European energy policy has undergone significant changes through legislation packages that aim to establish a unified regulatory framework across EU member states. Key aspects regulated include unbundling of transmission and distribution, establishing national regulatory authorities and ACER, developing network codes, and fostering regional cooperation between members. The third package strengthened regulations around independent system operators, cooperation requirements for transmission system operators, and powers of national regulatory authorities. Overall, the various laws and initiatives aim to harmonize energy markets through consistent rules while allowing for national authority involvement.

1. ““European Energy Policy:European Energy Policy:
a Journey & a Tale”a Journey & a Tale”
S.Po ParisS.Po Paris
Jean-Michel GlachantJean-Michel Glachant
Director Florence School of Regulation
European University Institute (Florence, Italy)

2. Overview
• 1/ Régulation des réseaux: pour “ouvrir les marchés?”;
européenne ou euro-compatible? (slides 1 à 6)
• 2/ La construction dun cadre européen de régulation; EU vs US (slides 7
à 12)
• 3/ Les briques de la régulation européenne (slides 13 à 22: les réseaux)
(slides 23 à 28: les NRAs) (slides 29 à 31: les périphéries *DG COMP
**Regions ***PCIs)
• 4/ La saga de “l’achèvement du Marché intérieur” (slides 32-35)
• 5/ La Commission Juncker et l’ “Union de l’énergie” (slides 36-42)
2

3. Why to regulate?
I-1/ Because of the grid?
•1.1 are electrical grids monopolies?
Scale (if capacity of one line) and Scope (co-operation of several lines)
•1.2 Abuse of ‘Market’ Power?
Why not to separate (transmission ownership) from (system operation)?
> TO / ISO model
•1.3 are all electrical lines monopolies?
‘Merchant lines’ Scale (size 1 Generator) and Scope (interconnector DC)
•1.4 Why not ‘merchant lines’ competing with grids?
3

4. I-2/ Because of Markets (dominated by incumbents being
former monopolies)?
•If abuse of Market Power? Why not competition? What market rules (Power
Pools? Mandatory UK Pool / Voluntary NordPool)
•Trade needs combination between grid operation & market operation as
#Grid congestion (allocation of grid capacity? Of congestion energy costs?)
#Balancing energy system (Electricity: no storage? / vs Gas Storage)
#New players (Intermittent Gen. Wind & PV /Demand flexibility vs Plants)
•Then: liberalized markets require more ruling than former monopolies because
guaranteeing fairness to new entrants; can slow down later? (as CCGT entry UK)
(I) Energy regulation: Overview
Why? Whom? How?
4

5. I-3/ Energy Regulation: Whom? How?
Whom: higher level (federal) or lower level (the states)?
How: sector regulator (energy) or market monitor (competition)?
• In the EU…
• Whom? Level > European Commission or Member States?
• How? Chanel > Energy Regulation vs Market Competition?
• In the US…
• Whom? Level > Federal Agency or Local States?
• How? Chanel > Energy Regulation vs Market Competition?
(I) Energy regulation:
Why? Whom? How?
5

6. I-4/ Why to regulate energy mix for pollution?
•Coal very big pollutant (SO2 / CO2): is coal regulated? Why regulate electricity
not coal? Or regulate oil?
•We can cap CO2 pollution: why not market for allowances for all users?
•SO2 allowances: Typical US policy / rules of allowances allocation and trade >>
hence market based on regulation
•CO2 allowances: Typical EU policy / rules of allowances allocation and trade >>
hence market based on regulation
•If pollution is capped: why adding renewable obligation? Is price of carbon too
low and too variable to steer renewable investment?
• Can 2050 ‘2°C threat’ deadline be postponed? Do we need to accelerate? Whom
else does this outside the EU?
6

7. 7

8. Grid regulation Level: Member States or EU?
1996 1st Package: negociated or regulated at MS level
2003 2nd
Package: Regulator at MS level + EU crossborder
2009 3d Package: Indep Regulator at MS + EU EN.TSO & ACER +
Grid Codes & Ten Year Development Plans & Gen. Adequacy
Grid regulation Channel: Regulator or Compet. Authority?
2007 Sector Enquiry + “smoking guns” policy by DG COMP
°Eon, RWE disinvest from grids
°Swedish TSO reviews its congestion management scheme
(priority to Swedes vis à vis Foreigners)
Regulation building in
the EU
8

9. Regulation building in the EU
Market regulation Level: Member States or EU?
2003 2nd
Package: open at MS level + EU crossborder rules
2009 3d Package: more EU EN.TSO + ACER + Codes (Congestion
– Capacity allocation - Balancing energy ) + Regional
Initiatives + ‘Market Target Model’ being market coupling
with open balancing
Market regulation Channel: Energy Reg. or Compet. Authority?
°2005 EU Court suppress LT priority access to elec interco
°Basic market rules: free Merchant PX vs reg. Market Coupling
°Loose market monitoring from financial regulation capped by
REMIT 2010 specific energy monitoring (ACER+ NRAs)
9

10. Energy Mix Level: Member States or EU?
°In EU “Energy Mix” sovereign right of Member States (See
Nuclear –prohibited in Austria / 80% in France)
°big caveat: RES directives + EU ETS as “voluntarily” constraints
for MS’s Energy Mix
Energy Mix Channel: Energy Regulator or Compet. Authority?
° EU Court ruling: RES support “Environmental Public Policy” not
market-based BUT support to be notified to DG COMP as
“State Aid” (14 Billion in 2010) > DG Comp Guidelines 2014
°Support Schemes (Gov. MS) + Dispatch priority (Ener. Reg)
°Regulators involved (Connections; Congestion; Balancing; TSO
planning & incentives; Distribution grid regulation)
Regulation building in the EU
10

11. 11
Regulation building: EU vs US

12. Grids : °more comprehensive federal frame in EU but still enforced by MS
regulators (no federal regulator FERC)
°grid regulation more submitted to “market opening target” but still
mainly state operated (no regional RTOs - ISOs)
°EU mutualisation TSOs&Regulators: EN.TSOs &ACER (RTO/FERC
proxies?)
°Independence DG COMP
Markets: °EU Target Models + °Regional Initiatives + °ACER + °EN.TSOs +
°REMIT: more comprehensive frame in the EU
Energy Mix: °EU RES scheme + °EU ETS = more comprehensive scheme
Institutions: °Strong US energy federal regulator in a smaller area; °No
role for US Competition opposite to DG COMP; °US State regulators
independent from federal as opposite to EU “ruling” MS regulators;
°Strong US Environmental federal Regulator vs EU stronger directives
>> US implementation stronger but Scope smaller (except Competition)
Reg.Building: EU vs US
12

13. Legislation Changes with 3d Package
Electricity and Gas Directives
Full ownership unbundling (FOU)
… or Independent System Operator (ISO)
… or 3rd Option (ITO)
1/3 country clause → non-EU investment in EU
energy networks
Harmonization & strengthening of regulatory
competences at national level
Gas Directives and Regulations Regulation of LNG & storage (connection, TPA,
principle of capacity allocation)
Electricity and Gas Regulations TSOs enhanced cooperation (duties)
13

14. Bones of EU Regulation for Grid Monopolies
Legislation Changes
Electricity and Gas Directives
& Regulations
Creation of ACER (European Agency
Regulators) and ENTSOs
Guidelines, Framework Guidelines,
Network Codes
Transparency requirements, record
keeping
Creation of a regulatory framework for the
development of regional markets
Level playing field (reciprocity between
Member States)
14

15. Comparison 2nd
& 3rd Package: TSOs
2nd
Package 3rd Package
•TSOs and DSOs have to be
unbundled (functions and
management) from other
activities
•Access to grid is regulated
•Cooperation left at TSOs’
initiative. No obligation
• Unbundling (options)
• Cooperation duties:
– At EU level: TSOs must create
ENTSOs (as EU body). 4 main tasks
#draft network codes as EU regulation
#common network operation tools
#non-binding TYNDP 10-year network
development plan
#Gen Adequacy study
– At regional level: within the ENTSOs +
publication of a regional investment plan
+ promotion of energy exchanges
15

16. Comparison 2nd
& 3rd Packages: NRAs
2nd
Package 3rd Package
•Creation of NRAs independent
from energy companies
•Act individually to ensure
compliance with Directives and
Regulation, as well as to approve
exemptions for interconnectors
(under the supervision of the
Commission).
•Cooperation between NRAs only
if they estimate it necessary
• Their independence, duties and powers are
reinforced
•Continue to act individually, but clear mandates
now to act collectively:
–At EU level: through the Agency for the
cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER),
which notably monitors the execution of
ENTSOs’ tasks and has (limited) decision-
making role (inc. Exemptions for
interconnectors provided certain conditions
are fulfiled)
–At regional level, with regulators of other
MS, notably to promote allocation of cross-
border capacities
16

17. EU regulatory framework
"REGULATION"
SECONDARY
LEGISLATION
PRIMARY
LEGISLATION
Treaty
(Art. 194)
Decisions
Regulation
(EC) 714/2009
Guidelines
Network
Codes
Directive
2009/72/EC
17

18. Network Codes (Table in 2015)
18

19. Network Codes process
19

20. Requirements
for Generators
Comitology Process
(entered 2013)
• Size-dependent, technical requirements for Power Generating Modules
• Common framework of obligations for Network Operators to
appropriately make use of the Power Generating Facilities’ capabilities
Demand
Connection
Comitology Process
(entered 2014)
• European rules on how demand interacts with the transmission system
• Ensure effective contribution to the stability of the power system by all
distribution networks and demand facilities
• Clarify the role that demand response will play in contributing to the
deployment of RES
HVDC
Connection
ACER
recommendation
submitted (2014)
Manage HVDC lines and connections:
•Determine contribution to system security
•Promote coordinated development of the infrastructure
Operational
Security
ACER
recommendation
submitted (2013)
Framework for maintaining a secure interconnected European electricity
transmission system: common, legally binding principles and rules for
operating electricity transmission networks
 Operational Security requirements and principles; Data exchange;
provisions for training of System Operator Employees
Network Codes (Content Overview 2015)
20

21. Network Codes (Overview in 2015)
Operational
Planning &
Scheduling
ACER
recommendation
submitted (2013)
Common time horizons, methodologies and principles allowing to carry out
coordinated Operational Security Analysis and Adequacy analysis to maintain
Operational Security and support the efficient functioning of the European
internal electricity market
Load
Frequency
Control &
Reserves
ACER
recommendation
submitted (2013)
• Formalised harmonised system frequency quality targets
• Objective and harmonised requirements regarding Load-Frequency-
Control (LFC) and Reserves
Emergency &
Restoration
Submission to ACER
(2015)
Procedures and remedial actions to be applied in the Emergency, Blackout and
Restoration states
Capacity
Allocation &
Congestion
Management
Definitive adoption
expected in 2015
Rules that will introduce an EU Target Model: single approach to cross-border
electricity trading
•for cross-border capacity allocation in day-ahead and intraday timescales.
Outlines the way in which capacity will be calculated across the different zones
•for congestion management
21

22. Network Codes (Overview in 2015)
Forward
Capacity
Allocation
ACER
recommendation
submitted (2014)
Design and operation of the markets in which the right to use cross-border
capacity is sold in advance
Electricity
Balancing
Resubmission to
ACER (2014)
Steps for transforming balancing markets to a set of regional markets and later
a pan-European market
22

23. • 2nd
Package: NRA submitted the tariff or the methodology for formal
approval to the relevant body of the Member State and that relevant
body could approve or reject the draft NRA decision
• 3rd Package: 4 options (include balancing, connection fees…)
– NRA fixes the tariffs
– NRA fixes the methodology
– NRA approves the tariffs
– NRA approves the methodology
• Member State can set general policy guidelines, but not set e.g. profit
margin in cost-plus tariff
NRAs in EU regulation
23

24. NRA has also a duty
to ensure general compliance with EU law
• Article 37.1 (b) ED and Article 40.1 (b) GD: NRA is granted a general
competence as regards ensuring compliance with EU law
– The « entire acquis communautaire » relevant for the internal
energy market
– Not only vis-a-vis the TSOs but any electricty or gas undertaking
– Without prejudice to the powers of the Commission
NRAs in EU regulation
24

25. NRAs monitoring duties
• May be carried out by other authority than NRA, but NRA shall have
a specific access to all the data of the monitoring exercise (except in
case of derogation), also confidential information
• Moreover, NRA has power to engage in monitoring activities on all of
its core duties – include monitoring of wholesale and retail markets
(also PXs, contractual practices), GEN investment, TSO behavior,
congestion management…
• Important: e.g. German regulator who focused mainly on grid issues
did get monitoring of market more broadly
NRAs in EU regulation
25

26. NRAs important powers
1. To issue binding decisions on electricity undertakings
2. To carry out investigations (in spite of mere inspections) into the
functioning of the energy markets, and to decide upon and
impose and impose any necessary and proportionate measure to
promote effective competition and ensure the proper functioning
of the market
3. To require any information from electricity undertakings relevant
to the fulfilment of its tasks
4. To impose effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties on
electricity and gas issues
List not exhaustive: Member State must grant NRA the powers
enabling them to carry out taks in efficient and expeditious
manner
NRAs in EU regulation
26

27. NRAs Powers
for enforcing compliance with network codes
• Art 37(1)b ED and Art 41(1)b GD:
NRA to ensure compliance with obligations under Directives and other
relevant EU legislation:
– When codes are adopted through comitology
– Becomes part of acquis
– Therefore: NRA is empowered to engage in investigations and to
impose fines
NRAs in EU regulation
27

28. Increased accountability of NRAs
• NRA must be transparent on way it takes decisions +
way it spends budget
• Basis: more powers = more accountability
• Annual reporting to MS, ACER, Commission
– Must include and assessment of the TSO investment
plan and consitency of national plan with
community-wide ten-year investment plan
• Legal accountability = appeal
NRAs in EU regulation
28

29. Regulation of Market Dominance
• Competition Policy concept (2raise price & gain profit)
• HHI: 1000 non / > 1800 highly concentrated
• ‘significant’ Market Power (not Monopolistic Competition)
>40% Market Share
• 25-30% &Withholding; Pivotal firm & inelastic demand
• Dominant >50% – Super Dominant (>Sustainability &fast
Entry) ~BUT~ ’joint Dominance’: Horizontal; Vertical
• Definition ‘relevant market’ (‘Balancing Market’ in Spain)
• Definition ‘
• Case: ‘Nuclear Assets’ in France
• EU affair? Or national? #Size #Cross-border
29

30. Regional Electricity Markets
• ERGEG (2nd
Package) 2006: 7 ERI (initiatives) Baltic –
CentralEast – CentralSouth- CentralWest- Northern-
SouthWest- France UK Ireland
• 8th: South East
• Regulators + TSOs + Companies + MS + Commission
• Congestion management
• Capacity calculation & allocation
• EU Power Target Model (FB Market Coupling + Open Bal)
• Grid Codes
• IntraDay & Balancing integration
30

31. Projects of Common Interest
• Internal Market with ‘No Seams’, delivering 2020/2050, with SoS,
Solidarity + Old ‘Council Barcelone’ 10% interco
• Regulation 347/2013 ‘Trans-European Energy Infrastructure’ with
‘priority corridor’ & ‘Connecting Europe Facility’ fond Euro 50bn
• Hardware part of Internal Market achievment: where ‘market’ won’t
deliver, EU ‘planning push’ could help
• October 2013: 132 power PCIs ¤several MS (non MS on top) ¤several
criteria (monetized) ¤NRAs agreeing on cost allocation (ACER appeal)
¤End 2014 13 cases (12 NRAs; 1 ACER) > See Florence School Policy
Brief 2015/01 for review
• ACER Threshold (10% net benefits); Net Costs > revenues; only net
losers or not? Binding contract or not? Interactions between PCIs?
• ABC of CBA   Florence School Policy Brief 2013/03
31

32. • First Package in 1996: a 20 year journey so far
– Getting an internal EU market for electricity?
… roughly yes
– Getting an internal EU market for gas?
… more or less a kind of
 Key 1: If we fully implement enforce the 3Key 1: If we fully implement enforce the 3rdrd
Package and relatedPackage and related
regulationsregulations
• But: “unforeseen” shifts from initial power sector reform draft
 Key 2: We have to respond to new challengesKey 2: We have to respond to new challenges
• And: markets interact with all pillars of EU energy policy
 Key 3: We should check policy consistencyKey 3: We should check policy consistency
32

33. #1 – Implement and enforce 3rd
Package
The architecture for the IEM is laid down in the 3rd
Package and related
regulations  it has to be fully implemented
•European market(s) need(s) a European grid to allow the flow of energy
without barriers at national borders
 Reinforcement of the existing infrastructure through the implementation of
the Trans-European network regulation
 Finalisation and implementation of the Network Codes being key:
• Needed grid harmonisation to be provided through the NC
• Full implementation and reinforcement of European target models for gas and
electricity through the NC
•Room to improve competition
 Markets to be better monitored, once REMIT is fully implemented
 Again, finalization and implementation of Network Codes being key
 What else?What else?
33

34. #2 – Respond to new challenges
“Unforeseen” shifts from initial power sector reform draft:
•Large-scale deployment of intermittent RES kept out of the market (priority
dispatch, FIT or FIP)
Increasing gap between wholesale market prices and consumer bills
•Most RES not flexible due to: zero MC & dependence on resource availability
Pricing at times of scarcity (price caps) & at times of abundance (negative prices)
becomes key
Finer spatial and temporal granularity?
•Flexible back-up resources must get their return while running less hours (at
lower prices?) [Wholesale price 36€/MWh vs. total generation cost for coal 55€, for gas 70€]
Can scarcity pricing in an “energy-only” market deliver adequate returns?
Long-term adequacy / short-term flexibility do not match!
34

35. #3 – Policy consistency
• Objective of achieving an internal energy market
… but risk of a definitive fragmentation of the European electricity market due to
uncoordinated national policy initiatives (RES support, capacity payments)
• Interacting policy targets undermining CO2 price signal
… 20% RES and 20% energy efficiency not needed to reach GHG target, are EU
industrial policy
BUT: RES target (= percentage of non polluting energy)
and energy efficiency target (= volume of energy consumed)
influence C02 emissions; hence the demand for C02 permits; hence: C02 price is an end
result of the 2 other targets and not a key driver for GHG emission reduction
• RES did evict gas by reducing net demand in EU wholesale market… but not coal:
German coal was near to record 50% elec generation in 2014
35

36. More?
Why
Not…
36

37. Energy Union is / isn’t…
•Is’nt new Institution for EU energy policy: NO institution
created
•is political “novelty” Commission Juncker with ‘Vice-President
EnerUnion’ Sefcovic > Comm. Canete who >> both
Climate&Energy
•~ unveiled 25th Feb. 2015 Hardly foreseen @Barroso
Commission (2013-14) // EnerUnion = about 25 proposals of
action
•~ in touch with EU Council March 2015 EU Council (Heads of
State & Gov.) agreed EC go ahead with EnerUnion
•~ nevertheless a gamble No institution created: Council of
ministers &Parliament have to agree any legislative proposal…
•NB: Ener.Union Manifesto don’t strictly tie anybody: even
Commission can change having seen what blocks / what goes
37

38. Energy Union only <mini> to boost Internal Market
>> Eurelectric, Eurogas new tag on (existing institutions + BAU) = let’s call
it Ener.Un: it targets ’Only’ ‘Internal Market’ extended to RES & Capacity
Mechanism made fully ‘market based’ & ‘technology neutral’.
However such EnergyUnion-BAU ends a bit undefined:
¤ MS have strong powers to take ‘outside the market’ initiatives
#Germany: Off-shore & RES exemptions (finally agreed Commission) +
Energy Efficiency push
#UK: SoS being Capacity mechanism + LT contrat with UK Nuclear or tidal +
Off-shore + ISO Grid +?
¤ >> Then: at what speeed Commission could follow or catch-up MS?
For ex. Action against ‘MS’ capacity mechanisms via ‘State Aid’ enquiry
Alternative Energy Union(s)?
~1 / EU Internal Market BAU?

39. Commission 25 Feb. proposals?
~2 / >BAU for Internal Market & Governance?
EnergyUnion (not 4th Pack.) BUT big Upgrade for Internal Market &
Governance: Programme from February 2015
#Market
*Legislation 2016; retail & wholesale; integrating RES; phasing out non market
based support; coordinating Capacity Mechanisms .
**Legislation 2018 Electricity security of supply (= ‘recall’ of national SoS)
#Governance
***Review framework from 3d Package notably for ACER (to ++power of
Europeanizing regulation) & ENTSOs (to ++ as regional operational entities to
create)
****Propose guidance for ‘regional cooperation for market integration’ and to act
at regional level wih regu. Bodies, MS and stakeholders
*****Create ‘Energy Infrastructure Forum’ with MS, Regional coop. Groups, and EU
institutions (ACER? Banks?) by late 2015
39

40. Commission 25 Feb. proposals
~3 / Not BAU for SoS & “External” Governance?
2- EU actions for Security of Supply
#SoS
*Legislation: Revision Gas Regulation by 2015-2016
**Legislation 2018 Electricity security of supply (= ‘recall’ of national SoS)
*** Implementation of existing PCIs with adequate financing
** **Strategy for LNG an its storage
** ***Council 19-20 March : feasibility of gas joint-buying mechanism
#Ext. Energy Governance
** ***Legislation: Revision Decision International Agreement for Commission to
intervene ex ante before signature of agreements with 1/3 countries
** ** **Coordination Commission / HR-VP / MS to create international diplomacy
for energy & climate issues; for international treaties (as TTIP) or within WTO, and
launch new initiatives (as agreement with India, with China ;etc) in field RES,
Ener.eff, etc.
40

41. Commission 25 Feb. proposals?
~4 / Not BAU for Sustainability
Fields of EU actions for sustainability:
*Legislation to revise EnerEff directive &make proposals to meet 2030target
**RES package by 2016-17 incl.sustainable &cost-effective biomass, biofuels
*** Legislation to achieve Oct2014GHG target in ETS & non-ETS sectors
** **Legislation ‘Full Road Transport Package’ covering efficient pricing of
infrastructures; rool-out of intelligent transport; enhancing ener.eff
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
** ***Strategy to facilitate Investment in efficient ‘Heating & Cooling’
** ** **Create Smart financing for smart buildings fund
** ** ***To push MS & regions to use more the funds to renovate housings
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**** **** Strategy for transport research & innovation agenda
**** **** *Revision ‘Strategic Energy Technology Plan’
41

42. How to conclude?
#I don’t know! # To be seen in 2017-19…
42

43. www.florence-school.eu 43
Thank you for your attention
Email contact: jean-michel.glachant@eui.eu
Follow me on Twitter: @JMGlachant already 21 000+ tweets
Read the IAEE Journal I am chief-editor of: EEEP
“Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy”
My web site: http://www.florence-school.eu