The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Port of Calcutta (now Kolkata) in India. It notes that the port was established in 1700 and emerged as a major trading hub under British rule in the 19th century. The document also describes how the Port of Calcutta played a pivotal role in India's economy as the "One Man Economy" under the stewardship of Sri Ramkrishna Dalmia from the 1930s to 1960s.

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transformation) 53 2
[_ !c
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101. -
10 of 27
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rate of transformation) 2
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(Marginal rate of substitution) 2
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102. 7cN v( 8 GÁ@ G( Ž; T8 v( v«
6'
!L‚N WT8S ÁL (U? 2 wFR]N !DLG
) v 2ˆ
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v
Ÿ 28 U? 2
K$$ D!J
ÁL c 8S
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104. ÁL]N  €=8 'C8 D' U? 2 DH'8 V
9: $F 6= U? ‚ƒ '!I
(F6S
'2C…

105. U? ‚N F T8?
1111)))) U 8V U? 1S '2C… U 8V U Db2
5 U D7 ?
5 ˆ L«

106. 'b' K F¡
LÂ8 85 S
ñ) D2010 b.. G43,000,000,000
(7 î
†
) Dc
® S
• GU 8V DKV 3 2 DD8 22% !'
9,460,000,000
(?;u †
) BC
• G8z 3F DD8 33% !'
14,160,000,000
(L L
†
) G2R
3 / (Qˆ ? DD

107. -
28% !'
12,040,000,000
(L 6'
†
)
v
• K8 DD8 17% !'
7,310,000,000
(7
†
) DD8 w C U 8S
') D2012 b.. (3Q G86,000,000,000
(! F
†
) Dc ® S
• GU 8V DKV 3 2 DD8 23% !'
18,920,000,000
(L
†
) BC
• G8z 3F DD8 33% !'
28,380,000,000
(
†
) G2R
3 / (Qˆ ? DD
28% !'
24,080,000,000
( L
†
) v
• K8 14,620,000,000
(L L
†
)
DD8 w C U 8S
Table 1 (in Million ETH Birr)
11 of 27
2010 2012
GU 8V KV 9,460 18,920
G8z 3F 14,190 28,380
G2R
3 / (Qˆ 12,040 24,080
w C U 7,310 14,620
;cc U 43,000 86,000
Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com
vó v^5 c F  ¯ vD ( ZI [
v37S D2010 G
3 DD8 43 †
BC D2012 (3Q 86 †
8S DW 100% '8V Iµ S
vM
D6'
b2
8V 5 5 X
'8 U? †D Nc ?
v3ª5 v^5 c [c8

108. € v2'G'S

109. È'ów8
_ L_ DÆVV F™ S ª K8? D
ˆ= C… 3 ‡'
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Õ£N”
c !Š DD
S '? _ “[žƒ
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c ”†ˆ”
3 €¡ S wFR]ƒ
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7'ƒ 'D$ $:
$@WS 7'ƒ wI 
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110. -
T8S ª D^5 2UF = … ( c W €:]N G€
8z '!F3 ;K2D
#$
€ 8ô S [c8
Õ@
w'D
y
… vªŽ K ` _ (3Q 'L« (@‰]N „ D2;
;K2D
ȆB ?M 8S

111. GH'X7T8 UN  ·2=
75 8S
·2= D DUc|

112. 3 ·2= 8S 5 b
·2u
2ˆ 2Â
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G( v
Ÿ« @ €( 8S
5N
v3ª5

113. - ” !
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” €!!!
2222)))) 81 U v$ F - U:_ F î= DA
D81 U v$ F
VU= v(C 6 6

114. N vK' !@U4 D2;
c U=WS

115. -
bc! 3 ' H7'8
2ˆ @ ( 81 D!8
ËŽ
H7
U'| U '22
7
G~' U:µ '2D w C'
(3Q U:_ ŒW
DŒW 81 VU= F£ ˆ b' '! 8S ULN
81 F Db'
7 2 2
vG 2012 D
Ñ 10 † Ó:w Åc (200 †
)
7' ‡$ NS6
5 !'
(3Q 2z8
8
8 F 2²: U ²8S :
²8S
8 “v«_” Ó:w 8V v(HUÇ
“5F ˆ]N”
D „ ~ vª² BŽF7T8 8¨ 8V 6'= î= Õ@ C8
v(H²
“ëB]N” !'
“U U” IC… DF5
` D[
` D­= $:
`
'| ”U ©:]N” HŽ;D
2UF '!2~T
; vL 8S 6 6 c
8

116. - bc! D2;… C vIw'
8S
3) D81 U GHUP8
- D81 UL
H²
8 D3
2
H† (IWS ª v^5
8 ( U y
'?2Å~T8 H ‹
'$F ULT8 DC… UN c Hœ
z Db2
G4 vG 5 † Ó:w
Åc (I S D!=8 2UF C 5 U HFK8 D

117. v¡ 8S U?—
DVR ‹ '˜± ;KŒD
DKV C D?€€: ;OH8

118. 8S
4444)))) 81 3F - '2C… 3 v5žN` LR]N` G
vIN G
8…
v;K D Õ@8 vUŽ ( 81 H@?8
VΠ5 C 8?
5 VÀ Dv¡˜ '!Ü '2Ž| vª$ 81 3F D1c1W '!I
QS
( 8z G
wT8 (Export) 8V - 3 VR N` 3
v5žN LR]N` Ÿ:w
2I:]N` v 2F Ÿ U 3žN
T8S
( U 8V GU7T8 (Import) UN 8V - 3 VR N`
3 v5 VLVR §KN` $¡ N` Ÿ:w
2I:]N` v
2F Ÿ U 3žN T8S
OP8 U 6W L«
D!F3 “˜Á”¹ ž L« v(Hö
6W

119. 95-96% U:_ F¡N ; ž 29 v$' I D!F3
6'
VÀ]N 8S 2Ð U 8V 3 v5žN LR]N €@T8
!K2 2C… vŒ 8S 'C`
12 of 27

120. -
1) '2C… 3 v5žN LR]N ( 81 D2c 'U:_ V
2? 3 v5žN` LR]N @ N ' (?
2) 7;Oc 3 v5žN LR]N ( U 8V GHU78 GHcG8
(Import - Export) §KV  €#÷8 5 8?
v( I[ 6

121. LÂ8 ˆ v2 G
7S
G2004 vG 2011 UÇ
ÆVN (Import and Export figures) DÂ!: '[
vª2N D2004 1 Ó:w Åc = 8.60
D2011 (3Q 1 Ó:w Åc
= 17.2
G2004-2011 D!w 1 Ó:w Åc = 11.6
J:
;Ó'6S8
5 ˆ Table 2 c v(H8 7'Ò
7 b2
!'
v.. G2004 - 2011
W
81 |1 (Export) v ( U:_ G81 U78 (Import) ;O c S
';cc 3Jy vª$ 7'Ò
7
b2
G2004 vG 2011 v... ( 81
ULN c‹
G81 U U—
D!w 2'G
( U y
U78
§KV D5,238,942,571.43 Ó:w Åc D S D[c @U ( 81 HcG8
§KV G8z GHU7 §KV @ B$( Dv¡˜ 2u ('S G8z ( U
8V GU—
§K §KN 8V Ÿ:w
2I:]N 68% $¡
18%
3 §KV (3Q 11% ?€ S Dv3;u
2 U H~'8

122. F¡N
DwŸ vJÆ ( U y
BU— Bœ [žN
8 3 D !Ý
v2;… vªU— vªU—
22: 2(Ò vŒ 8S
Average Export and Import from 2004 thr 2011
Calculated Table 2
Descriptions Export Average Import Average
Agricultural raw materials (% of merchandise exports -
imports) in Ethiopia 215,282,288.57 62,399,454.83
Food (% of merchandise exports - imports) in Ethiopia 1,298,062,300.79 795,691,209.94
Fuel (% of merchandise exports – imports) in Ethiopia 41,128.29 1,250,687,831.80
Insurance and financial services (% of commercial service
exports - imports) in Ethiopia 20,676,835.50 31,396,776.57
Manufactures (% of merchandise exports -
imports) in Ethiopia 153,920,481.57 4,720,233,279.51
Ores and metals (% of merchandise exports -
imports) in Ethiopia 19,728,393.86 86,245,447.34
Total 1,707,711,428.57 6,946,654,000.00
13 of 27
Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com
v3ª5 3 §KN` v5žN LR]N V» DV K
cI`

123. -
’) ( 81 U GHc‹
3 §KN 8V H;K '8 — ` 7
v5žN`
4
` ` D7 N` 3 VLVR]N [žN w
S
14 of 27
Table 3
Export 2004 2011 Change
Food exports (% of merchandise
exports) in Ethiopia 935,312,400 2,253,425,000 141%
Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com
v^5 Table 3 c v(2'G8
• D2004 b.. ( 81 cG8 §KN 3 §KV v5žN LR]N
(Exported food items) 935,312,400.00 Ó:w Åc
8,044,000,000.00
(
†
) 8S
• D2011 b.. (3Q 2,253,425,000.00 Ó:w Åc
38,749,000,000.00
(ùcI
†
) 8S
• G2004 – 2011 7W
b2
8V D!w Db2
( 81 cG8
1,298,062,300.79 Ó:w Åc 8S
• 2004 ˆ G2011 ˆ @ B$( ( 81 c‹
§KN 3
v5žN LR]N (Exported food items) D141 % '8V Iµ S
v^5 c DW 5 ˆ
8V 2R
D†ˆ 3u8 3
v5žN LR]N D™ D ( ULT8 H ‹
(Export food items)
v( I8ª
F 2IW
UL
( ULT8 H ‹
3
v5žN LR]N ÂS F @Õ 9 D8 ?U7 2
D2013 b.. ~ I8ª D 10 å LR]N ( U³ D
w'NS Db2
D
Ñ 1.2 H† ‹ ( I8ª ~ D
cw S 5 DU? B2 240,000,000 Ó:w Åc 4,560,000,000
(GL
†
Dc) 8S
š) 6 (3Q 7'Ò
7
b2
!'
G2004 vG 2011 7W
ÕN (
U:_ 8V G81 UL
U78 (Import food items) 3 §KN v2 G
S
Table 4
Import 2004 2011 Change
Food imports (% of merchandise
imports) in Ethiopia 434,431,200.00 1,315,718,400.00 203%
Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com
Table 4 c v(H8
• D2004 b.. G81 ( U:_ U78 (Imported food items) 3
§KN VLVR]N 434,431,200.00 Ó:w Åc
3,736,000,000.00
(î
†
Dc) 8S
• D2011 b.. (3Q G81 ( U:_ U78 (Imported food items)
1,315,718,400.00 Ó:w Åc 22,630,000,000.00
( 6'
†
Dc) 8S

124. -
• D^5 b2
8V ( U:_ 8V G81 UL
U78 (Import food
items) 3 §KN Db2
D!w 795,691,209.94 Ó:w Åc
8S
• 2004 ˆ G2011 ˆ @ B$( D2011 G81 §28
(Imported food items) 3 v5žN D203% '8V Iµ S
ª v^5 2IW
ÆV '8N '2'G 'I[ 141%
203% '8V ÆVN '2'G 3 v5žN LR]N ( [c b'
8V 2§KW 3 v5žN VLVR]N ( U 8V !U7
H€
†2'8 Nc S
DULN c 141 203% “'8V Iµ ” B7
vFU
/Development/ ' !'
('S D
vFU
/Development/
X
˜ '8 S
Ù) v^5 c 3 §KN C8 3 2 3 §KV žN » V»
!T8 3 VRVR v5žN 'I[ Ü` M` ? LR]N` G
vI
Á@ N w
S [c8 3 N §KN C…
(3Q — `
7
v5žN` 4
` D7 N 'Õ8 2 3 §KV žN
8V cw
‹S _ Gc DVÀ v$I6
2 3 v5žN
LR]N ' (? H'8 VÀ V '22' $ S
GN Table 5 11110000 c v(2'G8 G2007 vG 2011 7W
b2
8V D!w Db2
( 81 cG8 2 3 §KN ~ B2…
126,670,000.00 Ó:w Åc 8S
15 of 27
Table 5 (in Million USD)
Food Exports
Description 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average
Meat Meat Products 15.50 20.90 26.60 34.00 63.30 32.06
Fruits Vegetables 16.20 12.80 12.10 31.47 31.50 20.81
Live Animals 36.80 40.90 52.70 90.70 147.90 73.80
Total 68.50 74.60 91.40 156.17 242.70 126.67
Source: National Bank of Ethiopia Annual Report 2009-2010, 2010-2011 (in Million USD)
7'Ò
b2
!'
G2007 vG 2011 7W
ÕN ( U:_
8V G81 UL
U—
(Import food items) ;Oc 2 3
§KN 2 G
(3Q D!w Db2
G81 UL
§28 3
VLVR v5žN B2 452,700,000.00 Ó:w Åc 8S11111111
Table 6 (in Million USD)
Food Imports
Description 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average
Cereals VLVR §KN
11112222
344.42 557.48 513.1 196 652.5 452.7
Import Total 344.42 557.48 513.1 196 652.5
1 Source: National Bank of Ethiopia Annual Report 2009-2010, 2010-2011 (in Million USD)
2 Calculated based on FAO MT information for 2007 and 2008
G8z UL
( U y
HU—
VLVR 3 §KN (Cereals) M` D¯ž`
ˆ 7Àc ;O c S

125. -
D' 8z 3F D2'G ( 8z Hc‹
( U 8V HU—
§KN D?Ò D2'
Vž D!c
V ˜$_ !2J? 1
Ò !c
(Cost-benefit analysis) v¡3 D Žc 8S 2 3
§KN ( 8z cwW vª6 2 3 VLVR v5žN ( U 8V
U7WS
ýL 7 b2 :È
c vª5 ' 22?=
D?Ò 7'!{ Dv¡˜ Iˆ²= S vó '!2J? vª$ Table 7 v2 G
S
• G2007 vG 2011 7W
5 b2
8V ( 8z cG8 2 3
§KV 126 H† Ó:w Åc 8S
• G2007 vG 2011 7W
5 b2
8V ( U 8V U—
2
3 VLVR §KN 452.7 H† Ó:w Åc 8S
• 81 3F ;OH 8Ü
Vµ H7'8 ( 81 cG8 §KV (Exports)
( U 8V HU78 §KV (Imports) z §² BUu 8S D^5 2
G2007 vG 2011 2 3 VLVR §KN 8Ü
v(HG'8 8S
16 of 27
Table 7 (in Million USD)
Description 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average
Food Export Total 68.50 74.60 91.40 156.17 242.70 126.67
Food Import Total 344.42 557.48 513.10 196.00 652.50 452.70
Balance of Payments (275.92) (482.88) (421.70) (39.83) (409.80) (326.03)
• v3ª5 Table 7 c v( 8 ( 81 cG8 3 §KV G81
U78 G2; Dc Dˆ - D2007 - 275.92 H† Ó:w Åc ÝIL`
D2008 - 482.88 H† Ó:w Åc ÝIL` D2009 - 421.70 H†
Ó:w Åc ÝIL` D2010 - 39.83 H† Ó:w Åc ÝIL` v D2011
- 409.80 H† Ó:w Åc ÝIL Vµ S
• G2007 vG 2011 D
ýL 7 2 2
7'Ò
5 b2
D!w Db2
326.03 H† Ó:w Åc (GL
†
)
Dc ÝIL DU:_ c Vµ S D^5 [
2 3 §KN (
8z 2c GVŒ ˜$_ 2ˆ S

126. 2 3 §KN (8z D2c DU²~N c G= D(
v( 2C… 2 U !NW
ÆVN v2GD
U= S 5 81
3F D' 2 3 §KN 3F 22: GÈ'ów V 2Â
vë G
V  c ('S DU²~N c v( '8
D( D( ~ IC Þ
D( v( U= S 3
§KV ( I8ª 5F D “D7'y
D !
” @J D (3Q
5ˆ D3 v
3 “D˜” § S
5ˆ
D '@ vªU

127. - ŽÅ7 S
“D !
#$
” !'
5 8!!!
ì) 7
2 3 §KV ( 81 U 2c 8z J: '!3P
U:µ '7
‡$ '2K $ 'HW
F V ÂS Table 8 v 9 u
2 G_S

128. -
ñ) G2007 vG 2011 b.. D!w 7'Ò
b2
;Oc 3
v5žN LR]N ( 81 c‹
(Exported food items) ( U:µ
8V U—
(Imported food items) 3 VVR]N 2'G
(3Q
D!w X_ 379,000,000 Ó:w Åc 8S !'
( 81 UL
cG8 3 §KV J
'8S '^5 ( 81 cG8 3 v5žN
LR]N G81 UL
HU—
VLVR]N €@ '§Ž
 Vµ
!'
8S
') vó 6 (3Q ;cc ( 8z cG8 ( U 8V U78 §KV
(Export - Import Commodities) !'
3 VR N` 3 v5žN
VLVR]N` Ÿ:w
2I:]N` v 2F Ÿ U 3žN
v2'G
S
o G2007 vG 2011 b.. 7W
b2
8V ( U:_ G81
UL
U78 (Imported Commodities) D!w Db2
5,616,000,000
Ó:w Åc 8S
o G2007 vG 2011 b.. 7W
b2
( 81 cG8 §KV
(Exported Commodities) D!w Db2
1,387,000,000 Ó:w Åc
8S
Export and Import Analysis
Calculated from 2007 - 2011
17 of 27
Table 8(in Million USD)
Descriptions
Average
Export
Average
Import
Balance of
Payments
Dist'n in
%-age
Agricultural raw materials (% of merchandise
imports) in Ethiopia 163.32 46.50 116.82 -2.76%
Food (% of merchandise imports) in Ethiopia 1,049.34 670.20 379.14 -8.97%
Fuel (% of merchandise imports) in Ethiopia 0.04 1,013.81 (1,013.77) 23.97%
Insurance and financial services (% of commercial service
imports) in Ethiopia 19.75 23.96 (4.22) 0.10%
Manufactures (% of merchandise imports) in Ethiopia 138.08 3,788.57 (3,650.49) 86.33%
Ores and metals (% of merchandise imports) in Ethiopia 17.04 73.18 (56.14) 1.33%
Total 1,387.57 5,616.23 (4,228.66) 100.00%
Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com (in Million USD)
´) G2007 vG 2011 7W
b2
3 VLVR v5žN ( U
8V HU78 (Imported food items) v ( 81 cG8 §KV (Exported
food items) ';cc8 ( 81 'HcG8 'HU78 §KV (Export - Import
Commodities) (U8 €#÷ BU2
8.97% ~ 8S
5 8.97% 8Ü
€#÷ Ÿ ?? Fº '!I
QS Table 9
2 G_S

129. -
Food Export and Import Analysis
Calculated from 2007 - 2011 Table 9 (in Million USD)
18 of 27
Descriptions
Average
Export
Average
Import
Balance of
Payments
Dist'n in %-
age
[žN 3 žN - Other Food items 922.74 217.50 705.24 -16.68%
2 3 žN -Basic Food items 126.60 452.70 (326.10) 7.71%
Food merchandise in Ethiopia 1,049.34 670.20 379.14 -8.97%
ñ) G2007 vG 2011 7W
b2
8V ( 81 c‹
( U y
U—
3 §KN 2 3 žN [žN 3 žN DH
G'€ S
• 2 3 §KV žN (Basic Food items) » cT8 3 VRVR
v5žN 'I[ Ü` M` D¯ž ? LR]N` G
vI
Á@
N 8S
• [žN 3 žN (Other Food items) (3Q 3 N §KN C…
— ` 7
v5žN` 4
` D7 N w
S
') Table 9 c W
ÆVN HU Ø
`
1) [žN 3 žN (Other Food items) ~ '81 3F 8W ² '81
3F cT8 €#÷ Db2
D!w 16.68% C DS D[c 77
705.24 H† Ó:w Åc 81 ‡$ 2Ž N DS _
( 81 c‹
3 §KN D705.24 H† Ó:w Åc 4
ccT8 ( U 8V U—
3 §KN z §Ä S
2) 2 3 žN '81 3F cT8 €#÷ 7.71% 8S !'
7.71% (Db2
D!w 326.10 H† Ó:w Åc) Â!: 81 ‡$
DU:_ c Vµ S ( U 8V U78 2 3 §KV
D326.10 H† Ó:w Åc 4 Iµ S 2 3 žN
(Basic Food items) '81 3F D2€W ~ Db2
D!w 4.2 †
7' ‡$ F£ S
Ÿ 32žN v~N v¢ “
7ªL K' 8OW” '8 F 7
v(2G 6W - 81 3F 2 3  ÆVN “( 81 G ÝIL
G 2 v^6 K
8 Lþ~N 2U—” vW D3 # ×× ULWS
v3ª5 v( ÆVƒ v F G Fº œ7» vŸ6 HG'8 8 '6S
€¡! €¡! €¡!
H Ì '8

130. 7 C (@‰ !S
2 3 §KN ( 81 UL
2c 'U:_ ‡$ vë V c2S
( 81 U HcG8 2 3 §KN 'U 8V Ì €WS
5ˆ D3
DFW
S
v^5 D
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1993- U# 363
2 Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe, published 1719
3 Source: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Cruso_economy
4 Source: http://www.ethiomedia.com/2012_report/yezer_manzer.pdf
5 Source: http://www.erca.gov.et
6 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_external_debt
7 http://www.tradingeconomics.com
8 National Bank of Ethiopia Annual Report 2009-2010, 2010-2011
9 Source http://mereja.com/forum/
10 National Bank of Ethiopia Annual Report 2009-2010, 2010-2011
11 National Bank of Ethiopia Annual Report 2009-2010, 2010-2011
12 Source: 1) National Bank of Ethiopia Annual Report 2009-2010, 2010-2011 and 2)
http://www.foodsecurityportal.org/ethiopia
13 Source: http://www.gfintegrity.org
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