתתאים בזמנים הנכונים למערכת זו – בזמנים אחרים – לאחרת.
See how leading companies, Salesforce Foundation and Foundant Technologies, are taking advantage of APIs to power social impact. Attendees will learn about GuideStar APIs in the social sector, see specific working examples, and an overview of uses. Part 1 of a series on APIs.
The document is a newsletter from an American-Jewish organization providing news and commentary on political issues. It discusses recent polls showing strong support for Israel among Americans and American Jews continuing to support Democrats. It also covers upcoming Palestinian efforts to upgrade their UN status, issues surrounding Jewish marriage in Israel, and an article by a Saudi writer arguing that the real enemies of the Arab world are internal problems rather than Israel.
Your GuideStar Charity Check: Setting up Grantee Alerts and Nonprofit Watch-L...GuideStar
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This document provides tips on how to market and promote yourself as a professional. It emphasizes that we are all marketers and marketing is key to helping people and building a successful career and business. It recommends finding your purpose and writing career goals, shifting to an entrepreneurial mindset, and determining your value and unique benefits. Specific tips include becoming an expert in your field, public speaking, networking, community involvement, using social media, asking for referrals, building a contact database, and continually learning. Resources for further learning include books and websites on marketing and blogging.
Du bow digest american edition april 2015dubowdigest
This document is a newsletter from Eugene Dubow providing updates on news related to Germany. It discusses several topics:
- Germany is still dealing with the aftermath of the Germanwings plane crash by a German pilot.
- Former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl celebrated his 85th birthday and his legacy of reunifying Germany and supporting European unity is still praised today.
- Some Greeks and others in Southern Europe criticize Germany's economic dominance in the EU since the financial crisis, drawing comparisons to Nazi occupation. However, others argue Germany is just acting in its own economic interests.
- Germany has important economic ties with Iran and German companies would be negatively impacted by sanctions, so Germany likely sees the nuclear deal as
Defeat in the East: Russia conquers-January to May 1945Odal Rune
- Hitler was refusing to allow orderly retreats of German forces and civilians in the face of advancing Russian armies, instead ordering suicidal actions that led to massive losses.
- The Russian offensive was set to begin on January 12, 1945, against a depleted German eastern front. General Guderian feared the enormous Russian forces amassed could overrun remaining German territory in the east.
- As Chief of Staff, Guderian's role was to prepare German defenses against the coming Russian offensive, though he believed Germany's defeat was inevitable and politics was beyond his control as a soldier.
Charles e. weber german history from a new perspective-hellmut diwald's gesc...RareBooksnRecords
This book review provides a detailed summary of Professor Hellmut Diwald's book "Geschichte der Deutschen" (History of the Germans). The following key points are made:
1) Diwald's book represents a milestone in illustrated general histories of Germany published after 1945, using high quality illustrations and maps and taking a retrospective approach back to the early 10th century.
2) While not denying problematic aspects of German history, the book's text is relatively free of the masochistic tendency in German histories since 1945.
3) The book draws similarities to Hans Hagemeyer's 1944 book "Gestalt und Wandel des Reiches", including using some of the same photographs.
This document consists of a 14 page exam for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education in History. The exam provides background information and sources on two different history topics, with questions requiring analysis and evaluation of the sources. The first topic is whether Germany was to blame for World War 1, providing 8 sources from 1889-1923 on British cartoons, meetings between German leaders, and viewpoints from different countries. The second topic evaluates if the Treaty of Versailles was fair and just, providing 10 sources from 1919-1976 including descriptions, cartoons, and opinions from different involved parties. Students must use the sources and their own knowledge to answer detailed questions on each topic.
The document provides updates on political and social issues in Germany. It discusses the League of Expellees and concerns about some members holding revanchist views that could undermine reconciliation efforts. It also describes the new European External Action Service that will coordinate EU foreign policy, and the closure of a mosque in Hamburg known to recruit for terrorist activities. The challenges of enforcing sanctions against Iran while some German firms try to circumvent the rules are also noted.
The Uncanny Prominence of the Ninth of November from the Fall of the German E...Julian Scutts
This document summarizes key events in German history that occurred on or around November 9th, from the fall of the German Empire in 1918 to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. It notes that November 9th has become known as Germany's "day of destiny" due to historical moments like the founding of the Weimar Republic in 1918, Kristallnacht in 1938, and the opening of the Berlin Wall in 1989 all occurring on or near this date. It then provides more detail on events in 1848 related to Robert Blum and the failed revolution, as well as the political transition in Germany from November 9th to 11th in 1918.
A survey of historical events that occurred on the ninth of November from the fall of the German Empire in 1918 to the Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.
Lesson 3 The Decline of the Weimar Republic and the Rise of the.docxsmile790243
Lesson 3: The Decline of the Weimar Republic and the Rise of the Nazi Party
Lesson Essay
When you can accomplish the learning objectives for this lesson, you should begin work on the lesson essay described below. You may use any assigned readings, your notes, and other course-related materials to complete this assignment. Be sure to reread theessay grading criteria on the Grades and Assessments page.
This essay should be about 750 words long, typed double space with one-inch margins on each side. It is worth 100 points and should address the following:
What does General Ludendorff's notion of a "stab-in-the-back" refer to? Discuss the political implications of this theory for the newly founded Weimar Republic in 1919. You should take into account both the relationship between civil government and the military command and the public's perception of the republic and the lost war.
Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
· Define crucial terms and events such as the stab-in-the-back legend, Kapp-Putsch, NSDAP, SA, SS, Night of the Long Knives, andErmächtigungsgesetz.
· Provide a brief summary of the Treaty of Versailles.
· Summarize the various reasons the Weimar Republic was an emergency solution disliked by large segments of the German population.
· Broadly discuss the genesis of the NSDAP and its development until 1933.
· Enumerate the major political goals of Hitler and the NSDAP.
· Provide an account of how Hitler established a totalitarian regime within the first six months of his being voted chancellor.
CommentaryThe First World War
We have already briefly touched upon the multiple factors that led to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Chief among them was the widespread imperialist ambitions of the major European nations at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. Since Germany developed its industrial power relatively late, it felt left behind in comparison with the other powers, notably France and Britain, which had already built huge imperialist empires in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas. Demanding its own "place under the sun," as the German Emperor Wilhelm II put it, Germany rapidly increased its military and economic presence in other parts of the world and established colonies in southwest Africa, China, and the Pacific islands, among others. Compared with the strong sense of competition among European powers around 1914, the assassination of Grand Duke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Serbia, generally considered the "actual" cause of the war, was merely the final straw that unleashed the storm that had been building for decades.
The war itself was enthusiastically embraced by most peoples in Europe, with only a few critical voices in the beginning. This changed later on, particularly after it had become clear in 1916 that the war could not be won as easily as each nation had hoped. The central powers (comprising Germany ...
- Strategic bombing is defined as striking deep into enemy territory to destroy war-making capabilities. During WWII, theorists like Trenchard, Douhet, and Gorrell proposed different strategic bombing theories. Trenchard focused on attacking homelands and morale, Douhet targeted infrastructure as part of "total war", and Gorrell focused on bombing German cities one by one.
- The Allied forces prioritized protecting Britain and the US first, then launching an air offensive against the Axis in Europe while defending in Asia, and finally sustaining an offensive against Japan after defeating Europe. This showed the Allies' ability to coordinate plans under pressure.
- Allied strategic bombing of Germany was significant in disrupting German forces, damaging the
This article poses an inquiry as to the resons for the sharp contrst between the euphoria that swept through the words when the Berlin Wall fell and the present bleak situation in which the threat of a global conflict cannot be ruled out. Can we trace our steps that led down the slippery slope towards so dire an outcome?
Mark weber president roosevelt's campaign to incite war in europe - the sec...RareBooksnRecords
This document summarizes a paper that relies on secret Polish documents captured by Germany when Warsaw fell in 1939. The documents reveal that President Roosevelt campaigned vigorously to provoke war in Europe prior to the outbreak of hostilities in September 1939. Specifically, they show Roosevelt's efforts to pressure Britain, France, and Poland into war against Germany in 1938-1939. The release of the documents caused a major international media sensation but had less impact than Germany hoped due to categorical denials by top US officials like Secretary of State Cordell Hull that the documents were authentic. Most Americans trusted their leaders' claims over documents released by Germany during wartime.
This document provides an overview of World War II through summarizing the contents of an atlas about the war. It discusses key events like the German occupation of Paris in 1940 and the US Marines battle at Iwo Jima in 1945. It also provides historical context about the lead up to the war and its devastating global impact. The introduction frames World War II as the culmination of tensions between Britain and Germany over European dominance dating back to World War I.
Du Bow Digest american edition june 13, 2013dubowdigest
The document provides an overview of recent news and events related to Germany:
- Eastern Germany experienced severe flooding that caused billions in damages.
- A neo-Nazi murder trial is underway in Germany.
- President Obama will visit Berlin next week to give a speech.
- The document discusses political views on Chancellor Merkel, Germany-Israel relations including submarine deals, the 150th anniversary of the Social Democratic Party, increased Holocaust survivor aid from Germany, and a physical altercation at a meeting of the Berlin Jewish community over financial issues.
THE ROAD TO WAR 1939 - LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF THE PEACE TREATIESGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the rise of dictators in Europe following World War 1 and the Treaty of Versailles. It notes that several countries came under dictatorships in the 1920s-1930s, including Portugal under Salazar from 1932, Spain under Franco from 1939, Italy under Mussolini from 1922, Germany under Hitler from 1933, the Soviet Union under Stalin from 1924, and Greece under Metaxas from 1936. It also discusses how the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles left Germany dissatisfied and paved the way for Hitler to rise to power by promising to destroy the treaty.
The document provides a summary of key events during World War II:
1) Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, quickly defeating Poland through the use of Blitzkrieg tactics. Germany then invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940 and used Blitzkrieg tactics to invade France in May 1940 through Belgium, bypassing the Maginot Line.
2) Britain survived Germany's planned invasion in 1940 thanks to the Royal Air Force prevailing over the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain during July-September 1940.
3) Britain depended on imports for resources but survived the German U-boat threat in the Battle of the Atlantic through 1942 by adopting convoy systems protected by radar-equipped ships
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1. 1
AMERICAN EDITION
October 2014
IN THIS EDITION
THE GERMAN MILITARY – 1st class personnel. 3rd class equipment.
THE DAY OF GERMAN UNITY & THE WALL – It’s their 4th of July. The Wall still exists.
THE EAST GERMANY EFFECT – East Germany didn’t just disappear.
LOOTED ART RECOVERY CENTER ESTABLISHED – It should help legal owners.
THE OTHER LEADER: GERMANY’S PRESIDENT – Unknown by many.
WHO IS HURT BY GERMAN ECONOMIC POLICY? GERMANY? – Will it change?
DOING THE RIGHT THING IN WIESBADEN – The Museum handles looted art.
GERMANY & ISRAEL: NEW WARSHIPS – Not only submarines.
Dear Friends:
The chillier air of fall has arrived in New York. No complaints! We had a great, cool
summer. Let’s hope we don’t have to pay our dues with a non-stop winter like we had in
2013-14.
While things are never at a standstill, matters dealing with German – Jewish relations
are relatively quiet. There have been a couple of articles about many young Israelis
moving to Berlin (http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/waves-of-young-israelis-
find-a-home-in-the-former-nazi-capital/2014/10/21/7ecd02bf-70fa-4b9f-b226-
c4be22049a2f_story.html?hpid=z1 .It has annoyed some Israelis for various reasons.
My take is that Jews should be able to live wherever they want without anti -Semitism or
difficulty of any kind. Berlin is a very open and welcoming city. Other cities around the
world should use it as a model.
The American and German governments seem to be pretty much at peace with each
other these days. No new telephone tapping or other new spying disasters have
emerged lately. Ain’t peace wonderful?
Even in this time of relative quiet there still seemed to be plenty to report and write
about. So, let’s get on with it…
THE GERMAN MILITARY:
2. If you’re old enough to remember World War II or have even read about it you know that
the German military (then called the Wehrmacht) was a mighty force. It is now renamed,
the Bundeswehr, it’s a lot different than its predecessor. In the 1930’s and 1940’s it
rolled over much of Europe until it butted heads with the Russian Winter and the
Americans who entered the fray late. Even then its equipment was very high grade.
Today the situation is just not the same. A total defeat in the war, the now deeply
imbedded cultural change in Germany to pacifism and its involvement in NATO, where
the understanding pretty much is that the U.S. will fight any war that are necessary to be
fought, seems to have reduced the need to supply their soldiers with enough of the right
kind of equipment. .
Spiegel on Line recently reported, “Germany wants to strengthen its role in international
affairs. But recent reports suggest the country's weapons systems are in such disrepair
that Berlin actually has very little to offer its partners.
Last week, a single person pushed Germany's air force to the very limits of its
capacities: Ursula von der Leyen, the country's defense minister requested that two
Transall military transport aircraft with missile defense systems be transferred to
Amman, the Jordanian capital. [It didn’t happen]The defense minister and a pool of
reporters then flew for eight hours on Thursday morning in one of the aircraft to Erbil in
Iraq's Kurdish region. Back in Germany, the military had but a single additional Transall
at its disposal.
After her arrival in Erbil, von der Leyen proceeded to the palace of the Kurdish regional
government's president. Her visit was to be concurrent with the delivery of German
weapons, intended to aid the Kurds in their fight against Islamic State jihadists.
Unfortunately, the machine guns and bazookas got stuck in Germany and the trainers in
Bulgaria because of a dearth of available aircraft. One had been grounded because of a
massive fuel leak. What could have been a shining moment for the minister instead
turned into an embarrassing failure underscoring the miserable state of many of the
Bundeswehr's most important weapons systems.
2
Von der Leyen wants to transform the Bundeswehr, the country's armed forces, into an
intervention army capable of mastering deployments like those in Kosovo or
Afghanistan. But the idea of deterrence based on powerful combat units and heavy
weapons has also gained currency as a result of the crisis in Ukraine.
However…
[The] members of the[military evaluation] committee reviewed a paper that provided a
color-coded green, yellow and red classifications based on an assessment of the
operational capability of the 22 main weapons systems used by the army, navy and air
force.
3. It appears that the paper included a considerable amount of misleading information and
that the military might even be in worse shape than that presented by the officials.
High-ranking military officials involved had the option of giving a seemingly arbitrary
green, yellow or red classification for systems for which their unit had responsibility.
Germany's lone deployable submarine (of four) received a yellow rating. Seventy of the
country's 180 Boxer armored combat vehicles were deemed unfit for deployment.
Defense Ministry sources also told SPIEGEL that Bundeswehr General Inspector Volker
Wieker even made last-minute changes to the color codes on some of the systems.
Meanwhile, air force Chief Karl Müllner made clear in remarks to members of the
committee that, despite green dots signifying equipment was working, his forces were
only capable of conducting current missions and did not have the capacity for any new
ones. Officials at the ministry stated that the "classification system used is based on a
combination of availability for deployment and training as well as consideration for the
ability to fulfill the mission."
There’s more but by now I think you get the idea. It should be fully understood that this
failure to give the Bundeswehr adequate equipment has nothing (absolutely nothing!) to
do with the quality of those who serve in their military. Over the years I have had
considerable contact with Bundeswehr personnel. They are of the highest caliber and
very dedicated to democracy. Over and above that, they serve honorably on missions
where there is little glory supplying help and assistance where it is needed. They serve
shoulder to shoulder with our own servicemen and women
For whatever the reason, It is a genuine disgrace that these noble military people do not
get the backing they deserve. I hope the government understands that and rights the
wrong ASAP. After all, they are NATO military and may at any moment be called upon
to undertake genuinely important missions. Obviously, at this moment they’re not ready.
3
An updated report can be read by clicking here. http://www.dw.de/merkel-peeks-over-bundeswehr-
shortfall-parapet/a-17973151
THE DAY OF GERMAN UNITY & THE WALL
Earlier this month Germans celebrated the Day of German Unity. According to
Wikipedia, “The Day of German Unity (German: Tag der Deutschen Einheit) is the
national day of Germany, celebrated on 3 October as a public holiday. It commemorates
the anniversary of German reunification in 1990, when the goal of a unity of Germany
that originated in the middle of the 19th century, was fulfilled again. Therefore, the name
addresses neither the re-union nor the union, but the unity of Germany. The Day of
German Unity on 3 October has been the German national holiday since 1990, when
the reunification was formally completed. It is a legal holiday for the Federal Republic of
Germany.
An alternative choice to commemorate the reunification could have been the day the
Berlin Wall came down: 9 November 1989, which coincided with the anniversary of the
proclamation of the German Republic in 1918, and the defeat of Hitler's first coup in
4. 4
1923. However, 9 November was also the anniversary of the first large-scale Nazi-led
pogroms against Jews in 1938 (Kristallnacht), so the day was considered inappropriate
as a national holiday. Therefore, 3 October 1990, the day of the formal reunification,
was chosen instead and replaced the "Day of German Unity" on 17 June, the national
holiday of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1954.
Obviously, like our July 4th, Oct. 3rd is a very important day. However, unlike our national
day which first took place over 200 years ago, German unity is now only 25 years old.
Yes! They are one nation but like our own, togetherness was a long time in coming and
is fraught with many problems. I’ll deal with all of that a bit more below.
Perhaps the most outstanding symbol of the divided Germany was the Berlin Wall. As
almost everyone knows who has not lived under a rock for the last quarter century, it
came down in 1989 and signified the end of East Germany as a separate country and
the end of communism in Europe. However, what many people do not know (if you
haven’t visited Berlin) is that parts of the Wall still remain. To give you a little tour of the
remnants, Deutsche Welle (DW.de) has put together a video which you can see by
clicking here. http://www.dw.de/along-the-berlin-wall-line/av-17874803
THE EAST GERMANY EFFECT
When the two Germanys came together in 1990 many people thought it wouldn’t be so
much a merger as a takeover by West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany – FRG).
East Germany (German Democratic Republic – GDR) was pretty much a failed state,
was about to be relegated to the dustbin of history and all things FRG would remain as
they were, but only bigger and better. That’s not what happened.
There was no way that the inclusion of more than 17 million people who had only lived
under Nazism and communism would not have at least some effect on the “new”
Germany. As it turned out there was a major effect including having a former “Ossie”
(Easterner) who grew to adulthood in the GDR, 25 years after the Wall fell, as its
dynamic Chancellor.
Dirk Kurbjuweit writing in Spiegel On-Line has noted, “Were the courageous citizens of
East German cities like Leipzig and Halle merely added to the army of consumers,
without bringing any political change to their new country?
A revolution has two goals: to put an end to everything that preceded it and to create
something new. The revolutionaries of 1989 achieved the first goal when the GDR
ceased to exist as a country. But the second goal was a different matter. The Federal
Republic, as West Germany was (and today's Germany is) formally known, enveloped
the former East Germany, and the new entity was something familiar, at least at first.
The West had expanded eastward.
But now, 25 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, it is clear that this is not the whole
story. The revolution also created the conditions for something new, a different
5. 5
Germany. The institutions haven't changed and the West German economy continues
to dominate, but something has also flowed in the opposite direction. Could it be that
the Federal Republic of Germany, which has been gazing westward since 1949, has
become more eastern in the last few years?
Nothing has contributed more to this change than the chancellor from the east, Angela
Merkel. She is a democrat and a champion of freedom, and she hasn't created an
expanded GDR. Nevertheless, there are aspects to the way she runs the country that
are reminiscent of the former East Germany.
A dictatorship fears open discourse and conflict, and it thrives on the fiction of unity. The
ruler or the ruling party claims that it is executing the will of the people, and because
that will is supposed to be uniform, everyone is under forced consensus. Silence in the
country is treated as approval. Merkel grew up in this system.
Elements of it are reflected in her political style. She despises open dispute, she does
not initiate discourse and she feels comfortable when silence prevails. She prefers to
govern within a grand coalition, because it enables her to create broad consensus
within small groups. Things have become quieter in Germany.
While Merkel brings the East German element of silence instead of discourse into
federal German politics, President Joachim Gauck, also an East German, provides an
audible dissidence. As a pastor in the northeastern city of Rostock, Gauck was no
resistance fighter, yet he was a civil rights activist. He injects his energetic approach to
freedom into German politics, along with the message that freedom must be fought for
or defended, with armed force, if necessary.
The citizens of East Germany had not alienated themselves as strongly from their
counterparts in West Germany, despite encouragement from the SED. The country
bordering theirs to the west remained a place of aspirations and hopes -- for more
freedom and a higher level of consumption. The step they took following their revolution
was in fact not a step into a completely alien world. Despite the separation, citizens in
the eastern and western parts of Germany retained a similar political mentality.
Germans value a strong social welfare state. In the GDR, it provided total care at a low
level. While it isn't as comprehensive in the federal republ ic, it also offers a better
standard of living.
Both the east and the west have a tendency toward anti-capitalism. It was an
established part of the system in the GDR, while in West Germany it developed in a
special form called the Rhenish model of capitalism, which was less permissive than the
Anglo-Saxon model and allowed for more government influence.
Hopefully, the above excerpts give you some insights into the makeup of current day
Germany. There is much more in the article dealing with the Left Party (made up partly
of former citizens of the GDR), militarism, anti-Americanism, etc. You should read it all.
You can by clicking here. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/how-east-
6. 6
germany-influences-modern-day-german-politics-a-994410.html
What the article does not do is cover the impact the German unification had (and has)
on Jews, Judaism and Israel. We do know that the end of the Soviet Union brought a
goodly number of Jews to Germany. While the Wall was up the Jews in Germany
numbered about 28,000. There are now, in all probability, more than 200,000. There is
vibrant Jewish life in quite a few communities.
On the other hand, the GDR had a strong anti-Israel bent. How much of that lasts in the
hearts, minds and culture of former easterners is an unanswerable question. We do
know, however, that the Left Party is the most pro-Palestinian, anti-Israel party in the
political spectrum.
But…we also know that former “Ossie” Angela Merkel leads the most pro-Israel party
and continues to lead the most Israel-friendly government in Europe. Her statement at
the recent anti anti-Semitism rally, ““That people in Germany are threatened and
abused because of their appearance or their support for Israel is an outrageous scandal
that we won’t accept, It’s our national and civic duty to fight anti -Semitism.” says it all.
LOOTED ART RECOVERY CENTER ESTABLISHED
DW recently reported, “Germany's Cabinet has approved a center to fortify the hunt for
art looted by the Nazis. The culture minister says Germany has a responsibility to find
works stolen from across Europe during the 1930s and 1940s.
Acting on months of suggestions to better use resources to track looted art, the Cabinet
made plans to fortify the search for works stolen during the Nazi era. The idea would
incorporate Berlin's Bureau for Provenance Research into the German Lost-Art
Foundation, basing the operation in the latter's headquarters in the eastern city of
Magdeburg, and increasing its budget by about 5 million euros ($6.3 million).
Germany came under fire late last year after it came to light that Cornelius Gurlitt, the
son of a prominent Nazi-era art dealer, had hidden a collection in his Munich flat for
years - and in February a second stash was found in Austria.
"It's not just the Gurlitt case and the domestic and foreign reaction that have made it
clear that we must expand our efforts in the issues of provenance research and
restitution,” Culture Minister Monika Grütters (pictured), a Christian Democrat, had said
when proposing the foundation back in February.
Authorities believed that at least some expropriated pieces became part of Gurlitt's
collection, which had an estimated worth of 1 billion euros. The collector, who died in
May, willed his holdings to the Museum of Fine Arts Bern, which is expected to decide
at a November 26 board meeting whether to accept the roughly 1,300 pieces, including
works by Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall and others.
7. Grütters said the public outcry about the discovery showed that many people did not
think that German authorities had sufficiently committed to the issue yet. By creating the
new center, the country can concentrate local, state and federal workers under one roof
to research the history of the items in question.
7
The proposal still requires approval from leaders of German states and municipal
governments. They are expected to vote on that at a meeting of regional culture
ministers in the Ruhrgebiet city of Essen
It is well known that much of the art work in question was looted by the Nazis from
Jewish owners. I think that the centralizing of the attempt to identify the owners (or
estates of the owners) will help a lot in hastening the process of restoring the art to the
lawful owners.. All along I’ve thought that Minister Grütters would get the job done. She
is very sensitive to matters affecting the Jewish community and so her efforts come as
no surprise.
THE OTHER LEADER: GERMANY’S PRESIDENT
The well-known TV ad for GEICO which trumpets “Everybody knows that” applies to
Angela Merkel as German Chancellor. However, as the ad continues, “But did you know
that…?” might very be the question asked about the identity of Germany’s President.
Outside of Germany (and maybe some of the countries in Europe) I doubt seriously that
many, particularly in the U.S., could identify the former East German pastor Joachim
Gauck as the President of Germany. After the identification is made, a legitimate
question might be, “What does the German president do?”
According to Wikipedia. “Germany has a parliamentary system of government with the
Federal Chancellor running the government and the politics of the day. However, the
German President has a role which is more than ceremonial with the office being a
genuine political office with extensive discretion regarding the way the President
exercises his official duties. The Federal President gives direction to general political
and societal debates and has some important "reserve powers" in case of political
instability (such as those provided for by Article 81 of the Basic Law) Under Article 59
(1) of the Basic Law (German Constitution), the Federal President represents the
Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law, concludes treaties with
foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats Furthermore, all federal laws must
be signed by the President before they can come into effect; however, he can only veto
a law that he believes to violate the constitution.
The Federal President, by his actions and public appearances, represents the state
itself, its existence, its legitimacy, and unity. The President's office involves an
integrative role and the control function of upholding the law and the constitution.
So, as you can see, the President is just not some figurehead. He can have a lot to say
and if he is held in high esteem (which is normal for the holder of the office) what he
does say carries a lot of weight..
8. Pres. Gauck, a pastor and civil rights leader in East Germany is now about half-way
through his first term. According to DW, the first 2 ½ years were undistinguished.
However, they now opine, “In Gauck, Germany has a self-confident president who
performs his duties energetically. Gauck has learned to skillfully insert himself into the
major political debates, without ever sliding into the indignity of day-to-day politics. That
does Germany good. The president finds clear words where the chancellor keeps quiet
or lurks in ambiguities. That suits both of them. Instead of the feared conflict between
the two leaders, we get the opposite: an almost perfect complementary partnership. On
the one hand, the pragmatic Angela Merkel who approaches problems with a scientist's
exactitude and calm - on the other, Joachim Gauck, who seeks direct dialogue and
plays masterfully on the keyboard of emotions.
Gauck's form improved significantly after he found the central themes of his presidency:
Germany's role in the world and the great conflicts of our time. And so he criticized
Russia and, referring to the Ukraine conflict, he said, "territorial concessions often only
broaden the appetite of aggressors." The supporters of the far-right NPD he called
"idiots," while the policies of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan he termed a
"danger to democracy."
At the Munich Security Conference, he said rightly that Germany should -
commensurate with its economic power - start intervening earlier and more decisively in
international crises and, if necessary, by military means - something that divided the
public. The issue dominated headlines for days, and proved at last that Gauck is more
than just a feel-good president fulfilling a symbolic role.
8
Recently Pres., Gauck was interviewed by Britain’s Globe & Mail. Part of the interview
follows:
You recently talked about a new anti-Semitism in Germany and elsewhere in Europe.
Can you elaborate about what it means, and what state and civil society can do about
it?
He replied:
In Germany, as elsewhere, aggressive anti-Semitic sentiments were expressed during
several demonstrations on the Israel-Palestine conflict this summer. Traditional anti-
Semitism in Germany and other European countries came together here with a new
anti-Semitism which is found in certain migrant communities. I find that very worrying
indeed. However, the overwhelming majority of my fellow Germans have distanced
themselves from this. Recently, the Muslim community organised a day of action
against racism and extremism. And at a major rally in Berlin two weeks ago, I and
Chancellor Merkel witnessed once more that anti-Semitic comments in Germany don’t
go unchallenged. The public, the media and politicians are united in resolutely rejecting
these shameful sentiments and condemning them in the strongest possible terms.
I don’t think we could ask for better.
9. 9
WHO IS HURT BY GERMAN ECONOMIC POLICY? GERMANY?
The first thing you should know is that I know practically nothing about economics. So, I
cannot be a judge of the Washington Post’s opinion writer Harold Meyerson and his
column on the danger of Germany’s economic policy. However, when he says,
“…I’m no fan of Germany’s macroeconomics, which are more destructive and
dangerous than those of any other nation. By using its power as the dominant nation in
the European Union to impose austerity on the struggling economies of Southern
Europe, Germany has condemned young people in Spain and Greece to unemployment
rates in excess of 50 percent, shaken the social fabric of every nation on the
Mediterranean and contributed to the rise of such far-right parties as France’s National
Front and Greece’s neo-Nazi Golden Dawn. Unlike other nations, Germany hasn’t
offshored its best industrial jobs, but it has relentlessly offshored to its Southern
neighbor’s conditions conducive to the rise of a xenophobic extremism that one would
think Germany, of all nations, wouldn’t wish to nourish,
I think we should all listen. He continues,
The challenges facing the nations of Mediterranean Europe are hard-wired into the
structure of the European Union, but Germany has made them incomparably worse.
Just as the euro has enabled Germany to boost its exports by making them cheaper
than they’d be if the country had a currency that reflected the strength of its economy, it
has also overpriced exports from the nations of Southern Europe, which cannot devalue
their currencies to reflect their economic weakness. Having forfeited the ability to adjust
their monetary policy to boost their economies, the Mediterranean nations have also
been blocked from stimulating their economies fiscally by the European Union’s
prohibition of budget deficits that exceed 3 percent of nations’ gross domestic products.
Historically, those budget limits have been amended or waived during downturns, but
German Chancellor Angela Merkel has continually insisted that the union impose
austerity on nations whose economies required the very opposite: public works projects
to boost employment and consumption, not to mention political stability.
Now, the dummkopf fiscal policies of Merkel’s government have begun to threaten even
the German economy. Manufacturers need customers, exporters need the nations that
import their goods to be solvent, and Germany — the world’s most successful exporter
— is finally running out of neighbors who can buy what it produces. German exports fell
by almost 6 percent in August, and its industrial production fell by 4 percent. Though
Germany has been experiencing unprecedented prosperity, Merkel has also reduced
domestic public investment, much to the dismay of German business leaders who
complain of decaying roads and rails. Her commitment to austerity at home as well as
abroad now adds to the threats to the German economy.
It’s an appalling prescription — something that any student of German history should
easily grasp. At the conclusion of World War I, the Versailles Treaty inflicted on
Germany’s first democratic government, the Weimar Republic, a level of reparations
and austerity that rendered it incapable of dealing with the Great Depression and
10. contributed greatly to the Nazis’ rise to power. By enforcing austerity on Mediterranean
nations with depression-level unemployment, Merkel has become a latter-day
Clemenceau, imposing a neo-Versailles that weakens support for mainstream
democratic parties and politics in those countries and fosters a climate where
scapegoating and bigotry thrive. That’s a hell of a legacy for a chancellor of Germany.
Again, I don’t know whether Mr. Meyerson is right or not. I can’t believe that Chancellor
Merkel is unaware of the possible dangers of her current policy. She always seems to
know what she’s doing and is very cautious. As a dedicated European, I hardly think
she intends to continue on with a policy that would harmful to the other EU members
and to her own country. However, national leaders do make mistakes and get caught up
in believing that certain policies are positive when in actuality they are the exact
reverse.
What I do know is that when reasonable people (I gather Myerson is reasonable) make
strong assertions they should at least be looked at and examined thoroughly. I hope the
German government does exactly that.
10
DOING THE RIGHT THING IN WIESBADEN
Not only was art looted by the Nazis in the city of Wiesbaden during their reign, but
according to The Local.de, “The Wiesbaden Museum was once a collection house for
art stolen from Jewish owners by the Nazi. With one painting, they hope to right at least
one wrong while bringing awareness to its ongoing restitution work.
On the second floor of the Wiesbaden Museum in Hessen hangs a piece of art from
Hans von Marées but it can't be seen.
The painting called "The Refreshment" has been hung to face the wall as part of a
public donation campaign to buy the painting for a fair price from its last legal owner.
In 1934, Max Silberberg, a Jewish industrialist in Breslau, was forced to sell the painting
to the local Nazi regime, after which it landed in Wiesbaden. Silberberg and his wife
were both murdered in Auschwitz.
"The painting has been in storage and has not been seen since the 1980s," a
spokesperson for the Wiesbaden Museum told The Local on Monday, adding that it will
remain unseen when or if the museum can raise the money to buy it.
"We agreed on a price, but it doesn't yet belong to us, and so we won't show it until it
legally does," the spokesperson added.
The Refreshment" is in the middle of the museum's permanent collection and the only
painting in the "Wiesbaden creates the Turn" campaign in which €93,000 has to be
raised. That amount covers the cost of the campaign and a third of the buying price.
The rest will be paid out by the "Friends of Museum Weisbaden" organization and the
culture ministries from the state.
11. "We want to right not only the image, but also a wrong," said Thilo von Debschnitz of
the creative agency Q who came up with the concept of the exhibition. The idea behind
the campaign was not just to acquire the painting for the Wiesbaden Museum, but also
to highlight the work being done by art institutions to correct some of the wrongs done
by the Nazi regime.
11
Wiesbaden Museum was once headed by Herman Voss, who was given the duty by
Adolf Hitler to collect artworks for the planned Führermuseum in Linz.
Two other paintings have been returned to or bought from rightful heirs out of the
gallery's archives.
What was done in the 1930’s cannot be undone. However, what the Wiesbaden
Museum is now doing goes a long way to show they are on the right path. In the late
1990’s and early 2000’s I visited Wiesbaden with a groups of AJC’ers as part of the
program AJC has with the Adenauer Foundation. Each time we were received by its
Mayor, Helmut Mueller. Mayor Mueller had been a German participant in the program in
1990 and his sensitivity to matters Jewish and the German responsibilities in post-
Holocaust Germany were evident. It seems that much of the leadership in Wiesbaden
share those feelings.
GERMANY & ISRAEL: NEW WARSHIPS
I don’t think it’s much of a secret that Germany has a massive arms industry and that it
has been a blessing for Israel particularly because of the submarines it was able to
obtain from Germany - mostly at reduced prices. A submarine off the coast of Iran
equipped with a nuclear weapon aboard is a pretty good deterrent.
With the discovery of huge natural gas fields off Israel’s coast another necessity has
appeared on the scene – the need to guard the drilling platforms.
Enter Germany!
The Jerusalem Post noted recently, “The [Israel] Ministry of Defense said this week that
it is examining a proposal by the German government to sell Israel navy ships for the
protection of Israel's Exclusive Economic Zone in the Mediterranean Sea.
The bid came months after the Ministry of Defense issued a tender for the purchase of
ships to defend the zone, which contains underwater gas reservoirs and offshore
platforms.
According to the ministry's statement, the German government sent a proposal for
supplying "defense ships through a German shipyard, and for a partial [financial]
participation by the German government. The offer is being examined by the relevant
elements but no decision has been taken regarding this issue." In May, former navy
chief Adm. (res.) Eliezer Marom said Israel and Cyprus should coordinate defenses of
their offshore natural gas rigs.
12. This would avoid the kind of situation in which Cypriot and Israeli maritime patrol aircraft
fly near one another and monitor the same naval sectors, but transmit their data to Tel
Aviv and Larnaca respectively, without any coordination, he added.
In recent years, Israel has installed multiple layers of defenses around the offshore
platforms in its exclusive economic zone, Marom added. "Looking out from the rig, one
sees only water all around. But that's a deceptive view. It's not an island. There's a
whole world [of defenses] around," he said.
One should note that, again, Israel’s statement notes “a partial [financial] participation
by the German government.” Reduced prices never hurt. I think there are several
reasons why the Germans are so willing to enhance the strength of Israel’s navy. Of
course, the manufacture and sale of naval vessels is good for the German economy –
even at reduced prices. I also believe that Germany continues to fulfill its commitment to
keep the Jewish nations strong. History plays an important role.
12
In addition keeping Israel strong reduces the possibility of more disintegration in the
Middle East which fits into the German policy of trying to improve stability and the
keeping of the peace.
Israeli warships are good for Israel and good for Germany. A win-win situation!
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See you again in November.
DuBow Digest is written and published by Eugene DuBow who can be reached at
dubowdigest@optonline.net
Both the American and Germany editions are posted at www.dubowdigest.typepad.com