The document is an issue of an electronics magazine published by RS Components. It highlights several topics, including: 1) RS Components' new online Electronics Centre and upgrade to help customers complete designs more quickly. It also details a partnership between RS, ARM and mbed to support ARM's virtual design environment. 2) Technical articles on renewable energy sources like solar power and low-power communication, processor, connector, and display technologies. 3) New products including over 4,000 additional Tyco Electronics connector lines and energy-saving lighting products from RS light Energy. The magazine seeks feedback from readers on technical articles and ideas.

1. e YOUR ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE ISSUE 2
13
Just Add
Wireless!
16
A bright future for
renewable energy
06
RS EDP & ARM
mbed make proof of
concept supersonic
rswww.com/electronics

2. lOGUE
06 4
nA
P
E
2
D
nD
A
PRECISIOn
ARM, MBED A
Y
ERG
En
16 REnEWABl
The world of electronic design is under increasing pressure to E
offer competition kicking products in ever decreasing timescales.
Short-cuts and inside information are essential to stay ahead of
the game. That’s why we strive to make RS your first choice for
electronic components and solutions by continually introducing
new technologies and partnerships to support designs from
concept to prototype and production.
InSIDE eTech
Our aim is to make the RS Components website the place where you start and finish
your design. That’s the thinking behind a very significant upgrade to our online presence 04 iSAY
which started with our new Electronics Centre initially launched across the UK and 05 RS nEWSlInES
Europe in October. It’s also why we’re extending our universal Embedded Development
Platform, EDP to support ARM’s new mbed virtual design environment, and driving
, 06 ARM, MBED AnD EDP
through a host of improvements great and small to help you get your design off the 10 PRODUCT nEWS
CAD screen and into production more quickly and easily. The article on page 6
provides an overview of EDP and the start of more things to come.
13 JUST ADD WIRElESS!
16 REnEWABlE EnERGY
In this edition, we’ve also put the spotlight 18 OlED DISPlAY TECHnOlOGY
on energy saving products, with technical
articles looking at solar power as well as low 20 ATTEnTIOn! 32-BIT ARCHITECTURE
Terms and conditions: Terms and power comms, processor, connector and 22 FPGA FlAGSHIP DEVICES
conditions of sale set out in the current display technologies.
RS Catalogue. This issue is valid from
March 2010 to May 2010.
24 THE JOY OF PRECISIOn AnAlOGUE
We’ve received lots of positive feedback about our 26 DESIGn TIPS
Published by: RS Components
first edition of eTech and want to hear more from
Limited. Registered office:
Birchington Road, Weldon, Corby, you. eTech is written by you as well as for you so,
30 ESSEnTIAlS
Northamptonshire NN17 9RS.
Registered No. 1002091. RS if you’ve got a great idea for a technical article or 32 THE POWER BEHInD THE TEST SYSTEM
would like to offer an opinion in iSay (pg 4), drop
35
Components Ltd 2010.
RS are trademarks of RS GRAPHICAl DISPlAY IS A WInnER
Components Limited. An me an email at etech@rs-components.com or
Electrocomponents Company. visit www.rs-components.com/etech. 36 THE SCIEnCE OF OnlInE SECURITY
39 COnnECTORS FOR
REnEWABlE EnERGY
40 lUnCH BREAK
42 InDUSTRY nEWS
Glenn Jarrett
Head of Electronics Marketing
GLO_0106_0210 eTech - ISSUE 2 03

3. iSAY RS
ADRIAN RAWLINSON,
MANAGING DIRECTOR OF
nEWSlInES
MARL INTERNATIONAL, TALKS:
Over 4,000 more Tyco Electronics lines Save energy
“
with the new
More than 18,000 parts now available through RS online
Candelas, watts
Amongst the introductions, are over 270 hermaphroditic and poke-in connectors. The
more Universal MATE-N-LOK connectors,
giving design engineers increased choice
poke-in connectors are low profile, surface
mount (SMT) two-position connectors ideally
RS light Energy
in selecting the right connector for new
industry, HVAC and lighting applications.
suited for LED strings and lighting controls.
The hermaphroditic blade and receptacle
Saver tool
Easy to use calculator shows
and
Over 240 AMPMODU micro-interconnect connectors are new SMT connectors
your savings from using
”
products have also been added, which are available in 2, 4 and 6 positions, intended for
lumens
designed for cable-to-board, cable-to-cable use with in-line board-to-board LED lighting greener lighting
and board-to-board applications along with applications.
140 additional PIDG crimp terminals,
and over 300 additional relays. To search the full Tyco Electronics range
available from RS, visit rswww.com/te
Also introduced are 85 connectors from the
Tyco Electronics LED printed circuit board
(PCB) mount lighting connectors, including
If you walk into a car showroom now and a salesman tries to convince you that his
flash sports car was outstanding because it uses lots of fuel, you’d think he was daft.
Yet that’s still more or less what we do in the lighting industry. By and large, customers Molex introduce 2,300 new lines
and manufacturers correlate the light output of a lamp to the power it uses.
RS has now doubled your choice of Molex products Now available across all European
websites, the Lamp Energy Calculator
Highlights from the new range with over 250 new additions to this has been developed to help RS
additions include the introduction of family, giving customers multiple pitch customers increase their ability
The story more or
less worked
when there was one lighting
the mix: halogen and LED,
and things start to get silly,
especially as LED lighting in
on the point at which you
measure the power used.
Incandescent lights are driven
candle, but few buyers other
than lighting specialists
understand them.
the C-Grid® / Sl system into the RS
offer. The C-Grid dual-row board-to-
options and allowing thousands of
configurations. The RS range of FFC
to deliver energy efficient lighting
solutions for buildings. The calculator
board system combines with the Sl connectors, designed for use in signal allows users to select their current
technology, incandescent, particular is seeing very rapid direct from a mains supply, (Stackable linear), a modular single- and data applications requiring flat lighting solutions, setting features such
which saw very little change progress. A 6W LED today can fluorescent lights are driven Everyone is concerned about row wire-to-wire and board-to-board flex cable, has doubled in size with as lamp type, wattage and temperature
in efficiency year on year. It produce twice as much light through an inverter and the energy used by lighting system. Together, these products offer more than 150 new products added. output. Using these criteria, it will then
wasn’t too much of a stretch as its equivalent a year ago. LEDs need a rectified supply, systems, but a sensible debate the largest number of variations and Further additions include increased identify potential alternatives from the
to accommodate a second LEDs also have very different normally low voltage. about which form of lighting cabling configurations in the industry. Mini-Fit Jr and Micro-fit 3.0 ranges. RS energy efficient lighting range, and
– Cold Cathode Florescent characteristics than other does the best job in a specified The popular Molex KK series, You can see the full Molex range calculate the savings to be gained from
Lamp - and fluorescent forms of light, as they give I don’t know whether to be set of circumstances is being developed to meet the challenges of and supporting technical information running and replacement costs, as well
tubes are commonly sold a directional, as opposed to, amused or to despair at the constrained by the lack of modularisation has been increased at rswww.com/molex as reduced energy usage costs.
as being ‘equivalent to’ spherical output. idea that measures such as a standardised method of
an incandescent bulb of candela, lumens and mean measuring light output and First launched in the UK in May
a specified power. Throw The apparent efficiency of a spherical candle power are power consumption across 2009, the calculator has been used
another two technologies into lighting system also depends based on the output of a the US, Europe and Asia.
1,400 more relays and switches from by thousands of RS customers to
help save energy and reduce costs.
Omron now available from stock Combined with energy efficient
product ranges including heating and
RS now has the largest stocked range of Omron electronic components plumbing, test and measurement,
insulation, IT and renewable energy,
RS has been working Alex Grout, European relays, switches, and RS offers a complete solution
with Omron Electronic Distribution Manager for connectors are available for energy efficient design and
Components to develop a Omron Components said online from RS”. maintenance of buildings.
complete offer for design “RS has spent a great effort
engineers to use, with a and huge investment in To learn more about As energy efficiency continues to
dedicated Omron web our partnership. With the the Omron Electronics be a dominant industry trend for
portals, plus implementation expansion of the weblinks, range available from RS, Electronic Design Engineers, go to
of buy-it-now web referral dedicated Omron portals including all the new rswww.com/energyRSource and
links from the Omron and range developments, introductions, go to find out how RS can help ensure that
website to RS and expansion specifiers of our products www.omron-rs.eu. the design environment is as energy
If you’ve got a strong opinion and would like the opportunity to of the Omron product range can be confident that the efficient as the latest application
get on your soapbox, write it up in around 300 words and email available from RS. widest range of Omron designs being worked on.
it to etech@rs-components.com
04 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 05

4. RS EDP & ARM
mbed make proof of
concept supersonic
The RS generic Embedded Development Platform (EDP)
now supports mbed, the new online development tool
for rapid prototyping with ARM microcontrollers.
As part of its roadmap for
EDP going forward, RS is
establishing a close partnership with
the need for a large initial investment
in a suitable compiler, for example.
Even the developer’s workspace is
rapid proof-of-concept work can take
advantage of this online approach to
reduce design-start costs and quickly
ARM aimed at allowing developers maintained online, giving engineers acquire knowledge and code. In
to take full advantage of ARM’s the freedom to login from anywhere addition, customers will also be able
web-based mbed embedded without needing to ensure access to to use the baseboard with the latest
development concept. project documentation stored locally. Cortex-M0 microcontrollers targeting
In addition, mbed development ultra low-power applications, when
RS has added mbed processor is independent of the developer’s these become available.
modules supporting the ARM7 chosen platform – whether PC,
and Cortex®-M3 architectures to Linux or Mac. EDP Explained
its range of available modules for Embedded design projects typically
EDP This gives EDP users access
. Developers can also access the aim to have a proof-of-concept
to the industry’s first online platform mbed online library of functions. ready early in the project lifecycle.
for fast, low-risk prototyping This provides an API-driven approach This requires some basic hardware,
of ARM based microcontroller to coding, and pre-written drivers which is usually obtained by
systems. are also available saving developers purchasing an evaluation board from
learning microcontroller hardware the processor vendor or from a third-
The EDP and mbed concepts are details. Each peripheral also has the party developer. However, hardware
ideally matched. ARM’s mbed benefit of a turnkey “Hello World” modifications may be required, and
module containing the microcontroller example to quickly verify correct the project must usually absorb
has a 40-pin DIP form factor designed functionality. RS is taking a leading the full purchase price. Such kits
to allow the microcontroller I/Os to be role in further development of mbed are rarely re-usable in subsequent
connected to a solderless prototype by working with ARM to provide projects, either because the
board or a through-hole printed circuit resources dedicated to writing right features are not provided
board (PCB). The module connects production-ready drivers. This will or the technology may have
to the EDP baseboard via an adaptor quickly increase accessibility for been superseded.
board that, together with the 40-pin developers to high-quality functions
mbed module, makes up the EDP optimised for the ARM Cortex A more cost-effective approach is to
mbed Command Module. With embedded processor family. work using a modular development
the module connected, programs platform that can also be reconfigured
are downloaded by dragging and Another benefit of mbed throughout the longer term to meet
dropping the program binary in the development is access to a large requirements for initial hardware in
same way as using a Flash USB drive. online community of developers future projects. The EDP fulfils this
sharing code and resources through concept. It provides a baseboard
Perhaps the most powerful aspect mechanisms such as the mbed into which are plugged processor
of mbed-based development is its Cookbook online repository, wiki modules and special-function
fundamentally online nature. Many and the mbed forums. modules as required by each project.
of the programming resources and This provides a trusted platform,
project-management functions Developers combining the EDP suitable for long-term use,
developers need to call on are mbed Command Module with EDP
maintained in “the cloud” removing
, application modules to complete Continued page 08 >
06 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 07

5. wireless development. Users can
High Reliability
also build their own modules, if
required, by referring to the EDPCON
bus specification.
A key challenge facing embedded-
systems developers is to build
drivers for each of the functions to
be implemented. The time taken
to write and debug a driver, at the
proof-of-concept stage, can delay
the project; particularly if the driver
will not work. Later in the project, it
may be necessary to develop certain
drivers further to achieve the full
connectors of 140 and 100 pins functionality and robustness.
each, called EDPCON1 and
EDPCON2 respectively. The EDP EDP solves both of these challenges
motherboard also solves issues by including all necessary drivers for
such as inter-module and inter-EDP each function. Moreover, the drivers
system communications, using are written from the outset to be
available interconnects such as production ready. Hence, developers
I2C and CAN. can progress their projects without
debugging drivers at the initial
< Continued from page 07 Plug-in Command Modules hardware stage or refining the drivers
This architecture allows a wide for production later in the project.
which will not only save purchasing variety of processor modules, based
numerous development kits but on various microcontrollers, to be EDP Hits the Open Roadmap
will also save the time to make built by mapping the device I/O pins By introducing EDP RS has delivered
,
any adaptations. onto the EDPCON1 and EDPCON2 a solution that enables today’s
connectors. The microcontroller design engineers to meet the
then appears to be a virtual CPU increasingly acute cost and time-
Configurable Baseboard to another I/O device fitted on the to-market demands on embedded
The EDP baseboard, or bus, such as a digital or analogue systems design. As a common
motherboard, is an Extended peripheral module. It is possible platform, the EDP reduces design
Eurocard size (220 x 100
mm) board that provides four
identical “stations” for the plug
to map almost any microcontroller
to this format. The first Command
Modules to be introduced for EDP
and construction times from weeks
to days. Project cost savings are
achieved by removing the need
when you need it most
in modules. The motherboard have supported the Infineon XC167 , to purchase and adapt to multiple
allows microcontrollers and I/O STMicroelectronics STR9, and manufacturer-specific development Datamate, the 2mm pitch cable to cable,
devices to communicate through the Microchip Plug-in Module for kits. Ultimately, EDP sets developers
a standardised interface similar to microcontrollers and dsPIC devices free to try more new ideas and cable to board and board to board connector
PC/104 or STE buses. However, (PIC-PIM) spanning 8-bit, 16-bit and push boundaries to create more family from Harwin, is designed to perform
whereas PC/104 and STE tend 32-bit families. successful, highly differentiated
to support only power-line, data, products. A new, two-station EDP in harsh operating conditions, surviving
address and control signals, Plug-in Functional Modules baseboard will be introduced in the
the EDP interface supports Of course, since the EDP is near future, to further reduce the extremes of shock, vibration & temperature
microcontroller applications by also conceived to provide a configurable cost of building initial embedded-
catering for specialist pin functions platform for proof-of-concept work, systems hardware.
– yet the cost per contact is that of an
relevant to typical 8, 16 and 32-bit its success is also dependent industrial, commercial device.
microcontrollers. There are three on providing a diverse range of
I2C channels, two CAN channels, peripheral functions that are also in RS is also inviting participation
an SPI port, and various signal- EDPCON-compatible modules. The in the EDP developer
measurement and signal-generation first modules to be developed as community from academic
peripherals. There are also groups part of the EDP programme include institutions. Universities
of pins to support interrupts in analogue and digital I/O modules, a interested in gaining access to
response to external events, communications module, and two development kits for research making the right connection
groups of pins able to create motor-control modules. and teaching can contact us at
pulsetrains, others dedicated etech@rs-components.com
to motor control, I2S, memory The EDP modular concept lends itself
cards and many other common to the development of an increasing
microcontroller IO types. Advanced range of application modules going
interfaces such as SD/MMC are forward. RS is actively pursuing
also supported. development of new modules;
recent announcements include a
All of these signals are contained new SD Card module and plans To see more on the EDP
within two 0.8mm dual-row for modules to enable EDP-based go to rswww.com/edp
08 eTech - ISSUE 2 rswww.com/harwin

6. PRODUCT PRODUCT
nEWS nEWS
TEKTROnIX  CURREnT MEASUREMEnT FCI - FFC & FPC
High sensitivity current probes for accurate power COnnECTORS
and load analysis. Ever extending options
for flex circuit FFC/FPC TDK-lAMBDA - 300W MEDICAl
n The TCP300 and TCP400 series AC/DC Current Measurement connectors. POWER SUPPlY
family is a highly advanced current measurement system for 300/400 Watts, digital power solution
today’s current measurement needs. Tektronix current probes n FCI, a leader in flex FFC/FPC for medical applications.
provide industry-leading measurement sensitivity to a minimum connectors continue to bring you
of 1mA, which is critical for accurately measuring low level unique solutions that give you the footprint and the quality level n TDK-Lambda has introduced their new digitally
currents and frequency components. When connected to you need for your application. FCI were the first to introduce controlled 300-watt power supplies designed specifically
Tektronix Oscilloscopes with TEKPROBE level II, TekConnect a flex connector with a back side flip actuator that allows you with medical applications in mind. With a 4kVAC reinforced
(with TCA-BnC) or TekVPI (with TPA-BnC) interfaces, current to insert the flex cable and lock the actuator with one hand. input to output isolation and an output-to-ground
measurements and calculations are made simple and easy. Products include flex connectors for LIF (low insertion force) and isolation of 1500VAC, the EFE300M meets the rigorous
Additional measurement power is available with add-on ZIF (zero insertion force), top and bottom contact options, vertical international safety standards of IEC 60601-1 for medical
software such as the TDSPWR2 power measurements package. and right angle orientations, surface mount and through hole equipment. Designed with space limitations in mind, the
RS Online search term: Current Probes, Tektronix terminations in contact spacing options down to 0.3mm. 3 x 6” footprint, 1.6” height is ideal and the low profile
RS Online search term: FCI FFC connectors allow maximum airflow for optimised cooling
efficiency. Other features such as a redundant operation
capability and high current standby make the EFE300M
equally suitable for highly integrity applications including
lECROY - WAVEACE SERIES instrumentation, routers and security networks.
OSCIllOSCOPES RS Online search term: tdk-lambda efe300*
Oscilloscopes offering a powerful combination of TEXAS InSTRUMEnTS
large, informative displays at an affordable price. - nEW 60V STEP
DOWn DC/DC
n Our WaveAce oscilloscope series simplifies your work and COnVERTER CREE - XlAMP MC-E SERIES lEDS
shortens the time taken to find and debug problems. The lighting class, high lumen multichip lED’s.
60V step down DC/DC
WaveAce™ combines long memory, a colour display, extensive converters, for light load
measurement capabilities, advanced triggering and excellent efficiency and automotive n Cree leads the industry in brightness and reliability for
connectivity to improve troubleshooting and shorten debug applications. power lEDs with its Xlamp lED family. Cree is
time. With both 2 and 4 channel models, bandwidths from enabling the lighting industry with efficient,
40 MHz to 300 MHz, sample rates up to 2 GS/s and waveform n The TPS54160 from Texas environmentally friendly lED light. MC-E
memory up to 9 kpts/Ch (18 kpts interleaved) the WaveAce Instruments is a step down X-lAMP lEDs can reduce lED
exceeds all expectations of a small affordable oscilloscope. regulator with an Integrated system complexity and
RS Online search term: lecroy Waveace digital Switch. The input voltage size by combining 4 lED
range is 3.6-60Volts. Output chips in one package.
Compared to discrete
voltage range is 0.8-58V with ARDUInO DUEMIlAnOVE
a maximum output current of lEDs, they reduce the
AGIlEnT - U1701A 1.5A. The TPS54160 has excellent
ATMEGA328 MCU distance between lED die,
HAnDHElD efficiency in light load conditions STARTER BOARD creating a small optical
source for excellent
CAPACITAnCE and is from the 0.5A to 10A Atmel Development boards.
optical control and efficient
METER
™
SWIFT Converter family.
FAIRCHIlD MOTIOn-SMART RS Online search term: n The new Arduino Duemilanove
colour mixing. They have
A Capacitance Meter in a maximum output of 430
POWER MODUlES (SPM™) the palm of your hand.
TPS54160 is an ATmega328 starter board
lumens bringing high performance and quality
Integrated 3 Phase Motor Drive Solutions which contains everything needed to
of light to a wide range of applications, including
for BlDC PMSM/BlAC and ACIM. n Agilent’s new U1701A start designing straight away.
parking, roadway and pedestrian outdoor areas,
Capacitance Meter now It has 14 digital input/output pins
portable and personal lighting, retail display
n The Motion-SPM in DIP packaging offers a high allows random checks (6 can be used as PWM outputs),
lighting and emergency vehicle lighting.
performance simplified solution for commercial across the production 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
RS Online search term: MCE4WT
and industrial inverter motor designs, Each SPM floor and performance crystal oscillator, a USB connection,
integrates six IGBTs, six diodes, three HVICs, one checking at your a power jack, an ICSP header
LVIC and a thermistor in a single compact module inspection or sorting stations. With a wide measurement range and a reset button. The platform is
(60mm * 31mm). Compared to discrete IGBT and many features, the U1701A puts a new level of convenience open-source, implements the
solutions, the integrated into capacitance meters. It has up to 25 sets of high/low limits to Processing/Wiring language and
SPM requires less than store and choose from in compare mode. The U1701A also lets you provides a free IDE; simply connect it
half the board space, while breeze through capacitor sorting without the need to set and reset to a computer with a USB cable or APTInA 10MEGAPIXEl COlOUR IMAGE SEnSOR
providing low voltage control the standard reference for different capacitors under test. Handy power it with an AC-to-DC adapter A High-Speed, low-Power Sensor for Camera Designs.
and a high voltage output functions, include tolerance and relative modes, Hold, Min/Max/ or battery to get started.
stage rated at 10A-75A Average recordings and PC data logging. RS Online search term: n The MT9J003 is a 1/2.3-Inch CMOS Digital Image Sensor, built with Micron’s
at 220Vac. This compact, RS Online search term: Agilent capacitance Duemilanove exclusive DigitalClarity® technology, this sensor features exceptionally low noise
ceramic and DBC-based levels and low-light sensitivity. It supports full HD—1080p at 60 fps, delivering
transfer moulded-type CCD image quality (based on SnR and low-light sensitivity)—along with the low
package optimises heat cost, low power, high performance, small form factor, and fast time-to-market.
transfer from the IGBTs. With very low power consumption and variable functions such as gain, frame
RS Online search term: rate, and exposure, this sensor outputs high-quality images at high speeds. It is
Fairchild FSAM* easily programmed through a simple two-wire serial interface.
RS Online search term: Aptina 10MP
10 eTech - ISSUE 2 See more online - Over 5,000 new products are added at rswww.com/electronics every month eTech - ISSUE 2
1 11

7. Lowest RDS(on) in TO-247 Package *
Just add
N-Channel MOSFETs With performance improvement of up to 50%
over competing devices, the new TO-247
BVDSS RDS(on) ID@ 25˚C Qg typ MOSFETs from International Rectifier can
Part Number
WIRElESS!
(V) (mΩ) (A) (nC) help extend battery life in motor applications,
improve efficiency in solar inverter systems,
IRFP4004PBF 40 1.7 195** 220
and deliver the wattage required for high power
IRFP4368PBF 75 1.85 195** 380 Class D audio systems.
IRFP4468PBF 100 2.6 195** 360 Applications
• High Power Synchronous Rectification
IRFP4568PBF 150 5.9 171 151
• Active O’Ring
IRFP4668PBF 200 9.7 130 161 • High Power DC Motors Trends in consumer electronics often
IRFP4768PBF 250 17 93 180 • DC to AC Inverters create a climate of expectation in
• High Power Class D the wider electronics market, and so
* Based on data compiled October 2008 it is with wireless communications. It
** Package limited Features
would be really hard to buy a laptop
• 40V to 250V in TO-247AC Package
without WiFi and all but the simplest
• Industrial grade, MSL1
mobile phones now come with
• RoHS compliant
Bluetooth as standard. Since the pieces
OICE of electronics that most customers
Your FIRST CHnce
for Perfo rma use most often now have wireless
connections, there is an increasing
expectation that all the rest of their
personal gadgets and professional
tools will offer no less.
For more information visit us at rswww.com/IR THE POWER MANAGEMENT LEADER
Continued page 14 >
12 TITlE nOVEMBER 2009 eTech - ISSUE 2 13

8. “ Modules are a highly competitive market, and
prices are coming down all the time. Many use
Chip-on-Board technology, so that the complete
module ends up coming in as small as - or
sometimes smaller than - the packaged IC.
John Fairall
Director, RF Solutions
”
< Continued from page 13 products based on all of the major standards, help the developer, they are best avoided need to do is squirt data in and RF comes out,
” Energy Harvesting for high volume designs, where the team
and his advice is that developers shouldn’t by development teams without RF design according to Fairall. A particularly neat idea is to harvest energy has access to the appropriate expertise. In
The task of adding wireless
communications to a system
may appear daunting, with the RS website
necessarily adopt any of them. “The major
benefit of choosing an independent standard
is that it offers access to a wider market. For
experience. “RF design is full of pitfalls, and
unexpected things like the density of the
fibreglass mounting board can be a real issue, ”
Proprietary solutions
A wide range of low-power applications just
from the surrounding environment to power
a wireless link, eliminating the need to use
a batter altogether. This makes the system
most cases, modules offer the shortest time
to market and the lowest design risk, usually
with no or very little penalty in terms of size,
listing support for no less than eight different a system where you control both ends, all says Fairall. “ reference design simplifies the
A need simple point-to-point or networked entirely maintenance-free and reduces costs power consumption and bill of materials cost.
standards, as well as several proprietary four of the major standards will burden you development for a suitably qualified specialist. communications, that can be run from a by eliminating the need for wires of any form. Truthfully,the latest modules make it easy to
alternatives. Which of these multiple with features and performance that you don’t Those choosing this path should either lean on battery. Such applications include alarm and EnOcean GmbH develops and manufactures incorporate a wireless link into almost any
alternatives is the best for any given project, need, and will probably be more costly than a the supplier for enough application support to security products and home automation. Using such self-powered wireless sensors, which electronics product at low cost and with little
and what are the implementation challenges? proprietary solution, he says.
” troubleshoot their design, or expect to hire in a proprietary solution leaves the developer harvest heat or light from the environment, design effort.
a consultant to advise on its completion. This
” in complete control of the whole system, or the energy used for example to depress a
The candidates He continues, “However, if your product requirement probably makes the discrete path eliminating the commercial and technical switch to generate enough electricity to allow
For the purposes of this discussion, we’re needs to communicate with a laptop or to uneconomic for products with volumes of less downsides of allowing customers to introduce the transmission of a short pulse of control data.
going to assume that the requirement is for surf the web through an access point, then than 10,000 pieces per annum. third-party products into the mix. Their self-powered wireless switches consume
wireless communications with a range of wireless LAN is a great idea. If it needs to Texas Instruments SimpliciTITM network about 50 µWs for a complete command which
10-100m, with the capability to penetrate solid connect to a mobile phone, Bluetooth would In truth, though, with the outstanding module protocol is one example of the low-power RF takes less than one millisecond, and has a range
objects. For short range line-of-sight data or be an excellent choice. Similarly, ZigBee is solutions currently emerging, there is little need protocols available for simple, small RF of 300 meters in the open. If this sounds too
remote control applications, there is a range of building critical mass in home automation, to brew your own. Fairall continues, “Modules networks (less than 100 nodes). Designed good to be true, take a look at the Trial Pack
solutions based on infra-red that can be readily sensor networks and remote metering, and are a highly competitive market, and prices are for easy implementation with minimal offered by RS (stock number is 189-065).
accessed. Longer range connections normally RFID is widely used in logistics. If these are coming down all the time. Many use Chip-on- microcontroller resource requirements it
require the use of the cellular infrastructure, your target markets, and interoperability would Board technology, so that the complete module runs out-of-the-box on TI’s low-power Conclusion
which is a whole subject in its own right. be attractive to your customers, then that ends up coming in as small as or sometimes microcontrollers and RF transceivers. Despite For a great many customers looking for a
On this basis, the main alternatives are should drive the decision. ” smaller than the packaged IC. ” the modest resources required, SimpliciTI simple point to point or point to multipoint link,
WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, RFID or proprietary network protocol supports peer-to-peer a proprietary protocol offers the simplest and
solutions. According to John Fairall, Director Implementation Modules can be highly configurable, with communication, the option to use an access lowest cost solution. The major standards, WiFi, For the latest information on
of the company RF Solutions, the main All of these technologies are offered as parameters including frequency selectable by point to store and forward messages and range Bluetooth, ZigBee and RFID are only needed if wireless technology available
parameters to consider are power, physical discrete components or modules. Although the customer. Some offer standard RS-232 extenders to extend the range of the network the market demands them. Either way, it is only from RS, visit the Electronics Centre
size, range and data rate. RF Solutions offers vendors usually offer reference designs to interfaces. “With the smart versions, all you to four hops. worth considering discrete implementations at rswww.com/electronics
14 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 15

9. A bright future for
IGBT IGBT
renewable
High-side
Q1 Q2 IGBTs
DC supply AC-out
(Solar Inverter, L1 C1
battery) C2
energy
L2
AC-out
IGBT IGBT
Q3 Q4
Low-side
IGBTs
The potential for photovoltaic solar
energy is high but requires careful
design consideration in order to
Fig.1 The solar-power inverter taps high voltage IGBTs in
attain maximum efficiency. a full-bridge topology
Conservation in general
is now
high on the global agenda and as part of the
due to the removal of a single point of failure
outweighs the higher unit price over the
system’s lifetime.
(typically 50 or 60Hz). This effectively means
that, during the positive half-cycle, Q1 is pulse-
width modulated at 20kHz while Q4 remains
overall drive for efficiency, the momentum on (Q2 and Q4 are off) and, similarly for the
behind alternative forms of renewable energy Both centralised and distributed topologies negative half-cycle, Q2 is modulated and Q3
is growing. One of the most viable and buoyant have their merits but both share the need remains on (Q1 and Q4 are off). Clearly, the
technologies is solar power derived from for efficient inverter technology. Without an characteristics of the high-side and low-side
photovoltaic cells. There are now numerous efficient inverter, any gains made through IGBTs differ based on this architecture, so it is
examples of how PV energy can be employed; improving the system’s performance could important to choose devices from a supplier
from portable phone chargers, to arrays of be in vain. However, the requirements of who understands these requirements.
solar roof panels generating enough energy to the inverter(s) used will differ based on the
supply a home or small business. topology and it is here that the technology International Rectifier’s (IR) portfolio of IGBTs
within the inverter plays a key role. and MOSFETs provides for this scenario,
The latter is the subject of much interest at as Figure 1 shows. For the high-side IGBTs,
the moment, as efficient installations are The input voltages to the inverter will depend switching time is crucial and so selecting a fast
capable of supplying surplus energy back into on the topology chosen and, in turn, the switching IGBT can minimise switching losses.
the power grid under the right circumstances, efficiency of the inverter will depend on its A new range of IGBTs launched recently
thereby providing not only a form of renewable design based on those system requirements. by IR, the 600V Trench IGBTs, have been
energy for the owner, but also a modest return It is well established that insulated-gate bipolar optimised for high-side switching at 20kHz
on investment. However, along with much transistors, or IGBTs, offer advantages for this and target inverters used in uninterruptable
interest there is also much debate, as the type of inverter design. These devices present power supplies (UPS) and solar panel inverters.
deployment of PV technology is susceptible the best of field effect transistor (FET) and In fact, using these devices can deliver up to
to losses at various stages in the power chain. bipolar junction transistor (BJT) technologies in 30% efficiency gains in these applications.
To combat this, manufacturers throughout the a single device; allowing them to be controlled
supply chain are becoming polarised over the by a voltage, as with a MOSFET, but offer the The low-side devices need not be optimised
best system architecture to implement. higher current-passing capabilities of BJTs. for switching speed in the same way and in
As a result, their use in power delivery has this application the recommended devices
The power generated by solar panel arrays is increased rapidly and while there is now a would be standard speed IGBTs, constructed
a direct current and so using PV technology wide range of IGBTs to choose from, it is clear from a planar process as opposed to the
to supply an AC voltage at mains power levels that one size does not fit all applications. This is trench devices used for the high-side. These
requires a DC-AC inverter. A debate rages illustrated not only by the differences between devices have been optimised for low speeds
over how best to implement the inverter inverters within a centralised or distributed and low conduction losses and therefore
technology: Centralised or distributed? topology, but the optimised selection of the represent the most efficient solution.
IGBTs within those inverters.
With a distributed approach (which is gaining The use of PV solar panels is increasing rapidly,
favour over the more traditional centralised To create the AC waveform, the DC input yet the technology offers a great deal of
topology) a dedicated inverter is positioned from a solar cell or battery passes through a scope in terms of efficiency improvements.
close to each solar panel’s output. The main full-bridge inverter, as shown in Figure 1. This Developing more efficient inverters is a critical
benefit of this approach is that no individual requires four high-voltage IGBTs; Q1 and Q2 stage in the advancement of PV technology, as
cell’s performance can negatively impact (referred to as ‘high-side’), and Q3 and Q4 well as other forms of renewable energy.
the overall system’s performance – a major (referred to as ‘low-side’) transistors.
criticism of the centralised approach. While
the duplication of inverters does carry a higher One technique to create the AC sine wave
cost, advocates of the distributed approach is to pulse-width modulate the high-side For more on IR’s portfolio of IGBTs
argue that the increased efficiency coupled transistors, at 20kHz, and commutate the low- and MOSFETs for PV technology,
with the improvement in system reliability side IGBTs at the desired power grid frequency go to rswww.com/ir
16 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 17

10. In our increasingly portable world,
reducing power consumption, weight and
cost conflicts with the need to provide a
sophisticated user interface on even the COnnECT  COnFIGURE 
simplest measurement or test system. The
mobile phone industry is a wonderful proving
COnTROl YOUR SERIAl DEVICES
ground for new technologies that can Serial data is still used for many industrial and Features
reconcile these conflicting requirements, and machine control tasks, but with demands
for greater control and remote access the
• RS422 Full duplex. RS485 4 wire full duplex
or 2 wire half duplex with Autogating,
OlED display technology is the latest idea growth in Ethernet usage continues apace. automatic control of data direction
that was pioneered in this market and is now Brainboxes have the solution with a simple • Support for 5,6,7 or 8 data bits for
,
to install Ethernet to serial converter which maximum system compatibility
being offered to the general display user. allows RS-232 or RS-485 based control • Support XON/XOFF software flow control
systems to transmit data via a local Ethernet and parity bits
network and even further. • Ethernet port is auto-sensing 10/100Mbit
with normal or crossover operation
The ES-357 Ethernet to Serial device server • Power input range from 5-30Vdc making
OlED –
provides access to one RS232 and one it suitable for all applications
RS422/485 serial port via any Ethernet • Compact dimensions - 90x62x25mm
network. With support for data transfer baud (not including mounting ears or connectors)
rates up to 230,400, coupled with software
support for multiple network protocols For datasheets and to see the full
including DHCP TCP IP and HTTP it delivers
, , range of serial data solutions for
uncompromising performance. Brainboxes available visit rswww.com
the backlight-free
and search for ‘668-5506’.
display option
METCAl MX-5000 SOlDERInG SYSTEMS
OlED explained active matrix OLED display is The new MX-5000 Series Soldering and More power. With nearly double the
OLED is an emissive typically 50µs versus 25ms of Rework System is the next generation of power of its predecessor, the MX-5000 MX-5041 PRECISIOn TWEEZERS,
technology, each pixel emitting LCD, meaning full motion-video the trusted Metcal Soldering Systems that time to recovery increases production SOlDERInG AnD REWORK SYSTEM
its own light – so when it is is smoother and greyscale will enable you to increase productivity rates and throughput. Combines both the Metcal Advanced™ Hand-
off, it produces no light and rendition is far superior. and process control for a wide range of piece and the Precision Tweezers Hand-piece,
consumes virtually no power. applications with these new features: Improved ergonomics. A new Metcal users get maximum application flexibility for
Unlike backlit LCD displays lower cost Advanced™ Hand-piece for soldering and soldering and reworking the widest range of
therefore, OLEDs produce a OLED manufacturing capacity rework is carefully designed to decrease surface mount components.
true black, and their contrast globally is limited, and the operator fatigue and enhance the operator RS Part number: 675-0701
ratio is much higher, typically displays are manufactured in manual dexterity.
10,000:1 compared with 400:1 much lower volumes than LCDs Despite its higher price and other issues such as shorter MX-5051 SOlDERInG, DESOlDERInG
for an LCD display. They are at the moment. Accordingly, lifetimes, OLED adoption is growing rapidly. iSupply forecasts Greater process control. SmartHeat® AnD REWORK SYSTEM
also brighter, partly because OLED displays are currently an eight-fold increase in take-up between 2009 and 2015 and Technology in every MX-5000 means that For unmatched rework versatility, the MX-
they don’t require the polarizers sold at a premium to LCD LG has announced a 15” TV using OLED instead of TFT LCD. soldering and rework are always performed 5051 addresses through-hole desoldering,
which filter out up to half the products. The manufacturing Designers can keep abreast of this new technology and evaluate at safe, controlled temperatures. general soldering, and SMD rework
light from the backlight with an process is in fact simpler it in their own project with the expanding RS range of displays applications. The system incorporates the
LCD display. though, so eventually, they are from the world’s leading OLED manufacturers including 4D MX-5010 SOlDERInG Metcal Advanced Hand-piece and the Metcal
expected to be much lower in Systems, Bolymin, CMEL, Powertip and Univision. AnD REWORK SYSTEM DS1 Desoldering Hand-piece.
Aesthetically OLED is better cost than other comparable Configured with the Metcal Advanced™ RS Part number: 675-0704
than LCD. OLED not only display technologies. One RS now offers displays, both active and passive matrix, Hand-piece, this system is highly effective
achieves increased brightness variant, Polymer-OLED can spanning a range of sizes (0.79” to 7.6”) and resolutions for soldering applications including: lead-free,
and contrast, but offers a much be printed onto almost any (64x48 to 800x480). high mass components or boards, thermally
wider viewing angle - up to 170 substrate with inkjet printer sensitive components requiring low operating
degrees up/down and left/right, technology, meaning ultra-thin temperature, high volume production
compared to 150 degrees on displays become achievable, soldering and touch-up soldering operations.
all but the most advanced TFT with the potential for roll-up See the latest displays and evaluation kits online RS Part number: 675-0691
LCDs. The response time of an displays in the future. at rswww.com/electronics
18 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 19

11. scaling, to the point of a Deep Sleep state, where the clock can be
stopped completely. Through these low power modes, the Atom is
now capable of operating at levels comparable with other processors
targeting deeply embedded applications. ARM, of course, has always
pioneered low power technology, which may, in part, account for
its success in mobile phones. As its architectures have increased in
performance, it has striven to maintain that reputation but it is clear
that the application software has a significant impact on the overall
system performance.
Software
Developing software for an Intel Atom is, arguably, much simpler than
developing software for other deeply embedded processors, because
it is Windows-compatible. This means it can run the same operating
system used by the majority of desktop computers, so porting an
application developed on a PC to an Atom based hardware platform
should be relatively straightforward. It does require that the OEM
purchases a Windows licence for every unit deployed, however, which
may not be commercially viable. But there is an alternative. Windows
Embedded Standard is the componentised version of Windows XP and
is comprised of around 12,000 individual software components. This
allows for an optimised software environment which contains only those
components necessary for a given application, making the platform
more reliable. Windows Embedded Standard also carries a lower
licencing fee than a desktop product (although there are restrictions on
how it may be used).
The eco-system surrounding the ARM architecture is much larger
in terms of solutions targeting embedded applications and so offers
potentially even more scope for an optimised solution. This, coupled
VYInG
with the vast number of semiconductor vendors supporting the ARM
architecture, may present a more attractive solution for OEMs targeting
Within the embedded engineering sector, ARM and Intel
are rarely considered competitors because ARM is a
RISC based architecture and, predominantly, they are active in different
deeply embedded applications, many of which fall in to the industrial
sector – an area where the Intel architecture has seen some success in
the form of Single Board Computers (SBCs).
application areas. But with the increased interest in 32-bit architectures
SBCs
FOR YOUR
within the deeply embedded space, ARM and Intel are now competing
against each other and a vast number of other potential solutions, for a Applications within the industrial sector are the ‘sweet spot’ for SBC
wide range of applications. vendors, but it’s interesting to learn that until the advent of the Atom
processor, Intel devices didn’t support the industrial temperature
ARM offers a large family of processor cores, which have been licensed specification. This meant that Intel based SBCs for industrial applications
by over 40 partners – the majority of which are semiconductor vendors. needed to either be screened for compliance with the industrial
As a result, an increasing number of ARM-based microcontrollers are temperature specification, or be cooled – both of which represent an
ATTEnTIOn
appearing on the market, covering a range of processing performance increased cost. However, the Atom is the first Intel IA-32 processor to
and peripherals. ARM also has a reputation for being a low power be supplied to industrial temperature specification, which means its
solution, which in the embedded space always features high won the use in SBCs has escalated. Such as the offering launched by RS from
‘must have’ list. Congatec and AValve.
Under these conditions, how can a processor developed for the desktop ARM based devices are developed by semiconductor vendors to meet
computing sector hope to compete? The answer is it couldn’t, which the industrial specification, making them much more accessible in this
is partly why Intel developed the Atom. While it retains the same IA-32 application area. Many vendors support their ARM implementations
instruction set, the Atom has a number of features that make it more with hardware and software development kits.
Choosing the right 32-bit architecture for your applicable to the embedded market. By considering the demands of the
market, the relative merits of both the Atom and an ARM solution can When choosing a 32-bit processor architecture, there is an increasing
next embedded development now presents be identified. number of vendors competing for the same design wins, many
an even wider challenge. of which will be ARM based, many of which may use proprietary
Power core. Only one will be Intel based, but with its renewed focus on
Until relatively recently, the question of power meant different things embedded applications, the Atom deserves to be compared against
to Intel and ARM; for the former it meant processing performance, for the rest. Ultimately, while ARM, Intel and others continue to develop
the latter it meant battery conservation. Today, neither company is in leading edge solutions for the embedded space, it is the engineering
any doubt that low power operation is important. Both companies now community at large who will remain the winner.
implement voltage and frequency scaling technology, Intel calls this
SpeedStep technology and in the Atom this has been further extended Visit rswww.com to see the latest ARM development kits,
to what it calls ‘enhanced low-power states’ (C1E, C2E and C4E). These ATOM processors and ATOM based SBCs from Cangatec
are sequentially more extreme states of frequency and core voltage and AValve.
20 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 21

12. et
The big FPGA houses enthuse about their flagship high-performance devices to
anyone who will listen, but innovations among the low and mid-range devices
le
he
ip
have much more to offer engineers tackling general-purpose designs.
T
F h
The
the
s
word FPGA encourages CPLD properties such as high pin-to-pin on production boards against alternatives
thoughts of hugely complex performance and instant-on functionality. such as ASSPs and microcontrollers. In
devices offering the ultimate in resources Lattice, for example, has positioned its addition, new generations of development
g
ind
and performance to a minority of specialist LatticeXP architecture for high-volume, low- tools, including fast-starter kits, evaluation
designers able to exploit them. But behind cost applications by using a combination boards, application-specific boards and
eh
la
the flagship silicon, mainstream FPGAs are of SRAM and Flash technology and reference designs are also emerging to
b
a competitive design option for general- optimising the feature set to include further reduce the barriers to FPGA design
purpose applications demanding low configurable serial and parallel ports, on- starts in the general-purpose space.
F
power, low cost and high performance. chip PLLs, embedded block RAM, and a Family-specific kits such as Xilinx’s Low-
combination of logic-only and combined cost Spartan-3A development kit, as
FPGA vendors are competing hard to logic/RAM blocks. well as application-oriented products such
conquer general-purpose markets. as the Altera USB-Blaster™ kit, usually
Each of the major suppliers – Xilinx, There is also a noticeable difference in provide everything the designer needs
Altera and Lattice – is positioning security mechanisms, compared to high- to get started. They also take advantage
low-cost, low-power device families performance devices typically featuring of each vendor’s well-established and
supported by easily accessible on-chip AES encryption/decryption. robust FPGA design software, which
development kits allowing Techniques such as Xilinx’s Device DNA walk engineers through a methodical and
engineers to implement design-level security provide lower-cost easy to understand sequence to complete
relatively straightforward protection against threats such as reverse the design.
designs benefiting from engineering, cloning, tampering, or
the fast time to market overbuilding. Device DNA, using principles A key characteristic of the new breed of
and efficient lifetime- similar to those of a cash machine development tools supporting the latest
management achievable transaction, is designed specifically to be ultra-competitive FPGA families is a low
through FPGA-based design. effective in cost-sensitive, high-volume purchase price. The selling prices allow
applications. Connectivity is a central many of these kits to be ordered without
Features Philosophy aspect of many embedded designs, and requiring purchase authorisation, effectively
Features conceived to target the enormous bandwidth requirements can range from making access to FPGA technology as
variety of cost- and power-sensitive low-data-rate serial communications, easy as starting a microcontroller design.
opportunities in industrial, scientific, through industrial Ethernet speeds, to
medical and some consumer applications Gigabit Ethernet and higher. Flexible Unprecedented Accessibility
include specialised on-chip functions, connectivity is a known FPGA strength, Low-to-mid-range FPGAs are now more
power-management features, and low-cost and families such as the Xilinx Spartan-3 accessible than ever for general-purpose
packages. Whereas the largest FPGAs and LatticeXP2 families deliver high applications. RS supports engineers
require multiple power rails to support bandwidth per price by supporting looking to take advantage of these features
diverse system-on-chip functions, today’s high-speed I/O standards such as LVDS in new designs, by increasing access
general-purpose devices such as the Xilinx enabling off-chip communications at to general-purpose devices, simplifying
Spartan-3A and Altera Cyclone® IV families high Mbit/s rates. purchasing even for small quantities, and
simplify power distribution by operating supporting low-cost starter kits from all the
from only two power rails thereby helping For applications requiring higher major FPGA vendors.
to save cost, engineering time and board bandwidth, Altera’s Cyclone® IV family
space. FPGAs are regarded as being and Xilinx Virtex-6 provide integrated
relatively heavy users of power, but transceivers enabling communication at up
FPGA vendors are closing the gap using to 3.125Gbit/s suitable for protocols such
“
innovations and process improvements. as Gigabit Ethernet, PCI Express, Serial
A key characteristic of the As a result there is now a growing body
RapidIO® and XAUI. At the same time,
Altera claims that Cyclone IV consumes
new breed of development of general-purpose FPGA devices that
provide a viable upgrade path for CPLD-
up to 30% less total system power
than comparable devices requiring
tools supporting the latest ultra- based designs. In the past, designers
have had to balance the extra flexibility
an external transceiver.
competitive FPGA families is a and performance of an FPGA against low-Cost Tools
”
factors such as higher cost and complexity. By optimising device performance, Our FPGA range is growing rapidly.
low purchase price. But designers can now get the best of features and cost, FPGA vendors have Go to rswww.com/electronics to
both worlds without trading valuable delivered silicon that can compete for slots see the latest additions.
22 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 23

13. be determined, and the signals more designs can utilize the 3, which has a 0.1% voltage choices in how a design can
can be read by an oscilloscope money savings from using these reference. In this case, the be accomplished and allows
effectively turning the analogue devices as systems-on-chips. external reference is not needed. for unique methods to solve
front end into a reference design. The ADC can use the internal a problem. The thermocouple
If the design effectively uses a A digital cooking thermometer reference for measurement so example discussed shows how
mixed-signal microcontroller to is a good example of how new the designer does not need to various levels of mixed-signal
condition the analogue signal high-precision mixed-signal worry about accounting for the microcontrollers can solve
then it renders that design into a microcontrollers can provide a additional setup to accurately an issue, and how the newer
black box situation. A competitor concise solution over previous read a thermocouple, which generations allow an even
trying to determine how an generations. In this example, is shown in Figure 2. If the more simplified design.
analogue signal is being handled a type K thermocouple will be device being used also has Mixed-signal microcontrollers
only sees the input into the used for the temperature probe, a high-resolution ADC, then are becoming more prevalent
The Joy of Precision Analogue: device and has no insight into the
components used, how they are
which provides an output of
~40µV/ºC. Since the output is
the amplification stage can be
removed since the conversion
in a wide variety of designs, and
the latest generation of these
True System-
interconnected, or their settings. small for the range needed, a will provide enough granularity devices, with their increased
Good designs utilize novel very precise reference is required of the signal. The Cypress PSoC analogue performance, validates
methods to solve a problem; to accurately capture the signal. 3 device has a 20-bit Delta- this growth.
on-Chip
smart designs employ novel The thermocouple output is Sigma ADC which can measure
means to protect their IP . an absolute measurement, a 1.0V range signal down to
so a cold junction reading 1µV. The use of a high-precision
Another benefit of certain mixed- is required as well, which is mixed-signal microcontroller
Performance
signal microcontrollers, such as performed by a thermistor (as a allows designers to spend less
Cypress’ PSoC 3 and PSoC 5 thermistor provides a ratiometric time on the design, as it is less
devices, is that they solve worries measurement). complicated. This in turn saves
on routing signals. When board space and money.
laying out traces on a PCB, Previous generations of mixed-
By Aaron Gl Podbelski, senior product marketing engineer, designers need to take signal microcontrollers required Overall, new generations of
Cypress Semiconductor Corp. careful consideration of the use of some external mixed-signal microcontrollers
noise-inducing signals components to properly measure allow designers to simplify
As systems increase in complexity, and properly shield a thermocouple. Because their designs, protect their IP,
sensitive ones. the internal voltage reference reduce the need for external
engineers have a need to incorporate The software tools inside of older mixed-signal components, and increase
more components, both analogue used to program these microcontrollers is accurate to the amount of value they are RS has a wide
devices automatically route 3% on average, an external receiving from a device. The range of mixed signal
and digital, into a single device while all the internal signals to provide precision reference is required. A increased quality of the analogue microprocessors now
maintaining the integrity of the design. the optimal integrity for analogue 0.1% accurate voltage reference components in these devices available. To find out more,
new mixed-signal microcontrollers signals, so a system designer is commonly used for this provides designers with more visit rswww.com/electronics
has more time to focus on other purpose. The voltage reference
are emerging which integrate more portions of the project. is used as a scale reference point
precision analogue components than
previous generations. Utilizing these next Previous
generations of mixed-signal
chip. By incorporating ADCs,
DACs, comparators, mixers,
amplifiers, filters, and voltage
In general mixed-signal
microcontrollers allow for
and is fed into the controller’s
ADC as well as into the
thermocouple input. The ADC
Thermocouple
generation mixed-signal microcontrollers microcontrollers allowed for an references a single mixed- cost savings in a design. The then alternates between reading
Amp
allow for designs which reduce BOM Thermistor 14-bit ADC Processing
increased level of integration in a signal microcontroller can be integration of ADCs, DACs, the thermocouple and the voltage Core
costs, save board space, protect IP , design, but often those featured the complete analogue front comparators, amplifiers, reference in order to provide
analogue components did not end of a design and the control mixers, voltage references, a proper reading. Because the 0.1% VREF
and provide more flexibility for change have enough precision for many system. A design could have the analogue MUXs, etc., provide thermocouple’s output is small,
throughout the design process. now designs. Low-end analogue input of two sensors, amplify a BOM reduction. As a device an amplifier may be used to Previous Generation Mixed
Signal Microcontroller
designs benefited from the and condition the signals, then incorporates more commonly increase the signal depending
mixed-signal microcontrollers have integration, but mid- and high-end quantify them to be displayed used analogue components, then on the resolution of the ADC. Figure 1: Block diagram of a thermocouple reading based on less
ADCs with a precision upwards of 20-bits, designs still required external on an LCD that is directly driven the external components are The output of the thermistor precise mixed-signal microcontrollers.
amplifiers with lower offset voltages, analogue components. Newer by the device. An example of obviously not needed and money is read as a thermal reference
generations of mixed-signal this would be a temperature is saved. In the same respect, and the output of the
and 0.1% voltage references. microcontrollers have improved compensated gas meter, a design as these components are no thermocouple is added to Thermocouple
their analogue components, and which would be a complete longer on the board, the PCB can this measurement. Figure 1
therefore are allowing mid- and system-on-a-chip. be reduced in size to save more shows this setup.
Processing
some high-end designs to take money. Additionally, with fewer Thermistor 20-bit ADC
Core
advantage of the benefits of a One of the main benefits of using components on the board, routing For the new mixed-signal
device incorporating both digital a mixed-signal microcontroller is simplified, allowing a designer microcontrollers the setup for
0.1% VREF
and analogue signals. is analogue IP protection. A to worry less about noise issues measuring a thermocouple’s
complex analogue design which with traces and spend less output is far simpler. Some
Next Generation Mixed
The more capable the mixed- uses individual components design time. As mixed-signal of these mixed-signal Signal Microcontroller
signal microcontroller is, can be reverse-engineered microcontrollers start to increase microcontrollers have a highly
the more likely the design by competitors. The list of the precision and accuracy of the accurate voltage reference, Figure 2: Block diagram of a thermocouple reading base on new high
can be a true system-on-a- components used can easily included analogue components, such as Cypress’ PSoC precision mixed-signal microcontrollers.
24 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 25

14. DESIGn DESIGn
TIPS TIPS
In ASSOCIATIOn WITH
the tone control has a steeper response.
C1 C2
Components R9 and C4 have the same
68p 180n functions for the mid frequency control as
R6 and C7 for the low and high controls. C3
Part 2: Power in the Pocket
R3 R4 P2 R5
10k 2k2 2k2 has the same function as C2, but filters the
10k lin. high frequencies much later. Together with
C8
2 R6 68p C4 it sets the range of the mid control. In the
15k
P1 R12
1 end, the control ranges of the mid and high
POCKET PREAMP
IC1A 1M
3 adjustments are not only determined by, for
R1 R2 6 example, the ratio of P3 to R7 and R8, but the
10k R13
log. R9 7 other components in the feedback circuit also
220k
IC1B 100R
3k3
5 play a role. That is why the ratios between
4k7
P3 and P4 to R7/R8 and R10/R11 are greater
C7 C4
IC1=NE5532
than would be expected from the actual
R7 6n8 P3 27n R8 control ranges. The low tone control has quite
+9V 1k5 1k5 a wide bandwidth, because we assume
C9
R10 10k lin.
R11 that small loudspeakers will be used. If this
100n 8 C3
tone control is going to be used with a larger
0 IC1
1k
1k
4
amplifier and speakers, a larger value for C2
C10 4n7
100n C5 P4 C6 may result in a better sound. Output resistor
-9V R13 prevents problems in the event
27n 10k lin. 27n 080278 - 11 an excessive capacitive load is connected.
Power supply
Figure 1. The preamplifier is quite straightforward for a volume control with triple-band tone control. The power supply is symmetrical. This way we
can avoid relatively large coupling capacitors
and their detrimental effects on sound quality.
amplifier stage (IC1a) is non-inverting and has a and R5 determine the minimum and maximum The disadvantage is that a negative supply
gain of 4 times as calculated from: control range respectively. The maximum gain voltage is required. The easiest solution is a
for example is: circuit that inverts the positive power supply.
R3 / R2+1
(P2+R5) / R4 We selected a DC/DC converter from Maxim,
At a supply voltage of ±9 V, a signal of more the ICL7662 (see Figure 2). This IC works as a
than 1 V (i.e. a little over 1.2 Veff) can be and amounts to about 5.5 times (15 dB, DC). charge pump and can operate with voltages
processed without distortion, when the tone R6 is necessary so that the other frequencies up to 20 V. Pin-wise and functionally the IC is
Ton Giesberts (Elektor labs) controls are in their centre positions. It will
be obvious that when either the high or the
can be adjusted with P3 and P4. C7 primarily
determines from which frequency the high
compatible with the more common ICL7660,
low tone control is at its maximum value, tone control operates. C5 and C6 ensure that Continued page 28 >
The PWM power stage discussed in the previous edition of eTech can be used the maximum permissible input signal is a
lot smaller at only 300 mV (for the applicable
perfectly well on its own. But a matching preamplifier with power supply would frequencies, of course). At this point the output
complete this amplifier nicely. That is why this edition’s Mini Project presents of the tone control is just below the point of C9 C11
the sequel: the Pocket Preamp. being overdriven (but it will already overdrive R1 C5 10u 100n
9V
8
the power amp, so take care!). L1 7 1
63V 0
V+
100k
OSC TEST 100n
R3
The operation of the tone controller is not all 2 IC2
4
8
10uH CAP+
7 C3 5 C10 C12
R
difficult to understand. The part around IC1b DIS VOUT
1k
R2
ICL7662CPA 9V
C1 IC1 10u 63V 4 10u 100n
In the previous edition of this series of articles Main Specifications something wrong with the loudspeakers. is an inverting amplifier with three feedback 9V 9V
6 3 6 L2
100k
GND
THR OUT CAP- LV 63V
R4
100n
we described a small PWM amplifier. What A control range of 12 dB means that, circuits connected in parallel for the tone 2 TLC555 1mH
• 3-band tone control
3
TR C7 C8
1k
CV
C2
is missing from this are tone and volume because of the relatively limited power of the control. Resistor R12 ensures that the output
• Symmetrical supply
5
1
4u7 4u7
controls. Since most people are spoilt these output stage, there is an imminent danger cannot swing to the power supply rail in the 100p 63V 63V
days with surround sound systems equipped • Compact of overdriving it, particularly for the low and event of contact bounce by the wiper of P2. C6
with an equalizer as an absolute minimum, middle frequencies. After all, an increase of Incidentally, R1 functions in a similar way for
8
• Connector layout matched 7 1
V+
OSC TEST 100n
we made this preamp with a 3-way tone 12 dB implies an increase in power by a volume control P1. C8 and C1 suppress RF 2
CAP+ IC3
to associated boards C4 5
control, instead of the more customary factor of 16! (high frequency) interference. VOUT
ICL7662CPA
bass/treble control. 10u 63V 4 6
GND
CAP- LV
more than enough, because our ears are more The circuit P2 is the bass control. C2 determines the
3
080278 - 12
Tone control sensitive to mid-range frequencies. The circuit The volume control (P1) is connected directly frequency range that will be controlled. Simply
The tone control has an adjustment range of will also remain reasonably straightforward to the input of the preamplifier (see Figure 1). put, at higher frequencies, C2 effectively shorts
±12 dB for the low and high frequencies and with these values. If these adjustment This is the best place to prevent the tone out P2. The amplification is then determined by Figure 2. A voltage converter is used to convert a single power supply voltage
±9 dB for the mid frequencies. The latter is ranges are too small then there is very likely control stage from being overdriven. The first the ratio of R5 and R4. The ratios of P2 to R4 into a symmetrical power supply.
26 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 27

15. DESIGn DESIGn
TIPS TIPS
< Continued from page 27 Test results quite large; ±20 % is typical, and inevitably is as compact as possible. For a reliable
Component list Component list The most interesting test results for the has an effect on the frequency ranges and mounting option you could consider a couple
which can operate up to 10 V (the ‘ ’ version
A tone controller are of course the individual maximum and minimum gains. With multiple of plastic supports with slots. The boards can
Preamplifier board Power supply board
can handle voltages up to 12 V). These parts frequency response curves for the tone channels the individual deviations can result in then be mounted one above the other. The
can also be used here without any problems. adjustments. Figure 3 shows the maximum, audible differences. If you have the opportunity best order is the power supply board at the
The biggest advantage of this is the simplicity; minimum and neutral positions (the positions to check whether the individual channels of bottom, the tone control above that and the
only two external capacitors are required. of the bass and treble controls remain stereo potentiometers are matched then it power amplifier at the top.
A small disadvantage is that the output unchanged). In the neutral position a slight is certainly recommended that you do this.
voltage is not regulated. attenuation of less than 1 dB at 20 kHz can be With more than two channels, the use of (080278-1)
seen. This is mainly caused by RF suppression rotary switches with multiple poles may be
The unloaded output voltage is equal to the capacitors C1 and C8. At 20 Hz the variation in considered, but this is an expensive solution.
input voltage, but negative. As the output gain is ±14 dB (±12 dB at 40 Hz) and at 20 kHz Kit set
current increases the output voltage will it is about ±12 dB. Construction of the three boards As indicated in the parts list, you can order
reduce however. To increase the stability of The connections for the three boards have the bare printed circuit boards for this
the output voltage two ICs are connected in The distortion with an input signal of 0.5 V is been placed in the same positions as much project from www.thepcbshop.com.
parallel. If you load a single IC powered at 9 V less than 0.005 % (1 kHz, 22 kHz bandwidth, as possible. The output of the preamplifier is
with a resistance of 100 Ω, the output voltage volume control to maximum, tone controls to in the same corner as the input to the power
drops to about –4.6 V. With two ICs in parallel
this drops to only –6.3 V. With your preamplifier
as a load the output voltage drops only 0.35 V
(the NE5532 draws about 7 mA). You could
.5 +15
also use other opamps that have a lower
+12
current consumption, but their quality
+10
is often inferior; the NE5532 is an
excellent audio opamp. +8
+6
In our prototype we initially connected four +4
ICs in parallel, but with three or four not
Resistors Resistors d +2
much more is gained. There was however a B
R1 = 220kΩ (159-004) RS P/N R1,R2 = 100kΩ (151-303) RS P/N r +0
strange effect: the ripple in the output was
R2 = 3.3kΩ (157-480) R3,R4 = 1kΩ (157-446)
found to vary slowly between a minimum A
R3 = 10kΩ (150-928) -3
and a maximum value. This was caused by
R4,R5 = 2.2kΩ (151-088) Capacitors -5
the asynchronous operation of the internal
R6 = 15kΩ (151-145) C1,C5,C6,C11,C12 = 100nF ceramic, -7
oscillators. In addition, the frequency of this
R7 = 1.5kΩ
,R8 (151-094) lead pitch 5mm (0.2”) (652-9995)
power supply ripple was 10 kHz so it could -9
R9 = 4.7kΩ (151-000) C2 = 100pF lead pitch 5mm (0.2”)
,
become audible. That’s why the ICs are -11
R10,R11 = 1kΩ (157-446) (405-7662)
driven with an external clock furnished by a
R12 = 1MΩ (151-123) C3,C4,C9,C10 = 10µF 63V radial -13
555 IC. The frequency of the 555 is set to
R13 = 100Ω (157-610) electrolytic, lead pitch 2.5mm (0.1”) -15
40 kHz, so that the ripple at 20 kHz is just 20 50 100 200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k
P1 = 10kΩ potentiometer, (521-3504)
outside the audible range. An advantage is Hz 080278 - 13
logarithmic (361-7033) C7 = 4.7µF 63V radial electrolytic,
,C8
that the inductor in the output filter can be
P2,P3,P4 = 10kΩ potentiometer, lead pitch 5mm (0.2”) (520-1040)
much smaller, which results in a much smaller Figure 3. The curves show the effects of the different maximum settings of the tone control.
linear (361-7033)
resistance loss for this coil. The inductor we Inductors
used for L2 has a rated series resistance Capacitors L1 = 10µH axial (vertical mounting)
of 12 Ω. L1 and L2 are standard axial noise (lead pitch 5mm / 0.2”) (191-0481) neutral). The current consumption of the entire amplifier. The power supply connections of
suppression chokes, which are fitted upright C1,C8 = 68pF ceramic (653-0030) L2 = 1mH axial (vertical mounting) circuit is 56 mA at 9 V, 12 mA up on the PWM the preamplifier are in the same place as the
here. The latter is also true for the four resistors C2 = 180nF polyester / MKT (334-209) (191-0712) amplifier by itself. With an 8 Ω loudspeaker power supply outputs of the power supply
in the circuit; this saves space. C3 = 4.7nF polyester / MKT (312-1661A) and the amplifier overdriven slightly, the board. The 9-V input of the power supply board
C4,C5,C6 = 27nF polyester / MKT Semiconductors current consumption peaks at about 162 mA. is looped directly to the two connections for
We won’t dwell on the circuit around the 555. (312-1447A) IC1 = TLC555 (DIP-8) (638-942) This really is too much for a 9 V battery. With the power amplifier. The position of these
It is the standard astable configuration. IC1 C7 = 6.8nF polyester / MKT (622-4145) IC2,IC3 = ICL7662CPA+ (DIP-8) multiple channels we therefore recommend corresponds to the power supply connections
drives the clock inputs of the two converters, C9,C10 = 100nF polyester / MKT (Maxim IC) (207-0118) that you use an AC power adapter. of the power amplifier. On the power amplifier,
each via a 1 kΩ resistor, to prevent potential (463-1765) next to the power supply connections, there
problems at power-on (risk of latch-up). The Miscellaneous During the tests we didn’t actually use are also the connections for the power supply
ripple across the filter capacitors C7 and C8, Semiconductors PCB # 080279-1 potentiometers for the tone controls, but switch (S1). This is only for the power amplifier.
which are connected in parallel for a lower IC1 = NE5532 (DIP-8) (810-188) (www.thepcbshop.com) instead went for rotary switches and resistors. It is better to insert a switch in series with the
series resistance, is almost completely This is because the interest is mainly in the input to the power supply board. You can then
removed by output filter L2/C10/C12. On an Miscellaneous performance at the neutral positions and at the short out the connections for S1.
oscilloscope only a very small amount of PCB, # 080278-1 upper and lower limits. So, each potentiometer
the switching frequency of the power (www.thepcbshop.com) is reduced to two resistors and a rotary switch. Mounting holes were deliberately not included
amplifier can be seen. The tolerance of potentiometers is usually on all three of the boards so that everything
28 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 29

16. ESSEnTIAlS ESSEnTIAlS
TIME ElECTROnICS
8-DECADE
RESISTAnCE BOX
Offers a wide resistance range
for general laboratory work.
ISO-TECH IDM91E MUlTIMETER
lInDSTROM ®
A cost-effective digital multimeter for
TWEEZER SET n A high accuracy resistance box, with a low temperature day-to-day use.
n Two-piece set of the most coefficient. Clear visual indication is provided with colour
popular tweezers supplied in coded digits, and is ideal for Platinum Resistance Thermometer n This very popular multimeter has a large
an ESD wallet. Items are hand simulation. A special multiple gold contact arrangement ensures 20mm digit high contrast display for clarity,
crafted from stainless steel low contact resistance. Accuracy is 0.1% to 10% depending on as well as diode test, continuity beeper, DC
to give perfect tip symmetry range, and zero residual resistance is less than 90mΩ. and AC Volts and Current measurement. The
and balance which ensures RS Online search term: 610-297 protective holster includes a tilt stand for use
tips always meet and line on a bench, as well as storage for the test
up perfectly. leads when not in use.
RS Online search term: RS Online search term: 159-2140 POlYURETHAnE
361-3104 POTTInG
COMPOUnD
n Twin pack format enables mixing of
the resin and hardener within the bag thus
preventing air entrapment and providing
ease of application for user. This dark grey,
two part flexible encapsulant is designed to provide environmental
protection whilst not causing component stress by shrinkage during
RS UlTRAnE 550 curing process. Cure time is 16 hours at 25°C and once cured is flame
HAnD PROTECTIOn retardant and gives good adhesion to a wide variety of materials.
RS Online search term: 199-1395
For use in assembly, finishing, clean room
and electronics manufacturing.
n With excellent abrasion resistance for enhanced
durability, superior breathability thanks to the material,
enhanced finger sensitivity due to the reduced ElECTROnIC CUTTERS
thickness, and a hand-specific design providing precise n lindstrom® are well known within the electronics
fit. To EN388 4131. Supplied in bags of 10.
DInO-lITE industry to be of the highest quality. They are made
RS Online search term: 475-849 (small), to exacting standards using the finest quality
COMPACT DIGITAl 475-823 (medium), 475-855 (large) materials and are used in high-end electronics
MICROSCOPES application such as aviation, computer,
Ideal for electronics assembly, repair telecoms and medical.
and quality inspection. RS Online search term: lindstrom cutters
n Dino-Lite is a compact digital microscope with a lot of new possibilities
compared to the traditional microscope. The Dino-Lite can be connected
to a computer and allows you to record moving and still images.
Dino-Lite comes in different versions, developed for specific applications. AC DIGITAl
Depending to the version, magnification ranges from ~10 to 200 to 500x. VOlTMETER/
LED lights are built-in, in white, polarized, and ultraviolet combinations. AMMETER
Most versions have calibration and measuring options, and housings
n A 3 & ¾ digital display PRECISIOn ClEAnInG EQUIPMEnT
are either composite or aluminium alloy.
with 40 segment bar n RS has a full range of products for use in precision
RS Online search term: Dinolite
graph. Available in both electronic applications from swabs and wipes to
standard and negative
BI-COlOUR BACKlIT lCD METER
cleaning fluids and air dusters. We also have a wide
lCD formats, with colour range of RS branded cleaning products to n A compact, panel mount, 3.5 digit lCD
options of red, green and offers a cost effective but quality solution. 200mV FSD voltmeter with dual colour ‘stop/
white. Options available RS Online search term: go’ backlit display. During normal operation
measuring AC & DC Precision cleaning equipment the display is green, however if the reading
voltage up to 300Vdc exceeds a programmable threshold the display
and current up to 40A. will turn red to warn operators.
48x48mm sizing makes
them ideal for upgrade Easy setup via DIP switch and 2 buttons. Open-
from older moving coil collector alarm output mirrors backlit status for
panel meters. remote monitoring or process control. 40x72mm
RS Online search term: panel cut-out and supplied complete with
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RS Online search term:
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30 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 31

17. The (Hidden) Power
Behind the Test System
Engineers typically feel
little pressure to renew
However, the latest
models offer
some important benefits and valuable
using several power supplies.
Agilent’s latest products include robust
fault-detection capabilities, as well as
Smaller is Better
To save desk space and help engineers
work more efficiently, Hameg has designed
current at lower nominal levels. Thurlby
Thandar Instruments (TTi) has responded
to this by emphasising user-interface
removed by applying impractical levels
of filtering. Mixed-mode architectures
feature in power supplies from most
their trusty laboratory new features that help to reduce setup guaranteed specifications for its benchtop, its range to allow engineers to use one enhancements that help engineers achieve leading vendors.
power supplies. Although and execution time and provide greater modular and application-specific PSUs, PSU to fulfil as much as 85% of the a valuable increase in control over the TTi has further developed this topology
control and flexibility for testing modern giving engineers a high level of confidence general-purpose power supply instrument. The user interface of TTi’s new for its PowerFlex range, which uses a
digital oscilloscopes assemblies. in the latest equipment. requirements they deal with on a daily PL series of PSUs, for example, has been modified form of mixed-mode regulation
and function generators basis. Its HMP family comprises four designed to satisfy customers’ wishes for to provide higher levels of current when
are frequently upgraded Design priorities for modern electronic
products are changing, and these changes
As another example, showing how the
latest units can respond automatically
units, offering two- and three-channel
configurations, in 200W and 400W classes,
equipment combining the stability of digital
control with the simplicity and speed of
the voltage is set to lower values. This
is valuable for powering advanced,
to test high-speed, affect the expectations placed on laboratory to protect the device under test (DUT) capable of supplying up to 40A. This traditional analogue control knobs. These high-performance equipment such as
feature-rich new designs, PSUs. The consolidation of functionality in the event of a fault, the fuse-linking approach will allow some companies to provide true analogue control knobs but motherboards and rack-mount cards
into ICs to reduce product size and cost and capability included in Hameg’s range of provide a PSU cost effectively on each also implement internal digital circuitry populated with low-voltage processors.
engineers believing “they to add extra features, is increasing the need laboratory PSUs caters for boards having engineer’s desk. This can save the need to to perform functions such as locking
don’t make them like this for engineers to perform actions such as interdependent power domains. In a laboriously retrieve and return equipment voltage and current settings at the press of Conclusion
anymore” can be happy device characterization and validation on motor-control system, for example, if a from storage and will help companies a button to provide optimal security and While tried and tested equipment has its
the bench. There is also a trend towards short circuit causes one supply rail for the avoid accumulating a large assortment of stability. Another important digital function attractions, engineers risk underestimating
to connect the board to portable and battery-powered equipment, driver bridge to shut down, it is desirable different power supplies. allows users to define the output-voltage the contribution that modern laboratory
the same PSU that has which is increasing the importance also to turn off the complementary supply. adjustment range. The instrument also PSUs can make to improving efficiency,
served the department for of accurate measurement of power The PSU can be programmed to shut down On the other hand, buyers facing many then configures the control knob response streamlining test design and execution,
consumption. these two rails while continuing to supply diverse requirements need flexibility and automatically so that one full turn of the saving capital expenditure and, ultimately,
20 years or longer. the controller board to and so allow the choice. Agilent, for example, can offer over knob will span the entire user-selected reducing time to market for new
Precision Power circuit to be tested. 200 configurations including benchtop DC range. This function, called V-span, generations of products.
Multiple output channels allow the PSU to supplies such as the single-output 601X, allows engineers to create a voltage
be connected to modern boards that often Moreover, with the growth in markets 603X, 606X, 65XX, 66XX families as well source that is adjustable over a very
have several power domains operating at for alternative energy sources, an as its N5700/N8700 compact, high-power small range, if required.
different voltages, for example to supply increasing number of engineers need to system supplies in a variety of standard
power-electronic components, analogue be able to test devices such as solar cell U sizes.This is one of the widest Mixed-Mode Regulation
voltage rails, ICs operating from a variety of assemblies. PSUs such as the Hameg power-product ranges in the industry, PSU manufacturers have implemented
voltage levels, or devices with independent HMP series cater for this growing need conceived to satisfy as many customers’ mixed-mode regulation to deliver
core logic and I/O voltages. The latest by allowing users to create complex V/I needs as possible. the best aspects of both linear and
models deliver a significant advantage profiles specific for each cell. The ability to switching principles. On the AC side, a
over many older types by providing more simulate events such as brown-outs or the Enhancing Usability compact switching regulator performs
flexible over-voltage and over-current injection of voltage or current peaks, or to Most of today’s circuit boards operate from efficient bulk power conversion. In the
protection capabilities. PSUs offering individually program current versus time generally lower voltages than previous DC output channels however, precision
independent over-voltage and/or over- behaviour for any channel, also allows generations. As far as laboratory PSUs linear regulators are used to produce a To see the full range of laboratory
current settings, for individual outputs, engineers to create robust tests for are concerned, more precise control is stable, accurate voltage free of switching PSUs available from RS, visit
allow engineers to power boards without battery-charging circuits. necessary to maintain stable voltage and harmonics that could otherwise only be rswww.com/electronics
32 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 33

18. Graphical
display is
a winner for
Powelectrics
A well structured user interface which makes imaginative Commenting, Glenn Jarrett
use of a flexible graphical display can be a huge advantage said, “To maintain the rate
of innovation for which our
in the market, as Powelectrics found when they launched industry is justly famous,
Metron2, an affordable telemetry outstation and the first of it is crucial to encourage
its kind to feature a graphical display. The design netted young men and women
to enter the electronics
the company a significant global contract with a major engineering profession.
multinational – and won its designer, Oliver Start, the Young These awards play a key
part in recognising the
Engineer of the Year award, sponsored by RS, at the British crucial role that they play.
”
Engineering Excellence Awards. He continued, “Oliver Start
took the Metron 2 project
from concept, developed
them into prototypes, and
brought to production a
According
to Powelectrics Sales Director
reliable and functional telemetry
system offering a great user
experience can now be realised at
just a few years of graduation
and joining the company is an
exceptional achievement. ”
highly innovative solution
that is already showing great
commercial potential. He is
David Oakes, the achievements low cost. Powelectrics consulted
” an excellent example of
in the design of the Metron2 extensively with users at all Powelectrics made extensive the kind of young engineer
were twofold. “Traditionally, levels at the final design of the use of the RS next day delivery we need to encourage
industrial products requiring menu system and the layout of service during the prototyping in industry. ”
installation have a poor level of information on the display, a point phase of the Metron2 project.
user feedback, which means which particularly impressed the
that the installer is working BEEA judges. According to Dave Oakes,
almost blind. The LCD graphical “Like all designers, we explore
display on the Metron2 makes Glenn Jarrett, Head of many alternative options before
the commissioning process clear Electronics Marketing from RS, specifying the display and other
and simple, using a logical menu congratulated Oliver Start on his key components. Slow arrival of
system. The display also offers success in the awards saying, samples can be a huge frustration
local access to measurements if “The user interface and other – and can add considerably to
required. he said. “ the same
” At features conceived by Oliver the time to market over the
time, Metron2 is designed to and developed by him to a tight life of a project. With RS, we can
compete at the price sensitive budget gave Powelectrics a be absolutely sure that anything
end of the GSM/GPRS telemetry significant advantage. Achieving we order from stock will be
market. It proves that a compact, a design of this quality within with us the next day. ”
eTech - ISSUE 2 35

19. Quantum is the key
to beat fraudsters
By Richard nock, Bristol University
The growth of Internet-based commerce has highlighted security limitations
in card transaction systems, leading to improvements in cryptographic
standards and techniques. However, the currency of conventional
cryptography is computing power; with enough computational ability,
the key can be broken to enable fraudulent transactions.
One such project aims to perfect
a new generation of security
systems for card transactions. In this article,
the key’s security is not dependent on
computational difficulty and computational
time, QKD effectively takes the breaking of
communication channel is via light. The
Bristol system communicates through free
space, but an optical fibre could be used.
bits with matching bases is now the Key,
and Bob shall transmit which ones matched
back to Alice, again not transmitting the
implementation whilst improving bit rate
and key/basis storage space.
Bristol University PhD student Richard key codes out of the realm of the quantum The system must also have a classical actual data. My next goal is to reduce the size and cost
Nock describes his work with the Faculty computer and also provides a means for the channel, which could use a standard of the QKD system, in which Alice currently
of Engineering’s Professor John Rarity communicators to detect an eavesdropper such as Ethernet/Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, USB, The error rate is how we verify the QKD measures around 10cm x 12cm and Bob is
and Dr Naim Dahnoun on the university’s in the quantum channel whilst generating RS-232 or similar, to carry non-secure channel is secure. Due to the physics of in a 19 inch rack mount case. The new Bob
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) project, a key. This will allow banks and institutions communications. light, if an Eavesdropper (Eve) is passively will be reduced in cost and size by building
which aims to provide a basis for secure to combat many types of fraud, including looking at the photons, she will disturb a DSP & FPGA based implementation. RS
e-commerce capable of resisting attacks “Card Not Present” frauds, by enabling Light is encoded such that there are their state, losing any data encoded upon is providing development environments
using aggressive code-breaking algorithms. secure communications and money four polarizations 0°, 90°, 45° and 135°. them. Hence Eve’s presence increases the for the chosen DSPs, the Texas Instruments
transfers using guaranteed-secure keys The 0° and the 90° polarizations are the error rate. Another exploit would be for C2000 and OMAP .
The time is approaching when ultra- between the two parties. rectilinear bases with 90° representing a Eve to replicate a Bob receiver, and then
miniature processor circuitry will begin to logical zero and 0° representing a logical retransmit photons to the real Bob. It is still too early to predict exactly
follow the rules of quantum physics, rather Quantum Key Distribution one. In a similar fashion 45° and 135° This would also introduce more errors when a QKD system could be viable at
than those of classical physics. At this My PhD is in researching and creating the are the diagonal bases with 45° and as Eve’s receiver will have to choose the consumer price points. Practically, current
point, quantum algorithms such as Shor’s technologies required for making a QKD 135° representing logical zero and one receiving basis randomly, which will also cryptography offers adequate security at
algorithm will be able to perform number- system plausible for consumer markets. respectively. Alice transmits random bits, increase the error rate. By monitoring of the a relatively low cost; hence QKD remains
crunching tasks such as those used to break The final aim of the research is to have a on random bases, and Bob receives by also error rate, we can ensure the bits we have largely an academic pursuit. In reality,
security keys much more quickly than the system where QKD transmitter chipsets selecting at random the basis to measure between Alice and Bob are secure. however, the race between QKD and
computers we know today; this will make could be embedded in phones, PDAs and in. After transferring a sufficiently large quantum computing is happening now,
conventional cryptography obsolete almost other smart devices, to communicate with number of bits Alice uses the classical Research Objectives and the outcome is critically important to
overnight. a corresponding receiver in Quantum channel to transmit the bases she used to Current development is on an FPGA and commerce and finance worldwide.
Automated Teller Machines (ATM) allowing Bob. Bob then analyses the received data, Microcontroller-based Alice, and a Bob
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) anyone to generate secured keys for use discarding data where they did not select receiver comprising an FPGA and an
systems establish a different currency for with facilities such as online shopping. the same bases. Alice should also release Embedded PC running Linux. Building
cryptography, based not on computing part of the actual data she sent such that on earlier work by researchers in the If your university is interested
power but on the physics of light. QKD A typical QKD system consists of the QKD Bob can estimate an error rate. This subset department, I have implemented some in working with RS and would
provides a means of generating a perfectly Transmitter, usually called Alice, and the of the key is then discarded as it has been improvements to the Alice transmitter like more information, email
secure key between two parties. Because QKD receiver, known as Bob. The Quantum on a classical open channel. The remaining aimed at enabling a smaller, lower-cost etech@rs-components.com
36 eTech - ISSUE 2 eTech - ISSUE 2 37

20. Digital Oscilloscopes COnnECTORS
FOR
REnEWABlE
EnERGY
Mixed Signal MSO Xs-A
400 MHz – 1 GHz
4 Ch. + 18 Digital Channels
10 Mpts/Ch
Renewable and sustainable electrical and electronic systems
From are often characterised by high levels of DC current and the need
WaveSurfer Xs-A for low energy losses. These requirements pose specific challenges
200 MHz – 1 GHz
£ 9255 when it comes to developing interconnect and electromechanical
up to 5 GS/s products for this market. In expanding its 35,000 strong portfolio
of connectors from 70 suppliers, RS has introduced a number
up to 10 Mpts/Ch of solutions aimed at this application area.
WaveJet 300A From
100 MHz – 500 MHz £ 5785 Energy efficient lighting / VDE strain relief and should
up to 2 GS/s Lighting in commercial and feature a safety clip that prevents
domestic buildings uses a lot of unmating without the appropriate
500 kpts/Ch electricity and there is growing tool to meet NEC 2008 standards.
interest in using LEDs as an The systems need to be low loss,
energy efficient and long lasting so that as little as possible of the
WaveAce 100/200 From
light source. RS is supporting this
application with a new family of
hard-won renewable electricity is
dissipated as heat downstream
40 MHz – 300 MHz
£ 1965 Tyco hermaphroditic blade and
receptacle wire-board and board-
of the panel. Multi-Contact is
a market leader in this field.
up to 2 GS/s board connectors, supporting the Its solutions meet IEC 60529
increasingly popular strips of LED for protection of the contacts
up to 20 kpts lights that are being produced to against accidental touching when
give effect lighting and to replace unmated. A recently introduced
fluorescent tubes. Rated at 6A innovation is a plug that interrupts
and 125VAC/DC, they are ideal the flow of current when
From for this class of applications. withdrawn and activates an
£ 850 High DC Currents
anti-arcing circuit.
Sustainable systems such as
electric and hybrid cars require
small, light and cost-effective
connectors that can cope with
the very high DC currents. Tyco the manufacturer has extended and the inverter, often linking
The New Oscilloscope Experience offers a broad range of multi-point the range with new versions multiple panels in the same
contact systems that meet these addressing the needs of the installation. The requirement RS is continuing to expand
specifications, from the cost latest applications. here is for a low loss, easy to use it’s connectors portfolio
effective AMP MCP system to push in – pull out connector that to address renewable
higher performance interfaces Solar energy meets the demanding safety and energy and many other
with larger number of contact Solar energy is another environmental requirements of new applications.
points. The Tyco Kilovac range of growing market with exacting this application. Each connector Visit rswww.com/electronics
hermetically sealed contactors requirements to meet. Solar panel needs to be well protected to find a solution that
rswww.com/lecroy (relays) has been used in electric installations feature a series of against UV radiation and water addresses your specific
vehicles for many years, and connectors between the module alike, have the required UL/ DIN requirements.
eTech - ISSUE 2 39

21. lUnCH lUnCH
BREAK BREAK
WIn
Daily No. 1478 Easier
a PS3 Slim 120GB 18 8 10 8 14 11 Name:
Job Title:
with our killer sudoku
7 16 19
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Tel:
13 23 17
How to play: E-mail:
As with standard sudoku, every row and column and 3 x 3
square must contain the numbers 1 through 9 exactly once. 11 12 13 10 8
Send your completed Sudoku to:
RS Components Ltd, eTech Team, DPN 24, Corby, Northamptonshire,
The grid is composed of shapes with a dotted outline.
NN17 9RS. All entries must be received by 1st June 2010 and the
At the top of each shape is a number, this signifies 5 21 9 17 winner will be notified by the end of June 2010.
the sum of the cell. For example; if there is a shape
composed of two cells with a ‘3’ in the corner, Terms & Conditions:
the total of those cells is ‘3’. From that you can This competition is being run by RS Components Ltd. To enter the
8 4 competition, all information on the entry form must be supplied.
tell that the values of the cells must be ‘1’ Entry is free, no purchase is necessary. It is the responsibility of
and ‘2’ or ‘2’ and ‘1’. the participant to gain permission from his/her employer to enter
this competition. The prize is as stated. No cash alternatives are
It is not permitted to repeat a number in a 12 10 13 10 available. The competition is open to all RS Components catalogue
recipients, except employees of RS Components or their families.
shape. If you have a sum of 8 across three cells,
The closing date for entries is 01/07/2010. The date of the draw
this cannot be ‘2’, ‘4’, ‘2’ as the ‘2’ is then repeated will be in the month of August 2010. The winner will be selected at
in the shape. 9 18 12 13 random by RS Components and will be notified by 1st September
2010. Responsibility cannot be accepted for lost entries, damaged
no numbers are placed in the grid to start with, unlike in normal or delayed in transit to the porters address. Illegible, altered or
incomplete entries will be disqualified. Details of the prize winner
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but applying logic alone to reach the unique solution for each puzzle. sending an SAE to RS Components, eTech Team, DPN 24,
Corby, Northamptonshire, NN17 9RS or by visiting
www.rs-components.com/etech.
Copyright (c) 2009, killersudokuonline.com
Correctly match these IT-terms with the following descriptions: General technology fun Quiz
AMAZOnED STORAGE CAPACITY EQUAl TO 200,000 BRITISH lIBRARIES
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40 eTech - ISSUE 2 Answers can be found at www.rs-components.com/etech eTech - ISSUE 2 41

22. InDUSTRY
nEWS
Fraunhofer ISE develops new
photovoltaic technologies
Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for
Solar Energy Systems ISE have developed
new methods and cell concepts
for the manufacture of n-type
silicon solar cells. As a result,
higher efficiencies and power
production levels are also
possible for commercial solar
cells. The prototype exceeded
an efficiency of 23 %.
Fraunhofer ISE’s group manager Dr. Martin
Hermle explains the difference between the
new technology and current products. “Most
commercial silicon solar cells are currently
p-types, but the new n-type silicon used for
the novel solar cell structures developed at ISE
has better properties for photovoltaic electricity
production, such as greater tolerance for
most impurities. In practice, there are two
options: either greater efficiency, or lower
manufacturing costs because you can use
less expensive silicon. In addition, p-type
”
Czrochalski (Cz) silicon suffers from light-
induced degradation, which does not occur
with n-type silicon.
Silicon solar cells consist of two areas with in using n-type solar cells, in which the efficiency is 23.4 % on 2x2 cm² – the highest
different thicknesses for different conduction: emitter is on the side facing the sun, was the efficiency ever reached for this cell type.
n stands for negative, p for positive. The thicker passivation of the emitter, which was usually
layer, the substrate material, is considered the doped with boron. Such surfaces cannot Christian Schmiga, project leader in the group
base and determines the cell’s type – such as be optimally passivated with conventional for high-efficiency silicon solar cells, has also
p-type for conventional solar cells. Such cells layers, such as silicon oxide SiO2 or silicon reached 18.2 % efficiency on 12.5x12.5 cm²
have a p-type base and a thin n-conductive nitride SiNx. In collaboration with the Technical by using much simpler process stages close
layer – the emitter, or the charge carrier. In University of Eindhoven, the problem of front to industry practice, including a screen printing
n-type solar cells, the emitter is p-doped, passivation was solved through the use of process to apply the aluminum alloy emitter.
either through boron diffusion or the addition aluminum oxide Al2O3.
of aluminum. Fraunhofer ISE continues to further develop
Jan Benick, who is working on his doctorate process technology for n-type solar cells so
For some time, experiments have been in the group for high- efficiency silicon solar that industrially manufactured silicon solar
conducted on n-type silicon as a base cells, managed to develop a highly efficient cell cells can reach efficiency rates exceeding
material, but production technology was very process especially for n-type cells that uses 20% quickly.
complicated. For instance, the main problem boron diffusion to make the emitter; the
42 eTech - ISSUE 2

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DC Power Supplies digital i/o, clocks, serial communications and more. Signal timing Validate setup & hold timing Quickly validate analog Signal
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• Up to 25 automatic measurements and quality control multiple channels.
66000 Modular Power System • FFT standard • Service and repair • Race conditions
DC Electronic Loads • OpenChoice and LabVIEW • General bench test • Metastability
SignalExpress software for • Manufacturing test • Bus contention
AC Sources documenting and analysing
measurement results
U2720 Series USB Modular • Front panel USB port for
Source Measure Units easy storage and transfer
of measurement data SPECIAL OFFER
• Multiple language user interface Between now and the end of May you can save up to
• Portable, lightweight design 12% on Tektronix TDS2000B and TDS3000C 4-channel
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oscilloscopes.
for TDS3000C models)
• Basic and performance low noise DC power supplies • 3-year warranty Quote promotion code ETECH0410
• Robust protection and fault detection capabilities
• Guaranteed specifications Manufacturer Part No. Tds2004B Tds2014B Tds2024B Tds3014c
• Typical MTBF of 40,000 hours RS Stock No. 617-0082 617-0105 617-0127 462-988
• Over 200 DC power supply models to choose from Bandwidth 60 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 100 MHz
• 50 year history of innovation and patents Channels 4 4 4 4
• Most models are programmable with standard interfaces Sample Rate 1 GS/s 1 GS/s 2 GS/s 1.25 GS/s
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Detailed information on Agilent Technologies power Saving 8% 10% 12% 8%
supplies is available at rswww.com/agilent
All products sold are subject to the current RS Conditions of Sale set out at rswww.com. The offer is applied at the point of goods
despatch, if goods are despatched outside of the validity date of the offer then the promotional offer will not be applied to the order.
Offer ends 31 May 2010. Prices may be changed by RS at any time, and exclude VAT which will be charged at the current rate.
rswww.com/tektronix