Ethics in project management.pdf

The importance of a professional Code
of Ethics in Project Management
Débora EFIOGBE and Kenza DIAKITE under the
supervision of Dr .Yannick ATTHOS DIAYE

O
U
T
L
I
N
E
Introduction
I. Background of Project Management Ethics
II. Key Elements of a Professional Code of Ethics in Project
Management
III. Benefits of a Professional Code of Ethics in Project Management
IV. Application of a Professional Code of Ethics in Project Management
V. Challenges and Solutions in Implementing a Professional Code of
Ethics
VI. Case Study and Example
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
A project management code of ethics refers to a set of
principles, standards and guidelines that describe the ethical
conduct and behavior expected of project managers and
stakeholders involved in project execution. The Code of Ethics
plays an essential role in project management, as it guarantees
the integrity, credibility and success of projects. It also
provides a framework for ethical decision-making, guiding
project managers through complex situations, conflicts of
interest and ethical dilemmas. This presentation will provide
an overview of the key components of a code of ethics, discuss
its benefits and explore strategies for its implementation and
application in project management.

I. BACKGROUND OF
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
ETHICS

I. BACKGROUND OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT
ETHICS
A. Evolution of ethics in project management
Early Stages: In the early days, project management ethics
received limited attention, with the primary focus on
technical aspects and achieving project objectives.
Recognition of Ethical Concerns: As projects became more
complex and their impact on society increased, ethical
concerns emerged, leading to a greater emphasis on ethical
conduct in project management.
Influence of Professional Associations: Professional
associations, such as the Project Management Institute
(PMI), recognized the importance of ethics and developed
codes of ethics to guide project managers' behavior.
Integration of Ethical Standards: Ethical standards and
guidelines have become an integral part of project
management practices, aiming to ensure responsible and
ethical behavior in the field.
B. Recognition of ethical issues in project
management
Ethical Dilemmas: Project managers often face ethical
dilemmas where they must navigate conflicting interests,
values, or expectations of different stakeholders.
Consequences of Unethical Behavior: Unethical behavior
can lead to reputational damage, legal issues, project
failure, and negative impacts on stakeholders and society.
Importance of Awareness: Recognizing ethical issues is
crucial to address them promptly, mitigate risks, and make
informed decisions that align with ethical standards and
stakeholder expectations.
C. Need for a professional Code of Ethics in project
management
Establishing Standards: A Code of Ethics provides a set of
standards and principles that guide project managers' behavior,
ensuring they act ethically and responsibly.
Stakeholder Trust and Confidence: A Code of Ethics helps build
trust and confidence among stakeholders, including clients, team
members, and the wider community, by demonstrating a
commitment to ethical conduct.
Decision-Making Guidance: A Code of Ethics assists project
managers in making ethical decisions by providing a framework
for evaluating alternatives, considering the impact on stakeholders,
and choosing the most ethical course of action.
Professionalism and Integrity: Adhering to a Code of Ethics
promotes professionalism, integrity, and accountability in project
management, enhancing the reputation and credibility of the
profession as a whole.

II. KEY ELEMENTS OF A
PROFESSIONAL CODE OF
ETHICS

II. KEY ELEMENTS OF A PROFESSIONAL CODE OF
ETHICS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A. Core values and principles
Integrity: Project managers are expected to act with honesty, transparency, and fairness in all their professional interactions. They should
uphold high ethical standards and avoid conflicts of interest that may compromise their objectivity and impartiality.
Respect: Project managers should treat all individuals with respect, regardless of their role or position. They should value diversity, actively
listen to different perspectives, and foster an inclusive and collaborative work environment.
Responsibility: Project managers have a responsibility to fulfill their obligations towards stakeholders, including clients, team members,
and the wider community. They should demonstrate accountability for their actions and decisions, taking ownership of their projects'
outcomes.
Professionalism: Project managers are expected to exhibit professionalism in their conduct and interactions. They should continuously
develop their skills and knowledge, adhere to professional standards, and promote the advancement of the project management profession.
These core values and principles form the foundation of a professional Code of Ethics in project management. They guide project managers'
behavior and shape their ethical decision-making processes. By upholding these values, project managers can contribute to ethical project
outcomes, maintain stakeholder trust, and uphold the integrity of the profession.1. Integrity: Demonstrating honesty, transparency, and
ethical behavior in all project-related activities.

B. Responsibilities towards stakeholders : A professional Code of Ethics in project management outlines the responsibilities project managers have
towards various stakeholders. These responsibilities include:
Client Focus: Project managers have a primary responsibility towards their clients or project sponsors. They should prioritize the interests and needs of
the client, strive to understand their requirements, and deliver projects that meet or exceed their expectations.
Team Collaboration: Project managers have a responsibility to foster a collaborative and inclusive work environment. They should promote teamwork,
effective communication, and mutual respect among project team members. Encouraging collaboration enhances productivity, creativity, and the overall
success of the project.
Stakeholder Engagement: Project managers should actively engage and involve stakeholders throughout the project lifecycle. They should identify
relevant stakeholders, understand their expectations, concerns, and interests, and communicate with them effectively. Engaging stakeholders helps build
trust, manage expectations, and ensure project outcomes align with stakeholder needs.
Social and Environmental Responsibility: Project managers have a responsibility to consider social and environmental impacts in their decision-
making. They should take into account the well-being of society, communities, and the environment affected by the project. This includes promoting
sustainability, minimizing negative environmental impacts, and considering social implications such as community welfare and cultural preservation.
Ethical Procurement and Contracting: Project managers should ensure fairness, transparency, and ethical practices in procurement processes and
contract management. They should strive to maintain a level playing field for suppliers and contractors, avoid favoritism or bias, and ensure contracts
are awarded based on merit and compliance with ethical standards.

C. Standards of professional conduct : A professional Code of Ethics in project management establishes standards of professional conduct that
project managers should adhere to. Some key elements of the standards of professional conduct include:
Confidentiality: Project managers should maintain the confidentiality of sensitive information obtained during the course of their work. They should
handle and protect confidential data responsibly, ensuring it is not disclosed or used improperly.
Conflict of Interest: Project managers should identify and manage conflicts of interest that may compromise their objectivity and impartiality. They
should avoid situations where personal, financial, or professional interests could influence their decision-making, and if conflicts arise, they should
disclose them and take appropriate actions to mitigate their impact.
Ethical Procurement and Contracting: Project managers should promote ethical practices in procurement processes and contract management. They
should ensure fairness, transparency, and integrity in supplier selection, contract negotiations, and procurement decisions. They should avoid favoritism,
maintain competition, and uphold ethical principles in their interactions with suppliers and contractors.
Compliance: Project managers should comply with applicable laws, regulations, and professional standards governing project management practices.
They should stay informed about legal requirements and ensure that their projects and activities align with them. Compliance with legal and regulatory
obligations is essential for maintaining ethical conduct and minimizing legal risks.
Adhering to these standards of professional conduct promotes accountability, trust, and integrity in project management. It ensures that project managers
act ethically, making decisions that are fair, transparent, and in the best interest of the project and its stakeholders.

D. Ethical decision-making processes : Ethical decision-making involves considering the impact of decisions on stakeholders, evaluating
alternatives, and choosing the most ethical course of action. Key elements of ethical decision-making processes in project management include:
Ethical Awareness: Project managers should be aware of potential ethical issues and dilemmas that may arise during project execution. They should
recognize when ethical considerations are at play and be attentive to the ethical implications of their decisions.
Stakeholder Impact Assessment: Project managers should assess the potential impact of their decisions on various stakeholders. This involves
considering the rights, interests, and well-being of stakeholders and evaluating how different options may affect them.
Ethical Analysis and Deliberation: Project managers should analyze the ethical aspects of different courses of action. They should evaluate the potential
consequences, benefits, and risks associated with each option from an ethical standpoint. This may involve considering ethical principles, values, and
professional standards.
Ethical Judgment and Action: Project managers should exercise ethical judgment in making decisions. They should choose the option that aligns with
ethical principles, values, and stakeholder expectations. After making an ethical decision, project managers should take appropriate actions to implement
it effectively.
By following these ethical decision-making processes, project managers can ensure that their decisions are guided by ethical considerations and
contribute to the overall ethical integrity of the project.

III. BENEFITS OF A
ETHICS

A. Ensuring integrity and trustworthiness
Establishing a Culture of Integrity: A professional Code of Ethics sets clear expectations for ethical behavior and promotes a culture
of integrity within project management. It guides project managers to uphold high standards of honesty, transparency, and fairness
in their actions and decision-making processes.
Building Stakeholder Trust: A Code of Ethics demonstrates a commitment to ethical conduct, which helps build trust among
stakeholders, including clients, team members, and external partners. When stakeholders perceive project managers as trustworthy
and ethical, they are more likely to collaborate, support the project, and maintain long-term relationships.
Enhancing Professional Reputation: Adhering to a Code of Ethics enhances the professional reputation of project managers and the
project management profession as a whole. Ethical conduct showcases professionalism, competence, and a commitment to
responsible project management practices, which can lead to increased opportunities, recognition, and credibility in the industry.
Mitigating Risks and Avoiding Legal Issues: A Code of Ethics provides guidelines to project managers that help identify and
mitigate ethical risks. By considering ethical implications and making ethical decisions, project managers can minimize the
likelihood of legal issues, conflicts, and reputational damage that may arise from unethical behavior.
Promoting Ethical Decision-Making: A Code of Ethics serves as a reference point for ethical decision-making processes. It provides
project managers with a framework to evaluate alternative courses of action, consider ethical principles, and make informed choices
that align with ethical values and stakeholder expectations.
III. BENEFITS OF A PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS
IN PROJECT MANAGMENT

B. Promoting accountability and transparency
Accountability for Actions: A Code of Ethics establishes clear expectations for project managers' behavior and actions. It promotes
accountability by holding project managers responsible for upholding ethical standards and fulfilling their professional obligations.
Project managers are accountable to stakeholders, including clients, team members, and the wider community.
Transparent Decision-Making: A Code of Ethics encourages transparency in decision-making processes. Project managers are
expected to provide clear justifications for their decisions, consider relevant information, and involve stakeholders in decision-
making when appropriate. Transparent decision-making enhances trust and helps stakeholders understand the rationale behind
project-related choices.
Ethical Governance: A Code of Ethics supports the establishment of ethical governance structures within project management. This
includes mechanisms for oversight, monitoring, and reporting of ethical concerns. Project managers are encouraged to report
unethical behavior, and organizations are responsible for addressing and resolving such issues promptly and appropriately.
Stakeholder Confidence: By promoting accountability and transparency, a Code of Ethics enhances stakeholder confidence in
project management. When project managers demonstrate ethical behavior, stakeholders have greater trust in the decision-making
processes, project outcomes, and the overall management of the project.
Risk Management: A Code of Ethics aids in mitigating risks by promoting transparency and accountability in project management.
Transparent reporting and disclosure of relevant information help identify potential ethical risks, allowing project managers to
proactively address them and prevent negative consequences.

C. Mitigating risks and conflicts of interest
Ethical Decision-Making: A professional Code of Ethics provides project managers with a framework for making ethical
decisions. It helps them navigate complex situations and potential conflicts of interest by considering the ethical implications
and choosing the course of action that aligns with ethical principles. By making ethical decisions, project managers mitigate the
risk of engaging in unethical behavior that could harm the project and its stakeholders.
Conflict Resolution: A Code of Ethics offers guidance for resolving conflicts of interest that may arise in project management. It
helps project managers identify, disclose, and manage conflicts in a fair and transparent manner. By addressing conflicts of
interest proactively, project managers can prevent or minimize negative consequences and maintain the integrity and objectivity
of their decision-making processes.
Stakeholder Trust: Mitigating risks and conflicts of interest through a Code of Ethics builds stakeholder trust. When project
managers demonstrate a commitment to ethical conduct and prioritize the interests of stakeholders, it fosters confidence in their
decision-making and reduces concerns about biased or self-serving actions. Stakeholders are more likely to trust the project
manager's judgment and support the project's objectives.
Legal Compliance: A Code of Ethics helps project managers navigate legal and regulatory requirements and avoid situations
that may lead to legal issues or violations. By adhering to ethical standards, project managers can ensure compliance with laws
and regulations related to project management, reducing the risk of legal disputes, penalties, and reputational damage.
Reputation and Professionalism: Mitigating risks and conflicts of interest enhances the reputation and professionalism of
project managers and the project management profession as a whole. Ethical behavior and the ability to navigate conflicts of
interest demonstrate integrity, competence, and a commitment to acting in the best interests of the project and its stakeholders.
This can lead to increased credibility, opportunities for professional growth, and a positive reputation in the industry.

D. Enhancing professional reputation and credibility
Establishing Trust: A professional Code of Ethics helps project managers establish trust with stakeholders, including clients, team
members, and business partners. When project managers consistently demonstrate ethical behavior, it builds a reputation for
trustworthiness and reliability. This trust is crucial for establishing strong relationships and maintaining credibility in the project
management profession.
Demonstrating Professionalism: Adhering to a Code of Ethics showcases professionalism and a commitment to ethical standards.
Project managers who consistently demonstrate ethical conduct and decision-making contribute to the overall professionalism of
the project management field. This enhances their own professional reputation and credibility as well as that of the project
management profession as a whole.
Attracting Opportunities: A strong professional reputation and credibility open doors to new opportunities in the project
management realm. Organizations seek project managers who have a track record of ethical behavior, as it reflects their
commitment to responsible and accountable project management practices. Having a reputation for ethical conduct increases the
chances of being entrusted with high-profile projects or leadership roles.
Industry Recognition: Ethical project management practices contribute to industry recognition and accolades. Project managers
who consistently uphold ethical standards may be recognized and celebrated for their contributions to the field. Such recognition
further enhances their professional reputation and credibility among peers and industry experts.
Stakeholder Confidence: Ethical behavior and adherence to a Code of Ethics inspire confidence in stakeholders. Clients and other
project stakeholders are more likely to trust project managers who consistently act ethically. This trust leads to stronger stakeholder
support, cooperation, and overall project success.

IV. APPLICATION OF A
ETHICS

IV. APPLICATION OF A PROFESSIONAL CODE OF
A. Ethical considerations in project initiation
Stakeholder Analysis: Ethical project initiation involves conducting a comprehensive stakeholder analysis to identify and understand the interests, values, and
expectations of various stakeholders. This analysis helps project managers anticipate potential ethical challenges and ensures that stakeholder concerns are taken into
account from the beginning of the project.
Transparency and Full Disclosure: Project managers should ensure transparency and full disclosure during project initiation. They should provide stakeholders with
accurate and comprehensive information about the project's objectives, risks, benefits, and potential impacts. Transparent communication builds trust and enables
stakeholders to make informed decisions and provide meaningful input.
Fairness and Equity: Project managers should consider fairness and equity in project initiation, particularly in the allocation of resources and opportunities. They should
avoid favoritism, discrimination, or bias in project selection and ensure that all stakeholders have an equal opportunity to participate, benefit, or be impacted by the
project.
Environmental and Social Responsibility: Ethical project initiation involves considering environmental and social impacts. Project managers should assess and address
potential environmental risks, adhere to applicable environmental regulations, and strive to minimize negative impacts on local communities and ecosystems. This
includes engaging stakeholders in discussions about environmental and social considerations and implementing sustainable practices whenever possible.
Conflict of Interest Management: Project managers must be diligent in managing conflicts of interest during project initiation. They should identify and disclose any
personal, financial, or professional interests that could influence their decision-making. By managing conflicts of interest transparently and objectively, project managers
can ensure that project initiation is driven by the best interests of the project and its stakeholders.
By incorporating ethical considerations into project initiation, project managers lay the foundation for a responsible, sustainable, and ethically sound project. Ethical
project initiation sets the tone for the project's lifecycle, establishes stakeholder trust, and contributes to the overall success and positive impact of the project.

B. Ethical practices during project planning and execution
Stakeholder Engagement: Ethical project planning and execution involve actively engaging stakeholders throughout the process. Project managers should seek input,
listen to diverse perspectives, and consider stakeholder interests and concerns when making decisions. By involving stakeholders in decision-making, project managers
promote inclusivity, transparency, and accountability.
Objective Decision-Making: Project managers should strive for objectivity and fairness when making decisions during project planning and execution. They should
base decisions on relevant data, analysis, and established criteria, rather than personal biases or preferences.
Resource Allocation: Ethical practices require project managers to allocate resources fairly and efficiently. They should ensure that resources, such as budget, time, and
personnel, are distributed equitably and in alignment with project goals and stakeholder needs. Transparent and accountable resource allocation minimizes favoritism,
conflicts of interest, and unfair advantages.
Quality Assurance: Ethical project management emphasizes delivering quality outcomes and products. Project managers should prioritize adherence to quality
standards and ensure that project deliverables meet or exceed stakeholder expectations.
Risk Management: Ethical practices in project planning and execution involve proactive risk management. Project managers should identify, assess, and communicate
project risks to stakeholders, along with mitigation strategies.
Respectful and Inclusive Work Environment: Project managers should foster a culture of respect, open communication, and collaboration among team members. They
should value diversity, provide equal opportunities for participation, and address any discriminatory or disrespectful behavior promptly.
Compliance with Laws and Regulations: Project managers should be knowledgeable about legal and regulatory requirements related to the project and ensure that the
project activities are conducted in accordance with these requirements. Compliance helps protect the project, stakeholders, and the project manager from legal and
reputational risks.

C. Ethics in project closure and post-project evaluation
Completion of Obligations: Ethical project closure involves ensuring that all contractual and legal obligations are fulfilled. Project managers should review project
agreements, contracts, and commitments to ensure that all deliverables, payments, and other obligations are met as agreed upon.
Transfer of Knowledge: Ethical project closure includes the transfer of knowledge and lessons learned to relevant parties. Project managers should document and share
project insights, best practices, and challenges encountered during the project. This knowledge transfer helps future projects benefit from the experiences and promotes
continuous improvement within the project management profession.
Evaluation and Accountability: Ethical post-project evaluation involves conducting a thorough assessment of project outcomes, successes, and areas for improvement.
Project managers should engage stakeholders in the evaluation process, seeking their input and feedback.
Stakeholder Communication: Ethical project closure and post-project evaluation require clear and transparent communication with stakeholders. Project managers
should provide stakeholders with a comprehensive summary of the project's achievements, challenges, and lessons learned. Ethical Disengagement: Project managers
should ensure ethical disengagement from the project, including the proper closure of contracts, termination of resources, and handover of responsibilities.
Ethical Documentation and Archiving: Ethical project closure involves appropriately documenting and archiving project-related information, including contracts,
reports, and correspondence. Project managers should ensure that project records are stored securely and accessible to authorized parties as required by legal and
organizational requirements.
Professional Conduct: Throughout the project closure and post-project evaluation phases, project managers should maintain professional conduct and integrity. They
should address any conflicts of interest or ethical dilemmas that may arise during the closure process.
By applying ethical principles during project closure and post-project evaluation, project managers demonstrate accountability, transparency, and a commitment to
continuous improvement.

V. CHALLENGES AND
SOLUTIONS IN IMPLEMENTING A
PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS

CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS
1. Resistance to Change: People may resist adopting a code of ethics
due to ingrained habits or a lack of understanding about its
benefits.
2. Lack of Awareness and Understanding: Many individuals may
not be aware of the specific ethical standards and principles
outlined in the code.
1. Enforcement and Compliance: Ensuring consistent enforcement
and compliance with the code can be challenging.
4. Cultural and Organizational Challenges: The code of ethics may
clash with existing cultural norms or organizational practices.
Solution: Provide clear communication about the purpose and advantages of the code. Involve
key stakeholders in the development process to gain their buy-in and address concerns. Offer
training programs and workshops to help individuals understand the code and its
implications.
Solution: Conduct comprehensive awareness campaigns through various channels, such as
email, intranet, training sessions, and posters. Use real-life examples and case studies to
illustrate the application of ethical principles. Offer opportunities for discussion and
clarification to ensure a thorough understanding.
Solution: Establish clear policies and procedures for reporting ethical concerns or violations.
Designate an ethics committee or officer responsible for overseeing compliance and addressing
reported issues. Encourage a culture of accountability by making ethics a part of performance
evaluations and disciplinary processes.
Solution: Promote ethical awareness and education within the organization to help align
cultural values with the code. Engage leaders to act as role models by consistently exhibiting
ethical behavior. Foster open dialogue and create a safe space for discussing ethical concerns
and dilemmas.
V. CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN IMPLEMENTING A

CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS
5. Keeping the Code Relevant: Over time, the code may need
updates to address evolving ethical challenges and industry
trends.
6. Lack of Resources: Implementing and maintaining a code of
ethics requires dedicated resources in terms of time, budget,
and personnel.
7. Addressing Ethical Dilemmas: Ethical dilemmas can arise
where individuals face conflicting values or interests.
Solution: Establish a review process to regularly evaluate and update the code. Seek input from
stakeholders, including employees, customers, and industry experts, to ensure the code remains
relevant and effective. Communicate updates and provide training on any revisions made.
Solution: Secure support from senior management by demonstrating the value and benefits of an
ethical culture. Allocate resources specifically for ethics training, awareness programs, and
enforcement activities. Explore partnerships with industry associations or professional bodies to
access shared resources and best practices.
Solution: Offer guidance and support for individuals to navigate ethical dilemmas through
training and mentorship programs. Establish channels for seeking advice or discussing ethical
concerns with experienced professionals or an ethics committee. Encourage a culture of open
communication and emphasize the importance of ethical decision-making
V. CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN IMPLEMENTING A

PART ONE
In the field of project management, adhering to a professional code of conduct or ethics is of utmost importance. This case study will examine a
scenario where a project manager's adherence to ethical principles played a vital role in ensuring project success and maintaining stakeholder trust.
Scenario:
EFIOGBE is a project manager overseeing a critical infrastructure development project for a government agency. The project involves constructing a
new highway that will improve transportation and connectivity in the region. It has a strict timeline, a substantial budget, and a wide range of
stakeholders, including local communities, environmental organizations, contractors, and government officials.
Importance and Application of Professional Code of Conduct/Ethics:
1. Integrity and Transparency: EFIOGBE recognizes that maintaining integrity and transparency is crucial to gain the trust and cooperation of
stakeholders. She ensures that all project decisions and actions are transparent, communicated clearly, and aligned with the project's objectives. By
doing so, she builds a reputation for being trustworthy and accountable.
2. Conflict of Interest Management: During the project execution, EFIOGBE becomes aware of a potential conflict of interest. One of the contractors
involved in the project is a close relative of a high-ranking government official responsible for approving additional funding. Understanding the
ethical implications, EFIOGBE immediately discloses this information to the relevant authorities and suggests that an independent evaluation be
conducted to maintain fairness and impartiality.
3. Fairness and Equity: EFIOGBE understands the significance of fairness and equal opportunities in project management. When selecting contractors
for different project tasks, she ensures a fair and transparent bidding process that allows qualified individuals and companies to compete on an
equal footing. By avoiding favoritism or nepotism, EFIOGBE ensures that the project benefits from the best available expertise and resources.

PART TWO
4. Risk Management and Safety: Safety is a critical aspect of any construction project. John takes proactive measures to ensure that the project complies
with all relevant safety regulations and standards. She establishes strict safety protocols, conducts regular safety audits, and ensures that all
stakeholders are aware of their roles and responsibilities in maintaining a safe working environment. By prioritizing safety, EFIOGBE minimizes the
potential risks to workers, the public, and the project itself.
5. Respect for Stakeholders: Recognizing the diverse range of stakeholders involved, EFIOGBE maintains a high level of respect and professionalism in
his interactions. She actively listens to the concerns and perspectives of various stakeholders, addresses their questions and grievances promptly, and
seeks mutually beneficial solutions. This approach helps build strong relationships and fosters cooperation, leading to increased stakeholder
satisfaction and support for the project.
This case study highlights the importance and the application of a professional code of conduct/ethics in project management. By adhering to ethical
principles, project managers like EFIOGBE can ensure integrity, transparency, fairness, safety, and respect throughout the project lifecycle. Upholding
these values not only contributes to project success but also enhances stakeholder trust, fosters positive relationships, and upholds the reputation of the
project manager and the organization.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a professional Code of Conduct or ethics is of
utmost importance in project management. It serves as a
guiding framework that helps project managers navigate
complex and challenging situations while upholding the
highest standards of integrity, professionalism, and ethical
behavior .It sets the standards for ethical behavior, builds trust
and credibility, manages risks, fosters a positive work culture,
and ensures legal compliance. By adhering to these principles,
project managers can uphold the highest ethical standards,
contributing to the success of projects and the overall
reputation of the profession

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