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This document summarizes crime trends in Europe, including statistics on populations, economic development, corruption, and illicit drug use. It also discusses human trafficking routes and origins of victims trafficked to Europe. Specific groups discussed include victims of violence against women, terrorism networks like the IRA and ETA operating in Europe, and efforts of international courts to prosecute war crimes and strengthen the rule of law.
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I developed this for a breakfast meeting of Imagination Coast, a regional collaborative seeking to advance an innovation agenda in and around Monterey Bay, CA. The event was held Jan 20, 2011 at the Sustainability Academy in Monterey. A presentation called "Adventures in Regional Collaboration" (also published here) accompanies it.
Nature or nurture linked to crime
Scientists are investigating the influence of genetics on violent behavior by studying the "warrior gene." This gene mutation has been linked to aggression and affected criminal trials. Studies have found people with the gene variant are more combative and some populations with a history of warfare have a higher rate of the gene. However, the role of nature versus nurture is debated, as experts disagree on whether the gene excuses responsibility or if individuals still have control over their actions regardless of genetic predisposition.
Genetic explanation of aggression
Genetic factors play a role in aggressive behavior:
Twin studies show approximately 50% concordance for aggression between twins, suggesting a genetic influence. Adoption studies also find correlations between adoptee and biological parent aggression. Specific genes like MAOA, which regulates serotonin, and the extra Y chromosome in XYY syndrome, have been linked to increased aggression, especially when combined with negative environments. However, genetics alone cannot explain all aggression, as environment also influences behavior.
Relation between genetics & criminal behavior
Genes can influence criminal behavior in several ways. Genes affect the production of neurochemicals in the brain like monoamine oxidase (MAO), serotonin, and dopamine, which are associated with traits like aggression and impulsivity. Genes may also influence personality traits linked to criminality, like novelty-seeking, which some research has associated with a specific gene. Additionally, studies have found higher rates of personality disorders and other mental illnesses in prisoner populations, indicating genes may increase the risk of criminal behavior through disorders like antisocial personality disorder which have a genetic component.
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This document discusses different conceptions of crime and deviance. It defines deviance as behavior that does not comply with social norms and crime as behavior that breaks formal laws. Norms can be enforced formally through legal systems or informally through social pressures. The document also outlines several types of crimes and theories for what causes criminal behavior, including strain theory, social learning theory, and self-control theory. Cognitive restructuring is discussed as a method to change criminal thinking and prevent future offenses.
Crime & Mental Disorders
Presentation created from a chapter from Curt R. Bartol's book: "Criminal Behavior: A Psychological Approach"
Genetics aggression
1. Researchers study genetic factors related to aggressive behavior using twin and adoption studies to separate genetic and environmental influences. Twin studies compare rates of aggression in monozygotic (identical) twins who share all genes versus dizygotic (fraternal) twins who share about 50% of genes.
2. Meta-analyses of twin and adoption studies suggest genetics can account for around 50% of the variability in aggressive behavior, though the environment also plays a role.
3. While early research linked traits like the XYY genotype to increased aggression, later studies found no single genetic characteristic was associated with aggression, suggesting the initial genetic views of aggression were overemphasized.
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This document summarizes the key topics covered in Chapter Two of the textbook on the nature and extent of crime. It discusses the primary sources of crime data including the Uniform Crime Reports, National Incident-Based Reporting System, National Crime Victimization Survey, and self-report surveys. It also evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each data source and examines crime patterns related to ecology, age, gender, race, and chronic offenders.
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I developed this for a breakfast meeting of Imagination Coast, a regional collaborative seeking to advance an innovation agenda in and around Monterey Bay, CA. The event was held Jan 20, 2011 at the Sustainability Academy in Monterey. A presentation called "Adventures in Regional Collaboration" (also published here) accompanies it.
Nature or nurture linked to crime
Scientists are investigating the influence of genetics on violent behavior by studying the "warrior gene." This gene mutation has been linked to aggression and affected criminal trials. Studies have found people with the gene variant are more combative and some populations with a history of warfare have a higher rate of the gene. However, the role of nature versus nurture is debated, as experts disagree on whether the gene excuses responsibility or if individuals still have control over their actions regardless of genetic predisposition.
Genetic explanation of aggression
Genetic factors play a role in aggressive behavior:
Twin studies show approximately 50% concordance for aggression between twins, suggesting a genetic influence. Adoption studies also find correlations between adoptee and biological parent aggression. Specific genes like MAOA, which regulates serotonin, and the extra Y chromosome in XYY syndrome, have been linked to increased aggression, especially when combined with negative environments. However, genetics alone cannot explain all aggression, as environment also influences behavior.
Relation between genetics & criminal behavior
Genes can influence criminal behavior in several ways. Genes affect the production of neurochemicals in the brain like monoamine oxidase (MAO), serotonin, and dopamine, which are associated with traits like aggression and impulsivity. Genes may also influence personality traits linked to criminality, like novelty-seeking, which some research has associated with a specific gene. Additionally, studies have found higher rates of personality disorders and other mental illnesses in prisoner populations, indicating genes may increase the risk of criminal behavior through disorders like antisocial personality disorder which have a genetic component.
Conceptions of crime and deviance
This document discusses different conceptions of crime and deviance. It defines deviance as behavior that does not comply with social norms and crime as behavior that breaks formal laws. Norms can be enforced formally through legal systems or informally through social pressures. The document also outlines several types of crimes and theories for what causes criminal behavior, including strain theory, social learning theory, and self-control theory. Cognitive restructuring is discussed as a method to change criminal thinking and prevent future offenses.
Crime & Mental Disorders
Presentation created from a chapter from Curt R. Bartol's book: "Criminal Behavior: A Psychological Approach"
Genetics aggression
1. Researchers study genetic factors related to aggressive behavior using twin and adoption studies to separate genetic and environmental influences. Twin studies compare rates of aggression in monozygotic (identical) twins who share all genes versus dizygotic (fraternal) twins who share about 50% of genes.
2. Meta-analyses of twin and adoption studies suggest genetics can account for around 50% of the variability in aggressive behavior, though the environment also plays a role.
3. While early research linked traits like the XYY genotype to increased aggression, later studies found no single genetic characteristic was associated with aggression, suggesting the initial genetic views of aggression were overemphasized.
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This document summarizes the key topics covered in Chapter Two of the textbook on the nature and extent of crime. It discusses the primary sources of crime data including the Uniform Crime Reports, National Incident-Based Reporting System, National Crime Victimization Survey, and self-report surveys. It also evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each data source and examines crime patterns related to ecology, age, gender, race, and chronic offenders.
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Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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Europe
- 1. Crime in Europe: Nature and Trends
- 2. Total Population in EU http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/
- 3. Population Trends Foreign Population Change in Population http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/
- 4. Economic Development Indexes http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Table_J.pdf
- 6. Level of citizen’s confidence in EU institutions http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/graph.do?tab=graph&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsdgo510&toolbox=type
- 7. Corruption in Europe http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/regional_highlights
- 9. Illicit Drug Trafficking http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2009/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf
- 10. Drug Use Data for Europe http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2009/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf
- 11. Use of Cannabis http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2009/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf
- 12. Amphetamine and methamphetamine use in Europe http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2009/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf
- 15. Ecstasy: trafficking routes and seizures
- 17. Trafficking in Human Beings: Origins and Routes *Courtesy of Professor Jana Arsovska, Dept. of Sociology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
- 18. Origin countries of victims trafficked to Europe http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Trafficking_in_Persons_in_Europe_09.pdf?ref=enews171109
- 19. Trends in the main origin of victims of human trafficking determined in: Germany Netherlands http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Trafficking_in_Persons_in_Europe_09.pdf?ref=enews171109
- 20. Persons under prosecution for trafficking in persons offences, by citizenship Netherlands Germany http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Trafficking_in_Persons_in_Europe_09.pdf?ref=enews171109
- 21. Profile of victims identified in Europe where information was collected http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Trafficking_in_Persons_in_Europe_09.pdf?ref=enews171109
- 23. European Court of Human Rights http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/execution/Reports/Stats/Final_en.asp
- 26. Bringing justice to victims
- 27. Giving Victims a voice
- 28. Establishing the facts
- 29. Developing International Law
- 30. Strengthening the rule of Lawhttp://www.icty.org/sid/324
- 31. Terrorism Networks in Europe http://images.thetimes.co.uk/TGD/picture/0,,41198,00.gif
- 32. European-based Terrorist Networks Irish Republican Army Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Homeland and Freedom) http://i143.photobucket.com/albums/r145/1r1shman/IrishRepublicanArmy.jpg; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA