Estatuir Catalunya: The process towards Catalan independence. This document draws the guidelines towards the creation of a new European state.
Source: Estatuir Catalunya.
Date: October 2012.
Legal Basis for a Referendum on the Political Future of CataloniaMiqui Mel
The document discusses five potential legal bases for holding a referendum or public consultation on Catalonia's political future:
1) A referendum-like consultation allowed under existing Catalan law, though Spain may challenge it
2) A referendum authorized and regulated by Spain under its constitution or new legislation
3) Spain transferring referendum powers to Catalonia under the constitution
4) Amending the Spanish constitution to explicitly allow such a referendum
5) Catalonia passing a law for a "public consultation" not defined as a referendum under Spanish law
The document analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each option and emphasizes the importance of negotiations between Catalonia and Spain.
The document summarizes key aspects of Colombia's constitutional development since independence from Spain in 1810. It discusses three main constitutional issues: the division of powers between central and regional government, the strength of the chief executive, and the relationship between church and state. It outlines amendments over time that have established checks on presidential power during emergencies, guaranteed civil liberties and political rights, and regulated cooperation between the government and Catholic church.
The document summarizes key aspects of Colombia's governmental system as established in its constitutions since independence from Spain in 1810. It discusses three main constitutional issues: the division of powers between central and regional government, the strength of the chief executive, and the role of the Roman Catholic Church. It provides details on the evolution of presidential powers, including during states of emergency, and the relationship between church and state.
THE STATE OR THE REGIONS: WHO'S IN CHARGE telosaes
It's one of the most frequently asked questions. The challenge of clearly defining State and regional powers in matters of shared competence has come to a head while attempting to cope with the COVID-19 epidemic.
THE RULES OF PARLIAMENT: WHOEVER IS GOOD AT PLAYING BY THE RULES, WINS telosaes
The Parliamentary Rules of Procedure: what are they? Why are they for? What are the sources of the Parliamentary Rules of Procedure? It is essential for lobbyists to know the Parliamentary Rules and how they are actually applied. Mainly to determine when to lobby.
Analyses of czech legislative environment for Social entrepreneurshipInnovation Tank
This document provides an overview of the legal framework governing civil society organizations (CSOs) in the Czech Republic. It discusses the main laws regulating associations, foundations, endowment funds, public benefit institutions, and registered religious legal persons. The general regulation of legal persons is contained in the Czech Civil Code, while special types of CSO legal forms are regulated by separate laws. There are over 50,000 registered associations and around 2,000 foundations, endowment funds, and public benefit institutions operating in the Czech Republic. CSO establishment involves both formation by founders and registration with the Ministry of Interior.
The document summarizes key aspects of Morocco's new constitution, including establishing an advanced regionalization system, strengthening protections for fundamental rights and gender equality, recognizing Amazigh language, and separating and balancing the powers of the monarchy, government, parliament, and judiciary to establish a democratic constitutional monarchy. It aims to be more inclusive and participatory while maintaining Morocco's diverse cultural and religious identity.
In modern legal systems, referendums allow citizens to participate directly in democracy.
one of the first theorists and supporters of the referendum was Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who considered direct democracy the only way to ensure the formation of the general will.
Legal Basis for a Referendum on the Political Future of CataloniaMiqui Mel
The document discusses five potential legal bases for holding a referendum or public consultation on Catalonia's political future:
1) A referendum-like consultation allowed under existing Catalan law, though Spain may challenge it
2) A referendum authorized and regulated by Spain under its constitution or new legislation
3) Spain transferring referendum powers to Catalonia under the constitution
4) Amending the Spanish constitution to explicitly allow such a referendum
5) Catalonia passing a law for a "public consultation" not defined as a referendum under Spanish law
The document analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each option and emphasizes the importance of negotiations between Catalonia and Spain.
The document summarizes key aspects of Colombia's constitutional development since independence from Spain in 1810. It discusses three main constitutional issues: the division of powers between central and regional government, the strength of the chief executive, and the relationship between church and state. It outlines amendments over time that have established checks on presidential power during emergencies, guaranteed civil liberties and political rights, and regulated cooperation between the government and Catholic church.
The document summarizes key aspects of Colombia's governmental system as established in its constitutions since independence from Spain in 1810. It discusses three main constitutional issues: the division of powers between central and regional government, the strength of the chief executive, and the role of the Roman Catholic Church. It provides details on the evolution of presidential powers, including during states of emergency, and the relationship between church and state.
THE STATE OR THE REGIONS: WHO'S IN CHARGE telosaes
It's one of the most frequently asked questions. The challenge of clearly defining State and regional powers in matters of shared competence has come to a head while attempting to cope with the COVID-19 epidemic.
THE RULES OF PARLIAMENT: WHOEVER IS GOOD AT PLAYING BY THE RULES, WINS telosaes
The Parliamentary Rules of Procedure: what are they? Why are they for? What are the sources of the Parliamentary Rules of Procedure? It is essential for lobbyists to know the Parliamentary Rules and how they are actually applied. Mainly to determine when to lobby.
Analyses of czech legislative environment for Social entrepreneurshipInnovation Tank
This document provides an overview of the legal framework governing civil society organizations (CSOs) in the Czech Republic. It discusses the main laws regulating associations, foundations, endowment funds, public benefit institutions, and registered religious legal persons. The general regulation of legal persons is contained in the Czech Civil Code, while special types of CSO legal forms are regulated by separate laws. There are over 50,000 registered associations and around 2,000 foundations, endowment funds, and public benefit institutions operating in the Czech Republic. CSO establishment involves both formation by founders and registration with the Ministry of Interior.
The document summarizes key aspects of Morocco's new constitution, including establishing an advanced regionalization system, strengthening protections for fundamental rights and gender equality, recognizing Amazigh language, and separating and balancing the powers of the monarchy, government, parliament, and judiciary to establish a democratic constitutional monarchy. It aims to be more inclusive and participatory while maintaining Morocco's diverse cultural and religious identity.
In modern legal systems, referendums allow citizens to participate directly in democracy.
one of the first theorists and supporters of the referendum was Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who considered direct democracy the only way to ensure the formation of the general will.
Colombia has had 10 constitutions since gaining independence in 1810 that have addressed divisions of power, the role of the executive, and the Catholic Church. A key issue was balancing centralized vs decentralized government. The 1886 constitution established separation of powers while giving the executive strong emergency powers. It also guaranteed some privileges for the Catholic Church. The constitution has undergone many amendments, including in 1957 which transitioned the government from a competitive system to a power-sharing coalition and in 1968 which further expanded executive power over the economy.
The document summarizes Colombia's constitutional development since independence from Spain in 1810. It discusses three key issues addressed in Colombia's ten constitutions: the division of powers, the strength of the chief executive, and the role of the Roman Catholic Church. It provides details on the balance of power between the central government and decentralized federal system, and outlines significant amendments over time, including the establishment of the National Front coalition in 1957 to end violence between the two major parties.
THE MILLEPROROGHE WHAT IT IS WHAT IT CONTAINS AND CURIOUS FACTS ABOUT THIS OM...telosaes
The “Milleproroghe” is a Decree Law setting out “urgent measures on the extension of legislative. It is a piece of legislation postponing several already legislated deadlines and extending the validity of several provisions in expiration
The document discusses Colombia's governmental system from its independence in 1810 to present day. It covers:
- Colombia has had 10 constitutions since 1810, with the current one established in 1886 that set up a unitary republic.
- The constitutions addressed division of powers, strength of the executive, and the role of the Catholic Church.
- The issue of a strong central government versus a decentralized federal system was important in constitutional development.
- The document provides details on the powers granted to the president and limitations over time in various constitutions. It also discusses amendments over time and the current system of three branches of government with separation of powers.
The document discusses Colombia's governmental system from its independence in 1810 to present day. It covers the following key points:
- Colombia has had 10 constitutions since 1810, with the current one established in 1886 that set up a unitary republic. Issues of division of powers, strength of the executive, and the Catholic Church's role were addressed.
- There was debate around a strong central government vs a decentralized federal system. The 1886 constitution established sovereignty at the national level and guaranteed civil liberties.
- The constitutions balanced executive powers with checks by the legislature and judiciary. They also addressed rights like labor protections, voting rights, and religious freedom. The document outlines the evolution of these issues over time through
The document discusses Colombia's governmental system from its independence in 1810 to present day. It covers the following key points:
- Colombia has had 10 constitutions since 1810, with the current one established in 1886 that set up a unitary republic. Issues of division of powers, strength of the executive, and the Catholic Church's role were addressed.
- There was debate around a strong central government vs a decentralized federal system. The 1886 constitution established sovereignty at the national level and guaranteed civil liberties.
- The constitutions balanced executive powers with checks by the legislature and judiciary. They also addressed rights like labor protections, voting rights, and states of emergency. Religious freedom and the privileged role of the Catholic
The document discusses the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA) and how it amounts to a takeover of the Puerto Rican government. PROMESA establishes a Financial Oversight and Management Board that has authority to approve Puerto Rico's fiscal plans and budgets, make across-the-board spending cuts, and implement its own recommendations over the objections of the Puerto Rican government. The document argues this effectively places control of the Puerto Rican government in the hands of an unelected body, like previous acts imposed by the U.S. on Puerto Rico's government.
The CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM ON CUTTING THE NUMBER OF MPs telosaes
On 20 and 21 September 2020 a confirmatory referendum was held on whether or not to cut the number of Italian MPs. Where did the referendum come from and what were the steps of its approval process? What were the reasons that led to it? Which parties supported the Yes vote and which ones the NO vote? And Why? What happens
1. Since declaring independence from Spain in 1810, Colombia has had 10 constitutions that addressed the division of powers, the strength of the executive branch, and the role of the Catholic Church.
2. A key issue was balancing central vs. decentralized federal power, with the 1886 constitution establishing Colombia as a unitary nation with civil liberties protected at the national level.
3. The constitutions also guaranteed rights like freedom of religion, the right to strike, and universal adult suffrage, while restricting political participation by members of the armed forces.
A discussion of the creation of the Oversight Board by the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act: its members, legal jurisdiction, funding source, and unlimited discretion.
The document summarizes key aspects of Colombia's constitutions over time. It discusses how Colombia's constitutions have addressed the division of powers, the strength of the chief executive, and the role of the Roman Catholic Church. The constitutions also settled debates around central versus federal government systems. Key amendments strengthened executive powers and allowed the president to declare states of emergency or siege to deal with economic or social crises. The constitution establishes three branches of government with separation of powers and checks and balances.
It assesses how Macao is perceived in the context of China's political system of governance. It defines the constraints of the principle "One Country, Two Systems" and looks for the future of autonomy in China's constitutional context.
Enquesta Patronal CECOT Sobre Relacions Catalunya-EspanyaMiqui Mel
Resultats de l’enquesta entre empreses associades a la patronal Cecot sobre les relacions Catalunya-Espanya i els escenaris possibles a futur.
Font: CECOT.
Data: 11 Octubre 2012
This document provides demographic, social, and economic statistics for Catalonia, Spain, and the European Union for the years 2007 and earlier where noted. Some key figures:
- Catalonia's population in 2007 was 7.35 million with a density of 229 inhabitants per square kilometer.
- The unemployment rate in Catalonia was 6.5% in 2007 compared to 7.1% in Spain and 8.3% in the EU.
- GDP in Catalonia was 208.6 billion euros in 2007 with a per capita GDP of 29,092 euros.
- Exports from Catalonia totaled 49.95 billion euros in 2007, with the external trade ratio at 79.3%.
The document reports that antisemitic incident numbers in the UK more than doubled in the first half of 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, with 609 incidents recorded between January and June 2009 compared to 276 incidents in the first half of 2008. This six month total was also higher than the total number recorded for all of 2008. The unprecedented number of incidents in January and February 2009 was attributed to the conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza, with over 200 incidents referencing the conflict. The number of incidents remained elevated for several months after the conflict ended. Violent assaults and damage/desecration of Jewish property increased compared to the first half of 2008. The majority of perpetrators in January 2009 were described as Asian
The UK has one of the largest immigration detention systems in Europe, detaining between 2,000-3,500 migrants at any given time. In 2013, around 30,000 people entered immigration detention. The majority are held for less than two months. The largest category of detainees are asylum seekers. In 2009 over 1,000 children were detained but this number fell to under 130 in 2011 and rose again to 228 in 2013, most at a pre-departure family accommodation center. Detention costs average £97 per detainee per day.
Catalonia, a Place of Literature (UK 2013)Miqui Mel
This year will be very special for Catalan Literature in the UK as ten titles will be published into English, both classics and contemporaries. Includes information about the books and their authors.
Source: Institut Ramon Llull.
Date: January 2013.
Of War and Water: Metaphors and Citizenship Agency in the Newspapers Reportin...Miqui Mel
Of War and Water: Metaphors and Citizenship Agency in
the Newspapers Reporting the 9/11 Catalan Protest in 2012
Authors: Enric Castelló, Arantxa Capdevila
Source: International Journal of Communication
Date: February 2015.
Thoughts About Independence (IT In Transit #20)Miqui Mel
This document summarizes two incidents experienced by Catalans outside of Catalonia that illustrate underlying tensions with Spain. In the first incident, a Catalan taxi driver in Saragossa was verbally abused by other drivers for having a Barcelona taxi. In the second incident, a group of young Catalan men in Madrid were assaulted in what appeared to be a nationalist attack. These anecdotes suggest to the author that anti-Catalan sentiment in Spain goes beyond isolated incidents and points to deeper societal issues.
The document is a special issue of the publication "New Europe" focusing on the year 2014. It contains articles from various world leaders and experts on political, economic, and social issues. The table of contents lists over 40 articles covering topics in Europe, global affairs, and other international issues. The introduction discusses how the publication aims to set the agenda on these issues for 2014.
Colombia has had 10 constitutions since gaining independence in 1810 that have addressed divisions of power, the role of the executive, and the Catholic Church. A key issue was balancing centralized vs decentralized government. The 1886 constitution established separation of powers while giving the executive strong emergency powers. It also guaranteed some privileges for the Catholic Church. The constitution has undergone many amendments, including in 1957 which transitioned the government from a competitive system to a power-sharing coalition and in 1968 which further expanded executive power over the economy.
The document summarizes Colombia's constitutional development since independence from Spain in 1810. It discusses three key issues addressed in Colombia's ten constitutions: the division of powers, the strength of the chief executive, and the role of the Roman Catholic Church. It provides details on the balance of power between the central government and decentralized federal system, and outlines significant amendments over time, including the establishment of the National Front coalition in 1957 to end violence between the two major parties.
THE MILLEPROROGHE WHAT IT IS WHAT IT CONTAINS AND CURIOUS FACTS ABOUT THIS OM...telosaes
The “Milleproroghe” is a Decree Law setting out “urgent measures on the extension of legislative. It is a piece of legislation postponing several already legislated deadlines and extending the validity of several provisions in expiration
The document discusses Colombia's governmental system from its independence in 1810 to present day. It covers:
- Colombia has had 10 constitutions since 1810, with the current one established in 1886 that set up a unitary republic.
- The constitutions addressed division of powers, strength of the executive, and the role of the Catholic Church.
- The issue of a strong central government versus a decentralized federal system was important in constitutional development.
- The document provides details on the powers granted to the president and limitations over time in various constitutions. It also discusses amendments over time and the current system of three branches of government with separation of powers.
The document discusses Colombia's governmental system from its independence in 1810 to present day. It covers the following key points:
- Colombia has had 10 constitutions since 1810, with the current one established in 1886 that set up a unitary republic. Issues of division of powers, strength of the executive, and the Catholic Church's role were addressed.
- There was debate around a strong central government vs a decentralized federal system. The 1886 constitution established sovereignty at the national level and guaranteed civil liberties.
- The constitutions balanced executive powers with checks by the legislature and judiciary. They also addressed rights like labor protections, voting rights, and religious freedom. The document outlines the evolution of these issues over time through
The document discusses Colombia's governmental system from its independence in 1810 to present day. It covers the following key points:
- Colombia has had 10 constitutions since 1810, with the current one established in 1886 that set up a unitary republic. Issues of division of powers, strength of the executive, and the Catholic Church's role were addressed.
- There was debate around a strong central government vs a decentralized federal system. The 1886 constitution established sovereignty at the national level and guaranteed civil liberties.
- The constitutions balanced executive powers with checks by the legislature and judiciary. They also addressed rights like labor protections, voting rights, and states of emergency. Religious freedom and the privileged role of the Catholic
The document discusses the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA) and how it amounts to a takeover of the Puerto Rican government. PROMESA establishes a Financial Oversight and Management Board that has authority to approve Puerto Rico's fiscal plans and budgets, make across-the-board spending cuts, and implement its own recommendations over the objections of the Puerto Rican government. The document argues this effectively places control of the Puerto Rican government in the hands of an unelected body, like previous acts imposed by the U.S. on Puerto Rico's government.
The CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM ON CUTTING THE NUMBER OF MPs telosaes
On 20 and 21 September 2020 a confirmatory referendum was held on whether or not to cut the number of Italian MPs. Where did the referendum come from and what were the steps of its approval process? What were the reasons that led to it? Which parties supported the Yes vote and which ones the NO vote? And Why? What happens
1. Since declaring independence from Spain in 1810, Colombia has had 10 constitutions that addressed the division of powers, the strength of the executive branch, and the role of the Catholic Church.
2. A key issue was balancing central vs. decentralized federal power, with the 1886 constitution establishing Colombia as a unitary nation with civil liberties protected at the national level.
3. The constitutions also guaranteed rights like freedom of religion, the right to strike, and universal adult suffrage, while restricting political participation by members of the armed forces.
A discussion of the creation of the Oversight Board by the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act: its members, legal jurisdiction, funding source, and unlimited discretion.
The document summarizes key aspects of Colombia's constitutions over time. It discusses how Colombia's constitutions have addressed the division of powers, the strength of the chief executive, and the role of the Roman Catholic Church. The constitutions also settled debates around central versus federal government systems. Key amendments strengthened executive powers and allowed the president to declare states of emergency or siege to deal with economic or social crises. The constitution establishes three branches of government with separation of powers and checks and balances.
It assesses how Macao is perceived in the context of China's political system of governance. It defines the constraints of the principle "One Country, Two Systems" and looks for the future of autonomy in China's constitutional context.
Enquesta Patronal CECOT Sobre Relacions Catalunya-EspanyaMiqui Mel
Resultats de l’enquesta entre empreses associades a la patronal Cecot sobre les relacions Catalunya-Espanya i els escenaris possibles a futur.
Font: CECOT.
Data: 11 Octubre 2012
This document provides demographic, social, and economic statistics for Catalonia, Spain, and the European Union for the years 2007 and earlier where noted. Some key figures:
- Catalonia's population in 2007 was 7.35 million with a density of 229 inhabitants per square kilometer.
- The unemployment rate in Catalonia was 6.5% in 2007 compared to 7.1% in Spain and 8.3% in the EU.
- GDP in Catalonia was 208.6 billion euros in 2007 with a per capita GDP of 29,092 euros.
- Exports from Catalonia totaled 49.95 billion euros in 2007, with the external trade ratio at 79.3%.
The document reports that antisemitic incident numbers in the UK more than doubled in the first half of 2009 compared to the same period in 2008, with 609 incidents recorded between January and June 2009 compared to 276 incidents in the first half of 2008. This six month total was also higher than the total number recorded for all of 2008. The unprecedented number of incidents in January and February 2009 was attributed to the conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza, with over 200 incidents referencing the conflict. The number of incidents remained elevated for several months after the conflict ended. Violent assaults and damage/desecration of Jewish property increased compared to the first half of 2008. The majority of perpetrators in January 2009 were described as Asian
The UK has one of the largest immigration detention systems in Europe, detaining between 2,000-3,500 migrants at any given time. In 2013, around 30,000 people entered immigration detention. The majority are held for less than two months. The largest category of detainees are asylum seekers. In 2009 over 1,000 children were detained but this number fell to under 130 in 2011 and rose again to 228 in 2013, most at a pre-departure family accommodation center. Detention costs average £97 per detainee per day.
Catalonia, a Place of Literature (UK 2013)Miqui Mel
This year will be very special for Catalan Literature in the UK as ten titles will be published into English, both classics and contemporaries. Includes information about the books and their authors.
Source: Institut Ramon Llull.
Date: January 2013.
Of War and Water: Metaphors and Citizenship Agency in the Newspapers Reportin...Miqui Mel
Of War and Water: Metaphors and Citizenship Agency in
the Newspapers Reporting the 9/11 Catalan Protest in 2012
Authors: Enric Castelló, Arantxa Capdevila
Source: International Journal of Communication
Date: February 2015.
Thoughts About Independence (IT In Transit #20)Miqui Mel
This document summarizes two incidents experienced by Catalans outside of Catalonia that illustrate underlying tensions with Spain. In the first incident, a Catalan taxi driver in Saragossa was verbally abused by other drivers for having a Barcelona taxi. In the second incident, a group of young Catalan men in Madrid were assaulted in what appeared to be a nationalist attack. These anecdotes suggest to the author that anti-Catalan sentiment in Spain goes beyond isolated incidents and points to deeper societal issues.
The document is a special issue of the publication "New Europe" focusing on the year 2014. It contains articles from various world leaders and experts on political, economic, and social issues. The table of contents lists over 40 articles covering topics in Europe, global affairs, and other international issues. The introduction discusses how the publication aims to set the agenda on these issues for 2014.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
How Opinion About Job Performance Becomes FactMiqui Mel
This document discusses the challenges in accurately measuring corporate and executive performance to determine compensation. It summarizes interviews with business leaders, academics, and commentators who express doubt that any single executive can be largely responsible for corporate success, which depends on many factors including market conditions, competitors, existing brand strength, and work of other employees. While luck and circumstances may influence perceptions of performance, some argue shareholders can reasonably assess expectations and impact of other factors when evaluating executives. Overall it casts doubt on automatically attributing corporate results solely to executives in justifying high pay.
The study analyzes foreign direct investment (FDI) in Catalonia and Barcelona. Some key findings:
1. After declining in 2009 due to the financial crisis, FDI in Catalonia revived in 2010 to €4.52 billion, the highest level in four years and 19% of Spanish FDI.
2. However, Catalonia's share of productive FDI in Spain fell from 2000-2006 levels to under 10% in recent years.
3. The number of foreign companies in Barcelona grew 13% since 2006 to 3,381 in 2010, with most from France, Germany, and the Netherlands.
4. While emerging countries saw a 10% rise in FDI, developed regions
This document summarizes and discusses issues related to Catalan independence and democracy. It discusses:
1) The failure of the Spanish state to recognize Catalonia's distinct national identity and accommodate Catalan pluralism within Spain's political system, fueling support for independence.
2) The main arguments put forth by Catalan and Spanish actors regarding Catalan independence - Catalans argue for self-determination and cite injustices, while Spain argues it is unconstitutional and could harm Catalonia.
3) Recent events that have shifted Catalan demands from regionalism to secessionism, including the rejection of Catalan nation recognition in the new Statute and economic mistreatment by Spain.
4) The range
The document outlines the process and steps needed for Catalonia to become an independent state, including increasing social support, passing a sovereignty act, declaring independence, and gaining international recognition. It discusses generating social support through government statements, political party support, civil society actions, and traditional and social media. It also emphasizes the need to communicate the process internationally, establish alliances with other countries, and agree on terms for recognition prior to declaring independence. A sovereignty act passed through a referendum, elections, or other democratic means would provide legitimacy before a declaration of independence.
Why do Catalans want to hold a Referendum on their future?Miqui Mel
This note aims to explain why Catalans want to vote. However, a simple list of grievances would not capture the spirit of optimism, tolerance and modernization which is at the heart of the move to independence.
Source: Diplocat.
Date: 30.04.2013.
The document outlines the process of Catalonia declaring independence from Spain and establishing itself as an independent Catalan State. It discusses holding a vote in the Catalan Parliament to approve independence, with representatives granted a free vote. It also describes declaring independence through a public, formal declaration that reestablishes Catalonia's sovereignty and places it as Spain's successor. The document summarizes consequences of independence like international recognition efforts. It addresses nationality transfer, defining the new state, and maintaining continuity with the EU through existing treaties like Schengen during accession negotiations.
This document discusses the right to decide movement in Catalonia. It provides background on Catalonia's history of using participatory processes when referendums were not allowed, including collecting women's signatures in 1931. It describes how the right to decide became popular in Catalonia through large demonstrations in the 2000s and non-official referendums organized by civil society from 2007-2011. The document argues that the right to decide represents a new framework that crosses boundaries and allows people to express their political will about Catalonia's future, rather than being based on historical rights. It maintains the right to decide is distinct from self-determination under international law.
D+1 the legal and political foundations of the catalan stateAlbert Macià Vivó
The document outlines the process and legal justification for Catalonia becoming an independent state. It discusses:
- The process would require both political and operational actions to build social support, declare independence, and define the initial structure and functions of the new Catalan state.
- Historically, Catalonia was a sovereign entity under international law until 1716 when its sovereignty was illegally suppressed by Spain. Contemporary international law supports Catalonia's right to self-determination.
- Despite being dominated by Spain, Catalonia has contributed greatly to Spain's stability, especially economically and by defending democracy. Independence should restore Catalonia's sovereignty rather than be seen as seceding from Spain.
- An independent Catalan state would
How will the Autonomous Communities be Affected by the New Fiscal IntegrationMiqui Mel
According to the arguments exposed in this report, although the independence of Catalonia is a strictly political project which
depends on will of the citizens, it seems difficult to pronounce
against it with arguments only based on its infeasibility
from the economic point of view.
Source: Fundació CatDem.
Date: November 2012.
The Process for Holding the Consultation Regarding the Political Future of Ca...Miqui Mel
The Process for Holding the Consultation Regarding the Political Future of Catalonia - An Evaluation Report. Executive Summary
Source: GenCat
Date: 02.04.2015.
Scrutiny by Select Committees of the EstimatesHamish Coghill
This document discusses options for improving the scrutiny of expenditure estimates by select committees in the New Zealand Parliament. It provides background on the importance of legislative oversight of public spending for good governance. In New Zealand, select committees are tasked with scrutinizing the government's expenditure estimates. The document assesses factors that contribute to effective financial scrutiny according to research, and examines how well New Zealand's system performs against these factors. Recommendations are provided for strengthening select committees' scrutiny of estimates.
Cornellà de Llobregat Declaration- ANC RoadmapMiqui Mel
The Catalan National Assembly declares that after the November 9th mobilization in support of Catalan independence, and in light of the upcoming plebiscite elections, it wants to confirm the result of the November 9th vote and achieve a clear democratic mandate for the constitution of a new Catalan state. The Assembly proposes holding elections in February 2015 to form a new parliament and government that can begin establishing the structures of an independent Catalan state. It calls for unity among political and social forces to advance the independence process and ensure the elections are held.
Understanding the Catalan Conflict from a Spanish Constitutional PerspectiveAlbert Sanchez Graells
These are the slides of the talk I gave at the University of Bristol Law School in the context of the Bristol Law Conference lecture series. The content is update as of 30 October 2017.
Understanding the Catalan Conflict from a Spanish Constitutional PerspectiveAlbert Sanchez Graells
This is a draft presentation I am preparing for a lecture on the Catalan independentism challenge of September and October 2017, and how to assess it under the Spanish constitutional framework.
The document summarizes key aspects of Colombia's constitutional development since independence from Spain in 1810. It notes that Colombia has had 10 constitutions that have addressed the division of powers, the strength of the chief executive, and the role of the Roman Catholic Church. Subsequent paragraphs discuss amendments made to strengthen executive powers and address issues like civil liberties, the right to strike, suffrage, and the three branches of government. The document also summarizes amendments that instituted the bipartisan National Front system from 1958-1974 and subsequent reforms that transitioned back to traditional two-party competition.
C:\Fakepath\Sarah Social Studies 1 Feb 20 2010sarah
The document summarizes key aspects of Colombia's constitutional development since independence from Spain in 1810. It notes that Colombia has had 10 constitutions that have addressed the division of powers, the strength of the chief executive, and the role of the Roman Catholic Church. Subsequent paragraphs discuss amendments made to strengthen executive powers and address issues like civil liberties, the right to strike, voting rights, and the balance of federal vs centralized government powers. The document also discusses the National Front period from 1958-1974 and constitutional reforms that established a transition to traditional two-party competition.
The document outlines the process for Catalonia to become an independent state from Spain, including declaring independence and obtaining international recognition. It discusses the need to negotiate with Spain on assets, liabilities, borders, and other issues related to the dissolution and succession of the Spanish state. These negotiations would be mediated by impartial parties and based on principles of international law. The document provides details on the proposed method, participants, and key issues to be addressed in the negotiations, including the distribution of state assets and debts between Catalonia and Spain.
Similar to Estatuir Catalonia: The Process Towards Independence (20)
TC vs el Pla Estratègic d'Acció Exterior GenCat - FalloMiqui Mel
El Tribunal Constitucional español dictaminó sobre un recurso de inconstitucionalidad presentado por el Presidente del Gobierno contra la Ley del Parlamento de Cataluña 16/2014 sobre acción exterior y relaciones con la Unión Europea. El Tribunal declaró la inconstitucionalidad de varios artículos de dicha ley al considerar que invaden competencias exclusivas del Estado en materia de relaciones internacionales y de coordinación de la acción exterior.
TC vs el Pla Estratègic d'Acció Exterior GenCatMiqui Mel
EL PLENO DEL TC DECLARA INCONSTITUCIONAL PARTE DEL PLAN ESTRATÉGICO DE ACCIÓN EXTERIOR Y DE RELACIONES CON LA UNIÓN EUROPEA 2019-2020 APROBADO POR EL GOBIERNO DE CATALUÑA
Political Opinion Barometer Catalonia - 3rd Wave 2015Miqui Mel
This document provides the technical specifications and main results of the 3rd wave of 2015 of the Political Opinion Barometer survey conducted in Catalonia. It details the sample size of 2,000 interviews, methodology used, margins of error, and key findings. The main results show that 65% of respondents believe Catalonia has an insufficient level of autonomy, 41.1% believe it should be an independent state, and 46.7% want Catalonia to become an independent state.
Economic effects of a potential secession of Catalonia from Spain and paths f...Miqui Mel
Scenarios of Macro-economic Development for Catalonia on Horizon 2030: Economic effects of a potential secession of Catalonia from Spain and paths for integration with the EU
Source: CEPS & CIDOB
Date: July 2015.
Political Opinion Barometer - CEO (July 2015)Miqui Mel
This document provides technical specifications and main results from a political opinion barometer survey conducted in Catalonia, Spain. It details the survey methodology, including a sample size of 2,000 respondents stratified across Catalonia's four provinces. Key findings summarized include that over 50% of respondents feel Catalonia does not receive fair treatment from the Spanish government, and around 42-43% of respondents want Catalonia to become an independent state.
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Estatuir Catalonia: The Process Towards Independence
1. Executive summary
The process towards independence
Since the Constitutional Court passed down sentence against the 2006 Statute of
Catalonia, political relations between Catalonia and Spain, as defined in the 1979
Statute, have entered a stage of growing conflict, with provocations hitherto
unheard of in terms of both strength and lack of respect, whilst Catalonia is legally
defenceless to respond to such attacks. On the legal front, for example, we should
mention the sentences that undermine the successful and absolutely conflict-free
Catalan model of language immersion. In the political sphere, there is a systematic
invasion of powers. With regard to the economy, not only is the manifestly unjust
fiscal situation maintained, but there are constant campaigns aimed at stirring up
anti-Catalan feelings, often openly xenophobic, in the media and public opinion.
We note a clear regression in terms of democratic quality and the guarantees that
the Spanish State should provide to the Catalan people.
In short, the experiment in autonomous government has come to an end by the
express will of a weakened Spanish State that is on the defensive. The political
consequence of all this is a dramatic reduction in the objective capacity of the
Catalan people to autonomously govern their own destiny. In this light, the
independence of Catalonia can be seen as an opportunity to recover political
initiative and implement a process of democratic regeneration based on
transparency and accountability, establishing an effective division of powers and a
flexible and efficient administrative system.
More than 50 per cent of people would now vote in favour of Catalan independence
in a hypothetical referendum, and the oft-mentioned “civil unity” of Catalans can no
longer be based on ethnic loyalty and cohesion – much less, if forced – but can only
have a political base, one that is radically democratic. Civil unity worthy of the
name can only be built on solid Catalan institutions, a radically democratic system
and political and administrative instruments that are renewed and modernised to
guarantee a project for cultural, social and economic prosperity.
In the international sphere, recognition of Catalonia is at a point difficult to
determine precisely. The Catalan people have been victims in practically all spheres
of our own weaknesses and inconsistencies. And, politically, although they look at
us with a degree of circumspection, we are known to the chancelleries of most
major countries. And, as recent experience demonstrates, it is only through the
direct expression of our intentions that the goal of having our own voice in the
world receives cautious but respectful attention. Whether we like it or not, whether
it is in our interest or not, everyone understands this.
This report is based on the following premises: a) the Spain of the autonomous
communities and, even more, the dream of a federal or confederate Spain, has
become history; b) it is unthinkable that Catalonia’s national ambitions might find
accommodation in a recentralised model, if we do not want to fall into irrelevance;
c) the goal of an independent Catalonia is now seen as something desirable; and d)
in consequence, in any radically democratic scenario, independence is an
alternative worth considering. For all these reasons, it seems to us essential to make
a prospective exercise based on this hypothesis.
2. The constitution of a new State
The establishment of a new State is founded on two political acts: the proclamation
of independence in a democratic parliament constituted to this end; and
recognition by other States.
Constitutive political acts
Proclamation of independence
International recognition
The proclamation of independence is based on a prior majority political
agreement amongst parliamentary political forces. This agreement, which is
submitted to and approved by the Parliament of Catalonia, and can be ratified in
several ways (see Section 2.1), launches the constitutive process under which the
new Constitution is drafted. Once the text of this new Constitution is approved by
Parliament and ratified by referendum, the new State is effectively established.
Parallel to the proclamation of independence, the new State has to obtain
international recognition from other States (see Section 2.2), particularly
those with the most important status on the international scene. This support
should be sought in advance through a clear and explicit discourse stressing the
will to gain independence, and then made official once Parliament has spoken.
Functionally critical actions
Law of legal transition
Maintaining public order
Guaranteeing public revenues
Energy supply
Once independence is proclaimed, the Government must guarantee the Rule of Law
and maintain smooth, normal running of the country without disturbances. Firstly,
legal guarantees must be maintained, and Parliament should immediately approve a
Law of legal transition to regulate legal and administrative functions (see Section
2.5), cover legal guarantees for contractual agreements and guarantee the normal
functioning of institutions and businesses. Another sensitive question will be that of
maintaining public order since, in processes of this nature, certain groups opposed
to independence may cause unrest, hoping to create social instability (see sections 3.7
and 5.3). The Catalan Police Force must be provided with sufficient human and
economic resources to reliably identify any potentially radical groups and prevent
possible disturbances.
Moreover, during the transition period, the Government will have to ensure
economic revenues in order to meet the Administration’s running costs (see
Section 3.6). Once the Catalan Tax Agency is fully operational, this will enable the
Catalan Government to collect and administer taxes generated in Catalonia.
Moreover, in order to ensure normal functioning, without incident, the Public
3. Administration, in accordance with criteria set by the Government, should take
responsibility for energy supply (see Section 4.4). Catalonia is highly dependent
on energy imports and, whilst some sources can be partially managed internally
(gas and oil), electricity generation and conveyance, vital activities in modern
societies such as Catalonia, are controlled from outside the country. The
government should reach an agreement with Spain or take over operation of gas
and nuclear power.
Politically essential actions
State model
Statutes of the Spanish Language
Access to Catalan nationality
Due to the political and social repercussions of the process, the constitution of a
new State requires certain long-term political agreements that are invested with
the greatest importance. These agreements, which require majority social
consensus, can precede the proclamation of independence in order to prepare for
the more specific debates in the constitutive process (see Section 5.2). The
constitutive political agreements necessary include those concerning: the model
or form of State to be established: if the majority option is for Catalonia to
become a republic, this needs to be defined and a decision taken over the figure
that should hold the most responsibility and power, whether the President or the
Head of Government (see Section 3.1), and whether these should be separate. It is
also important to decide, in advance, the status of the Spanish and English
languages, amongst others, in the new State (see Section 3.3), and the
conditions for obtaining Catalan nationality (see Section 3.2). These issues
concern a large proportion of the Catalan population, and failure to resolve them
may complicate and hamper the constitutive process.
The new Administration
A network of effective, dynamic, efficient, transparent public bodies
Once the new State is established, the Government of Catalonia, should, without
delay, provide for mechanisms responsible for the full functioning of the
Catalan Public Administration to enter into operation. Measures to this end
will centre on establishing or strengthening bodies responsible for political and
administrative action. These bodies should be imbued with the sense of State, that
is to say, with their own political project, taking full responsibility for their
functions, working in a proactive (not subsidiary) way with regard to elements of
collective interest, and seeking their own channels of interlocution both internally
and internationally (see Section 2.6). Such measures concern a series of spheres:
• In the legal sphere, the entire body of law must be reviewed in order to
complete it and ensure that it consistently covers all areas. This involves,
in particular, ensuring that legal guarantees are maintained at all times
(see Section 3.4). Moreover, it will be necessary to negotiate the division
of assets with Spain, and this will it necessary to compile an inventory of
tangible and intangible goods and to draft a proposal for their division
4. (see Section 2.4). The secession process also requires negotiations over
shared assets, such as a new agreement for management of the River
Ebro (see Section 4.3), regulation of traffic of all kinds over the shared
border (see Section 2.3), and economic and trade agreements that derive
from this.
• Regarding the organisation of the Public Administration, the
establishment of the State should be used to introduce mechanisms
enabling the establishment of more flexible, efficient and transparent
public bodies (see Section 3.5). The measures to be introduced include
establishing new agencies to provide services. These should be managed
professionally, under political administration, and provisions for results
assessment should also be made.
• In the field of territorial administration, Catalonia should carry
out an in-depth restructuring to guarantee services to all citizens, with a
new, coherent and economically efficient structure, whilst conserving
local identity.
• In the sphere of Justice, the necessary institutions should be
established or existing institutions reformed to ensure the smooth
operation of the legal system (see Section 3.4), with the establishment of
the Justice Department, the Office of the Public Prosecutor General and
the Supreme Court. This process will provide a magnificent opportunity
to install a dynamic, efficient Justice system, without losing quality. The
possibility of establishing a new body to assess legislation from the
constitutional standpoint should also be considered.
• In the sphere of economic administration (see Section 3.6), the
Parliament should set up the bodies required for day-to-day functioning,
including the Bank of Catalonia (based, no doubt, on the Catalan Finance
Institute), Social Security and Employment Services, as well as the
necessary control and supervisory bodies. The Government should
provide the Catalan Tax Agency with sufficient resources to fully carry
out its duties.
• As regards security, Catalonia will have to guarantee its own security
and share responsibility for global security with other countries in those
networks of which it is a member. To this end, Catalonia will have to
maintain public order, sizing the Catalan Police Force appropriately to
take over security and establishing reciprocal agreements with other
international players. For these and other functions, Catalonia will also
need to establish an Intelligence Agency. In the field of defence, Catalonia
will need to decide the model to be implemented and the responsibilities
the country is to take on as regards international security (see Section
3.7).
International action
“Catalonia, member of the European Union with its own international
relations”
5. Catalonia’s entry into the European Union is a process for which there are
no precedents to serve as a point of reference. EU treaties do not take into account
the possibility of partition of a Member State, and international law is broad
enough to allow different interpretations. In the final outcome, automatic entry is a
political decision. Catalan independence will lead to the creation of two new States
that were already EU members and, therefore, the interest of both these States and
the Community itself should be to ensure the continuity of previous conditions (see
Section 2.7).
In the international sphere, Catalonia should establish its own international
relations, prioritising areas of action and agreeing or delegating other areas at
European level. Regarding international relations, this is a good opportunity to
establish a system closely interconnected with European institutions that,
eschewing outmoded diplomatic procedures, provides Catalonia with dynamic
instruments to this end (see Section 2.2).
Catalonia will also have to ensure its own security and share responsibilities for
global security with other countries that are members of networks to which it
belongs. Catalonia will need to have its own, specific defence strategy, which
should be shared with and complement those of other countries that form
international security networks (see Section 3.7).
An active and dynamic new State
The independence of Catalonia is an instrument at the service of a country’s
aspirations. A country that wants to be free to govern itself and exercise
sovereignty over its own decisions, at the service of a dynamic, cohesive people
with a firm vision of the future. A country whose economic activity is advanced and
well-connected to the world, with a fabric that includes Government, civil society
and the business world in equal measure. A country committed to frontier
research, capable of generating wealth. A country that will establish mechanisms to
ensure that this wealth is distributed equitably amongst society, guaranteeing
equal opportunities and access to services.